Figure 1. Major geographic locations in Puget Sound, the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, and Kitsap Peninsula.
Figure 2. Locations of chum salmon petitioned in 1994 for listing under the ESA.
Figure 3. Map of Hood Canal with WDFW harvest management areas (12A-D) and major river drainages that produce chum salmon.
Figure 4. Geographic and spawning distribution of naturally occurring chum salmon in the Pacific Ocean.
Figure 5. Major physiographic regions (Coast Range Province and Puget-Willamette Lowland Province) (McKee 1972) inhabited by chum salmon the Pacific Northwest.
Figure 6. Major geographic features in Washington and Oregon cited in this status review.
Figure 7a. River entry and spawn timing of chum salmon in tributaries to northern Puget Sound.
Figure 7b. River entry and spawn timing of chum salmon in tributaries to southern Puget Sound.
Figure 7c. River entry and spawn timing of chum salmon in tributaries of Hood Canal and the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
Figure 7d. River entry and spawn timing of chum salmon in tributaries along the Washington coast and in the Columbia River.
Figure 8. Run timing of chum salmon returning to the Quilcene National Fish Hatchery on Hood Canal, 1913 and 1914.
Figure 9. Total survey counts of live and dead chum salmon spawners conducted in 1994 in western tributaries of Hood Canal (Duckabush, Dosewallips, Union, Hamma Hamma, and Big Quilcene Rivers) and the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Salmon Creek in Discovery Bay and Jimmycomelately Creek in Sequim Bay). (9A, 9B, 9C)
Figure 10. Summer chum salmon catch patterns in Big Quilcene River and Hood Canal.
Figure 11. Fall chum salmon catch patterns in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Dungeness River and the Lyre River.
Figure 12. Mean length and 95% confidence interval of age-4 male and female chum salmon spawners at Fish Creek, southeast Alaska, 1972-1996, and at the Quilcene National Fish Hatchery, Hood Canal, Washington, 1973-1996.
Figure 13. Multidimensional scaling in three dimensions of chord genetic distances between samples of chum salmon from 116 localities in Washington and British Columbia.
Figure 14. Multidimensional scaling in three dimensions of chord genetic distances between samples of chum salmon in Washington and British Columbia.
Figure 15. Autocorrelation coefficients (Moran's I) for 5 alleles over thirteen 50-km distance classes.
Figure 16. Locations of chum salmon Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) identified by the Biological Review Team (BRT) for the U.S. Pacific Northwest.
Figure 17. Releases of chum salmon in to the North Pacific Ocean from artifical propagation facilities in Japan, Alaska, British Columbia, and the United States (1960 to 1993).
Figure 18. Releases of chum salmon from artificial propagation facilities into Washington waters by geographic region (1960 to 1993).
Figure 19. Hatcheries that produce chum salmon in the Pacific Coast and Columbia River ESUs.
Figure 20. Hatcheries that produce chum salmon in the United States' portion of the Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia ESU and in the Hood Canal summer-run Chum Salmon ESU.
Figure 21. Locations of chum salmon egg box or remote incubator sites in the Pacific Coast and Columbia River ESUs.
Figure 22. Locations of chum salmon egg box or remote incubator sites have occurred in the United States' portion of the Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia ESU and in the Hood Canal Summer-run Chum Salmon ESU.
Figure 23. Schematic diagram of mixing of natural and hatchery-produced fish in natural habitat.
Figure 24. Total commercial landings and average weight of chum salmon caught in Washington waters from 1937 to 1991.
Figure 25. Spawning escapement of summer-run chum salmon, 1968 to 1996, to (A) Hood Canal streams and (B) Discovery and Sequim Bays in the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca.
Figure 26. Spawning escapement of summer chum salmon, 1968 to 1996, to streams on the west- and eastside streams of Hood Canal.
Figure 27. Escapement of summer-run chum salmon along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, at Discovery Bay (Snow and Salmon Creeks) and Sequim Bay (Jimmycomelately Creek).
Figure 28. Hood Canal summer-run chum salmon (A) run size and (B) exploitation rates estimated by run reconstruction in WDFW harvest management areas (12A-D), 1968 to 1996.
Figure 29. Comparison of summer chum salmon spawner-to-spawner ratios, by year, for four Hood Canal harvest management regions (12A, B, C, and D).
Figure 30. Recruits-per-spawner for summer chum salmon in Hood Canal WDFW Harvest Management Areas (12A-D).
Figure 31. Recruits-per-spawner as a function of escapement of summer chum salmon to Dabob Bay and central Hood Canal, 1968 to 1994.
Figure 32. Recruits-per-spawner as a function of escapement of summer chum salmon to south Hood Canal and southeast Hood Canal, 1968 to 1994.
