The National Agricultural Law Center
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Local Food Systems


Overview

The term "food system" refers to the interconnected processes that connect the complex spectrum of food production to food processing, consumption, and ultimately disposal. One specific definition provides that the food system "includes all processes involved in keeping us fed: growing, harvesting, processing (or transforming or changing), packaging, transporting, marketing, consuming and disposing of food and food packages." (Cornell University). The food system in the United States is predominantly characterized as a complex and globally integrated system in which products are routinely produced, processed, and hundreds and thousands of miles from the point of consumption. "Local Food Systems", as used here, is meant to denote the fact that there are a number of interrelated pieces that connect to make "local food" a component of the U.S. agricultural food system. The term "community food system" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "local food system." Read the full overview

Note: Recently added resources are posted at the top of the applicable sections.

Major Statutes

Food Stamp Act of 1977, 7 U.S.C. §§ 2011 - 2036
Assistance for Community Food Projects (Competitive Grants Program) (CFPCGP), 7 U.S.C. § 2034
Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing Act of 1976, 7 U.S.C. §§ 3001 - 3007
Farmers' Market Promotion Program, 7 U.S.C. § 3005
Seniors Farmers' Market Nutrition Program, 7 U.S.C. § 3007
Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946, 7 U.S.C. §§ 1621 - 1632
Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1751 - 1769i
Child Nutrition Act of 1966, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1771-1791
School Breakfast Program, 42 U.S.C. § 1773
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, 42 U.S.C. § 1786

Regulations

Nondiscrimination in Federally-Assisted Programs of the Department of Agriculture - Effectuation
of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
, 7 C.F.R. §§ 15.1 - 15.12
Food Stamp and Food Distribution Program, 7 C.F.R. §§ 271- 283, 285
General Information and Definitions, 7 C.F.R. Part 271
Requirements for Participating State Agencies, 7 C.F.R. Part 272
Certification of Eligible Households, 7 C.F.R. Part 273
Issuance and Use of Coupons, 7 C.F.R. Part 274
Participation of Retail Food Stores, Wholesale Food Concerns and Insured Financial Institutions,
7 C.F.R. Part 278
Administrative and Judicial Review - Food Retailers and Food Wholesalers, 7 C.F.R. Part 279
Administration of the Food Stamp Program on Indian Reservations, 7 C.F.R. Part 281
Appeals of Quality Control ("QC") Claims, 7 C.F.R. Part 283
Provision of a Nutrition Assistance Grant for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 7 C.F.R. Part 285
Federal-State Marketing Improvement Program (FSMIP), 50 C.F.R. § 261, 7 C.F.R. §§ 31, 32, 36, 37, 42,
50-54, 56, 58, 59, 70, 94, 300, 592, 868, 1250, 4285 -- Note: All of the relevant regulations for the FSMIP
are listed directly above and can be accessed via the link provided. The most relevant FSMIP regulations
are provided below.
Egg Research and Promotion, 7 C.F.R. Part 1250
Procedures by Which the Agricultural Marketing Service Develops, Revises, Suspends,
or Terminates Voluntary Official Grade Standards
, 7 C.F.R. Part 36
Program to Assess Organic Certifying Agencies, 7 C.F.R. Part 37
Cooperative Agreements, 7 C.F.R. Part 4285
Fresh Fruits, Vegetables and Other Products (Inspection, Certification, and Standards),
7 C.F.R. Part 51
Processed Fruits and Vegetables, Processed Products Thereof, and Certain Other Processed
Food Products
, 7 C.F.R. Part 52
Agency Mission and Organization, 9 C.F.R. 300
Child Nutrition Programs, 7 C.F.R. §§ 210, 220, 225, 235, 240, 245-246, 248-249
National School Lunch Program, 7 C.F.R. Part 210
School Breakfast Program (SBP), 7 C.F.R. Part 220
Summer Food Service Program, 7 C.F.R. Part 225
State Administrative Expense Funds, 7 C.F.R. Part 235
Cash in Lieu of Donated Foods, 7 C.F.R. Part 240
Determining Eligibility for Free and Reduced Price Meals and Free Milk in Schools, 7 C.F.R. Part 245
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, 7 C.F.R. Part 246
WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP), 7 C.F.R. Part 248
Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP), 7 C.F.R. Part 249
Donation of Foods for Use in the United States, Its Territories and Possessions and Areas
Under Its Jurisdiction
, 7 C.F.R. Part 250

Case Law

Note: Recently summarized cases are listed and linked in Recent Postings.

