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Agricultural Biosecurity
Overview
Recent events, specifically the attacks of September 11 and the discovery of cows with BSE within the United States, have highlighted significant vulnerabilities in the United States' agriculture and food sector to dangerous pathogens and agents either intentionally or unintentionally introduced into the system. To address this newly-understood threat, Congress, the White House, federal agencies and state governments have bolstered current food safety and security regimes and created some new regulatory authority. The resulting system sees numerous agencies with varied responsibilities in ensuring the security of the agricultural and food system, with the primary agencies' being the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Department of Agriculture (USDA), and Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
Read the full overview
Note: Recently added resources are posted at the top of the applicable sections.
Major Statutes
Bioterrorism Act (Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002)
(codified throughout Titles 7, 21, 29, and 42)
Codified sections focusing on Agriculture and Food Security:
Agricultural Bioterrorism , 7 U.S.C. § 8401
Registration of Food Facilities, 21 U.S.C. § 350d
Maintenance and
Inspection of Records, 21 U.S.C. § 350c
Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, 21 U.S.C. §§ 151-159
Homeland Security Act, 6 U.S.C. §§ 101-557
Animal Health Protection Act, 7 U.S.C. §§ 8301-8317
Animal Enterprise Terrorism, 18 U.S.C. § 43
Regulations
Final rule for "Prior Notice of Imported Food Shipments" (effective May 6, 2009) -- NEW
Bioterrorism Act, FDA Food Safety Regulations, 21 C.F.R. Parts 1,20
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, (animals) 9 C.F.R. Parts 1-199
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, (plants) 7 C.F.R. Parts 300-399
Department of Homeland Security, 6 C.F.R. Parts 1-99
Possession, Use, and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins, 7 C.F.R. Part 331
Federal Register Rules Open for Comment
Center published Federal Register Digest
Case Law
Note: Recently summarized cases are listed and linked in Recent Postings.
Case Law Index for Biosecurity
Center Research Publications
Role of Regulation in Minimizing Terrorist Threats Against the Food Supply: Information,
Incentives, and Penalties (Roberts, 2007)
Congressional Research Service Reports
CRS Subject(s):
Animal Agriculture
Security and Defense
Reference Resources
USDA Resources
Homeland Security
Q &A's: Agricultural Biosecurity
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
Emergency Management: Homeland Security Branch
Biosecurity for the Birds
Biosecurity on U.S. Sheep Operations
Biosecurity and Health Management on U.S. Swine Operations
Biosecurity on Dairies
Protecting Our Livestock and Poultry Industries: Biosecurity Tips
Avian Influenza
Q's and A's About the Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
(Leg. & Public Affairs)
Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act of 2002 (Veterinary Services)
Crop Biosecurity (PPQ)
Agricultural Select Agent Information
Avian Influenza Fact Sheet
Agricultural & Food Biosecurity (CSREES)
Food Security & Emergency Preparedness (FSIS Food Safety & Inspection Service)
2002 Farm Bill: Bioterrorism Provisions (Economic Research Service)
National Agricultural Library (NAL)
Health School Meals Resource System: Food Security and Emergency Preparedness
Information Resources on Biosecurity, Bioterror, and the Threat to Agriculture
(Animal Welfare Information Center - AWIC)
Rural Homeland Security Resources for Local Officials (Rural Information Center - RIC)
Other Congressional Resources
Homeland Security Hearing, July 17, 2002 (U.S. Senate Agriculture Committee)
Agroterrorism Hearing, Nov. 19, 2003 (U.S. Senate Governmental Affairs Comm.)
Reports on Bioterrorism (Government Accountability Office)
Other Federal Resources
Presidential Directive on Defense of United States Agriculture and Food (Feb. 3, 2004)
National Strategy for Homeland Security, Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets
(The White House)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002
Food Defense and Terrorism
Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) and Counterterrorism
Counterterrorism
Countering Bioterrorism and Other Threats to the Food Supply (FoodSafety.gov)
Health Topic: Bioterrorism (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Fact Sheet: Strengthening the Security of Our Nation's Food Supply
Agro-Security Awareness Information Paper (Center for Domestic Preparedness)
Bioterrorism (Customs and Border Protection)
Food Supply & Water Purification Security (Counterterrorismtraining.gov)
Homeland Security Measures for Agriculture (EPA, Nat'l Agricultural Compliance Assistance Center)
Avian Influenza (Dept. of State)
Avian Influenza (Cntrs. for Disease Control & Prevention)
Agricultural Biosecurity Taking on Increased Importance (Dept. of Energy)
Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia: Biodefense and Bioterrorism (National Institute of Health)
Publications
A Manual for Improving Biosecurity in the Food Supply Chain: Focus on Live Animal Markets
(World Health Organization, 2006)
Crop Biosecurity and Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism: Responses of the American
Phytophatological Society (Oct. 2002)
The Bio-Terrorist Threat to Agricultural Livestock and Produce (Chalk, Rand, 2003)
Countering Bioterrorism: The Role of Science and Technology (National Academies Press, 2002)
Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of Deliberate Biological Attacks
Against the U.S. Agricultural and Food Industry (Chalk, Rand, 2004)
Agroterrorism: What Is the Threat and What Can Be Done About It? (Rand, 2003)
Terrorism, Infrastructure Protection and the U.S. Food and Agricultural Sector
(Chalk, Rand, 2001)
The US Agricultural Sector: A New Target for Terrorism? (Chalk, Rand, 2001)
The Role of Disease Surveillance in the Watch for Agro-Terrorism or Economic Sabotage
(Preslar, FAS, 2000)
Responding to the Threat of Agroterrorism (Kohnen, Harvard U., Kennedy
School of Government, 2000)
Terrorist Threats to Food: Guidance for Establishing and Strengthening Prevention and
Response Systems (WHO, 2002)
Agroterrorism in the U.S.: Key Security Challenge for the 21st Century (Cupp et al.,
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 2004)
Additional Resources
National Agricultural Biosecurity Center (KS St. U.)
Homeland Security (National Association of State Departments of Agriculture)
Biosecurity for Agriculture and Food Production (FAO)
Targets for Terrorism: Food and Agriculture (Council on Foreign Relations)
Food System Security and Bioterrorism (Food Policy Institute)
Bovine Alliance on Management & Nutrition (BAMN)
An Introduction to Infectious Disease Control on Farms
Handling Foreign Animal Diseases in Cattle
Biosecurity of Dairy Farm Feedstuffs
Biosecurity on Dairies
National Institute for Agricultural Security
Criminal Justice Resources: Agro-Security (MI State U.)
Overview of Agricultural Biosecurity (CIDRAP, U. MN)
Agro-Terrorism (Monterey Institute of International Studies)
Confronting the Possibility of Agroterrorism: Resources (U. NE Institute of
Ag and Natural Resources)
Agricultural Security Information Resource (Humanitarian Resources Institute)
Agroterrorism (National Pork Producers Council)
Agroterrorism: Facing the Threat (American Farm Bureau Federation)
Topics: Bioterrorism (World Health Organization)
Agro-Terrorism (Program for International & Homeland Security, OH St. U.)
Agroterrorism and Biosecurity (U. TN)
AgroTerrorism (Clemson U.)
Agroterror (U. GA Coll. of Vet. Medicine)
Food Safety and Bioterrorism for Food Processors (IA St. U.)
Committee on Animal Emergency Management (U.S. Animal Health Association)
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