Figure 33. Average number of fall chum salmon eggs taken at the WDFW Hood Canal Hatchery each week for three 5-year periods, 1968-1992.
Figure 34. Numbers of chum, coho, and chinook salmon released annually from hatcheries into Hood Canal, 1954 to 1993.
Figure 35. Run size of adult summer and fall chum salmon in Hood Canal, 1968 to 1993.
Figure 36. Tribal harvest of fall-run chum salmon in coastal Washington rivers and along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1968 to 1990.
Figure 37. Chum salmon spawning escapement to rivers in Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay.
Figure 38. Chum salmon spawner counts from standard (top) and supplemental (bottom) spawner surveys in index streams in the Tillamook District, 1948-1994.
Figure 39. Commercial catch and run size of chum salmon in Tillamook Bay.
Figure 40. Netarts Bay chum salmon adult counts at Whiskey Creek trap, 1969-1990.
Figure 41. Commercial landings of chum salmon in the Columbia River, 1886-1993.
Figure 42. Spawning escapement of chum salmon to three streams on the Washington side of the Columbia River.
Figure 43. Minimal run size for chum salmon, 1938 to 1994, in the Columbia River.
Figure 44. Minimal run size for chum salmon, 1955 to 1994 (subset of previous figure) in the Columbia
River.
Table 1. Physical characteristics of selected rivers draining the Olympic Peninsula, Washington.
Table 2. Estimated average escapements of chum salmon to British Columbia streams with spawning times beginning in August or September, 1951 to 1962 (modified from Aro and Shepard 1967).
Table 3. Estimated average escapements of chum salmon to British Columbia streams with spawning times beginning in October or November, 1951 to 1962 (modified from Aro and Shepard 1967).
Table 4. Chum salmon stocks identified in Washington State by WDFW and WWTIT in the SASSI report (WDF et al. 1993).
Table 5. Estimated run timing for chum salmon in southern Puget Sound based on live fish counts (Cole et al. 1986).
Table 6. Spawn timing for chum salmon in the Stillaguamish River Basin based on surveys of live tagged fish on spawning grounds (Hiss et al. 1982a).
Table 7. Estimated spawn timing and duration of spawning for chum salmon in the North Fork Nooksack River based on carcass counts of tagged spawners (Hiss et al. 1982b).
Table 8. Summary of juvenile marking and adult recovery studies used to estimate stray rate in chum salmon (Lister et al. 1981).
Table 9. Seasonal timing of chum salmon fry migration from freshwater streams to seawater in Asia and North America.
Table 10. Residence times (weeks) of juvenile chum salmon and other salmon species in Washington State estuaries.
Table 11. Locations of samples of chum salmon examined by Phelps et al. (1994) and Phelps (unpub., Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl., Olympia).
Table 12. Autocorrelation coefficients (Moran's I) averaged over 19 variable alleles of 5 groups of natural chum salmon populations classified by region, and 4 groups hatchery or hatchery-related populations.
Table 13. Artifical spawning channels in British Columbia with the number of fish released and years of release (NRC 1995a).
Table 14. Hatcheries in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (by evolutionarily significant unit [ESU]) that have recently produced chum salmon.
Table 15. Hatchery releases of chum salmon in the U.S. Pacific Northwest by evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) and watershed.
Table 16. Chum salmon egg box or remote-site incubation (RSI) facilities in the U.S. Pacific Northwest by evolutionarily significant unit (ESU).
Table 17. Releases of chum salmon from the Skokomish Hatchery from 1905-1921 into Hood Canal.
Table 18. Status of Washington State chum salmon stocks assessed in previous reviews.
Table 19. Status of Oregon State chum salmon stocks assessed in previous reviews.
Table 20. Abundance and trends of rated Washington State chum salmon stocks recognized in SASSI (WDF et al. 1993).
Table 21. Broodstock collection data for Hood Canal summer chum salmon reared at Quilcene National Fish Hatchery 1992-96.
Table 22. Summary of chum salmon carcasses examined for hatchery marks in selected Hood Canal streams in 1995 and 1996 (WDFW 1996, USFWS 1996).
Table 23. Annual liberations of fed and unfed early-fall chum salmon fry (Finch Creek Stock) from WDFW hatcheries in Hood Canal, Washington, 1970-94.
Table 24. Interval between peak spawning of summer and fall chum salmon in Hood Canal streams, 1983 and 1984. Data from Young (1986a,b).
Table 25. Percentage and date of return of the total number of chum salmon that returned to the rack (gate) at the Hood Canal Hatchery in 5-year blocks, 1953 to 1996.