Case Law Index for Local Food Systems

Administrative Law Decisions

Office of the Administrative Law Judges
Center published USDA Judicial Officer's Decisions

Center Research Publications

Federal Regulation of Organic Food: A Research Guide for Legal Practitioners and Food
Industry Professionals
(Jillian)
The Farmers' Legal Guide to Producer Marketing Associations (O'Brien, Hamilton & Leudemann)
A Legal Guide to the National Organic Program (Pittman)
Farmers' Markets Rules, Regulations and Opportunities (Hamilton)

Congressional Research Service Reports

CRS Subject(s):
Farm Bills
Food Security/Aid
Commodities

Reference Resources

USDA
Alternative Farming Systems Information Center
Agricultural Transportation
Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS)
Publication: Farmers Market Consortium Resource Guide
Dairy Program
Fruit and Vegetable Programs
Fresh Product Grading and Quality Certification: Fresh Produce Audit Verification System
Livestock and Seed Program
Transportation and Marketing
Farmers Market Promotion Program
The National Organic Program
Federal State Marketing Improvement Program
Publication: How to Establish a Farmers' Market on Federal Property
Publication: How Local Farmers and School Food Service Buyers Are Building Alliances
Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
National Research Program: Natural Resources and Sustainable Agricultural Systems
National Research Program: Crop Production and Protection
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
Animal Health
Plant Health
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
Agriculture and Food Biosecurity
Agricultural Systems
Animals and Animal Products
Economics and Commerce
Food, Nutrition, & Health
Pest Management
Plants & Plant Products
Economic Research Service
Publication: The National School Lunch Program Background, Trends, and Issues (2008)
Briefing Room: Child Nutrition Programs
Briefing Room: Dairy
Briefing Room: Farm and Commodity Policy: Basics of U.S. Agricultural Policy
Briefing Room: Food Assistance and Nutrition Program Outcomes
Briefing Room: Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs
Briefing Room: Food Stamp Program
Briefing Room: Land Use, Value, and Management
Briefing Room: Organic Agriculture
Briefing Room: Vegetables and Melons
Briefing Room: The WIC Program
Publication: Organic Produce, Price Premiums, and Eco-Labeling in U.S. Farmers' Markets
Food and Nutrition Service
WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
Food Stamp Program
Farmers' Market EBT Projects
National School Lunch Program
School Breakfast Program
Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
Food Safety and Inspection Service
Regulations & Policies - State Inspection Programs
National Agricultural Library
Alternative Marketing and Business Practices
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
CSA Resources for Farmers
Alternative Farming Systems Information Center
Food and Nutrition Information Center
Risk Management Agency
State Profiles
Rural Development
Publication: Local-based, Alternative Marketing Strategy Could Help Save More Small Farms
Publication: Co-op Development Action
Publication: Plymouth, NH AG Producers Benefit From Unique Marketing Program
USDA-Supported Organizations
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE)
Western Region SARE
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas - National Sustainable Agriculture Information
Service ATTRA-NCAT)
FDA
Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition
Food Safety and Raw Milk
Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance


Publications
Marketing for the Value-Added Agricultural Enterprise (U. TN Ext., Center for Profitable Agriculture)
Future Issues in Agricultural Law and Rural Practice (FLAG CLE seminar, 2006)
Before You Sign on the Dotted Line. . .Questions for Farmers to Ask Before Entering Into a
Direct Marketing Agreement
(FLAG, 2005)
Selling to Institutions: An Iowa Farmer's Guide (Luedeman & Hamilton, Drake University Agricultural
Law Center, 2003)
Understanding Farmers' Market Rules (Speir & Krueger, Farmers' Legal Action Group, 2006)
Selling Directly to Restaurants and Retailers (Feenstra et al., UC SAREP, 2003)


Additional Resources
Establishing and Operating a Community Farmer's Market (U. KY Ext.)
U.S. State and Local Food Law
State and Local Food Policy Councils
National Farm to School Online
Farm to School (Oklahoma)
Permits Allowing the Sale of Raw Milk for Human Consumption (PA Dept. Ag Guidance Doc.)
FoodRoutes
Local Harvest
Valley Food & Farm
National Conference of State Legislatures
North American Farmers' Direct Marketing Association
Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
Good Agricultural Practices Network for Education and Training (GAPsNET)
W.K. Kellogg Foundation: Food Systems and Rural Development


Recommended Publications & Readings (not freely available electronically)
Brian Halweil, Eat Here: Reclaiming Homegrown Pleasures in a Global Supermarket
(W.W. Norton & Company 2004)
Neil D. Hamilton, The Legal Guide for Direct Farm Marketing, (Drake University 1999).
Neil Hamilton, Putting a Face on Our Food: How State and Local Food Policies Can Promote the
New Agriculture
, 7 Drake J. Agric. L. 407 (2002)
Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (The Penguin Press 2006).





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