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Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Article Contents

The Study
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Figure 1
Figure 2
Table
Suggested Citation

Volume 14, Number 1–January 2008

Dispatch

Population-based Survey of Invasive Bacterial Diseases, Greenland, 1995–2004

Annette Meyer,* Karin Ladefoged,† Peter Poulsen,† and Anders Koch*
*Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and †Dronning Ingrids Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

The Study

Greenland is inhabited by 56,000 persons. One fourth of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk, while the rest live in 16 towns and several settlements (the districts) scattered around the island. Most persons (86%) are native Greenlanders; the rest are Caucasians, mostly Danes.

The laboratory at Queen Ingrids Hospital in Nuuk is the only microbiologic laboratory in Greenland. From laboratory files, we identified all bacterial isolates from invasive disease cases reported from January 1, 1995, though December 31, 2004. Demographic information about patients was obtained from the Civil Registration System of Greenland (6). Patients were categorized as Greenlanders if born in Greenland. Population data for incidence calculations were obtained from Statistics Greenland (7). The study was approved by the Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland and reported to the Danish Data Protection Agency.

The laboratory used standard microbiologic methods. Until 1999, positive blood cultures were detected by using manual readings of blood culture bottles from Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; beginning in 1999, the Bactec/Alert system (Organon Teknika, Turnhout, Belgium) was used. In this system, 28–30 mL of blood is injected directly into aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles. Positive samples are characterized by Gram stain and cultured on blood agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated horse blood. Antigen/antibody tests are carried out for S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae (the last 2 only on cerebrospinal fluid). Serotyping and group typing of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae (Quellung method) and N. meningitidis (latex agglutination method) are performed at Statens Serum Institut.

In total, 281 unique bacterial isolates from 254 episodes of invasive disease among 242 patients were identified: 72% of isolates in blood, 18% in cerebrospinal fluid, and 10% in other samples. Of the 254 episodes, 47% occurred among patients from the districts and 53% in patients from Nuuk. In 53% of episodes among patients from the districts, the first microbiologic sample was taken after patient transfer to Nuuk. There were no differences in age, sex, ethnicity, underlying conditions, or mortality rates between district and Nuuk patients, but Greenlandic patients were younger (median 46 years, 25%–75% quartiles 17–59 years) than Danish patients (median 57 years, 25%–75% quartiles 44–62 years) (p = 0.07).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Incidence by age, invasive bacterial disease, Greenland, 1995–2004.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Incidence by year, invasive bacterial disease, Greenland, 1995–2004.

Twenty different bacterial species or groups were identified (22 isolates could not be characterized by species); the most numerous were S. pneumoniae, staphylococci, and E. coli (Table). For most bacteria, the invasive disease incidence varied by age in a U-shaped fashion (Figure 1). Most N. meningitidis cases (73%) occurred in children <10 years of age, the 4 cases of H. influenzae group B infection occurred in children <1 year of age, and the youngest case-patient with GBS was 12 years of age.

Incidence of invasive bacterial disease did not differ according to patient sex but did differ markedly according to ethnicity and region. The age-adjusted rate ratio was 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.9) for Greenlanders compared with Danes and 3.5 (95% CI 2.7–4.4) for persons living in Nuuk compared with persons living in the districts, a rate ratio observed for almost all bacterial species.

The overall incidence of invasive bacterial isolates increased during the study period from 17.9/100,000 in 1995 to 79/100,000 in 2004; the most marked increase occurred in 1997–1998, when incidence almost doubled. The increase occurred mainly in blood culture samples; cerebrospinal fluid samples remained constant over time. The increase in isolates from blood cultures occurred equally in Nuuk and in the districts and for most bacteria, although the incidence of N. meningitidis remained constant (Figure 2). H. influenzae group B isolates were not identified after 1998 (childhood vaccination was introduced in 1997); the 5 GAS isolates first appeared in 2001–2004.

Conclusions

A variety of bacteria were found to be associated with invasive disease in Greenland. S. pneumoniae was the most commonly involved, confirming the importance of this pathogen in native populations in the Arctic (1–3). However, the second and third most frequent invasive bacteria were E. coli and S. aureus, a finding which, to our knowledge, had not been described before in Greenland. In contrast, the 5 bacteria included in the Circumpolar Surveillance System accounted for only 47% of microorganisms (5). Surveillance of these 5 bacteria is relevant, though, as they are all serious, potentially fatal diseases of infants or children and are associated with some form of preventive action (either vaccines or prophylaxis). S. aureus and E. coli are not amenable to simple specific public health actions, so surveillance for these infections is less useful. Evaluation of outcome and risk factors for S. aureus and E. coli in Arctic areas may lead to potential preventive or clinical care options.

Worldwide, microbiologic causes of bacteremia have shifted from gram-negative organisms being the most common in the 1970s to gram-positive organisms with coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus, and enterococci being the most frequent in the last part of the 20th century (8). Likewise, we found gram-positive bacteria in 67% of invasive disease cases and gram-negative bacteria (mostly Enterobacteriaceae) in 33% and increasing incidence of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria over the study period.

The overall incidence of invasive bacterial disease was 3.5-fold higher among Nuuk patients than among district patients. Most likely this finding represents sampling bias; microorganisms sent from the districts are less likely to survive than samples taken in Nuuk, and district doctors may be less likely to submit samples than Nuuk doctors, given the longer time to receive test results. However, we cannot confirm this explanation because of lack of information on the total number of submitted samples. Furthermore, the 39% higher average income in Nuuk compared with the rest of Greenland makes a Nuuk/district invasive disease incidence rate ratio of 3.5:1 less likely (7). The difference suggests that the true invasive disease rates in Greenland may be much higher than those found in this study or reported to ICS. A clear recommendation from this study is to develop a more accessible, rapid, and reliable diagnostic system for districts outside of Nuuk.

The lower age-adjusted invasive bacterial disease incidence in Danes than Greenlanders may be explained by the "healthy worker effect." Danes in general come to Greenland to work and belong to higher social classes and live in better housing conditions than the general population of Greenland, factors that may reduce the risk for infection (9). Hence, although genetic factors may account for some of the difference, the difference is probably confounded by environmental and social factors.

The increase in invasive bacterial isolates during the study period most likely represents changes in submission or detection practices. The increase occurred almost exclusively in blood cultures, and a new blood culture detection system was introduced in 1999. Similar findings have been observed in Europe (10). These data may lead to improved surveillance of invasive bacterial disease in Greenland.

Acknowledgments

We thank Thomas Hjuler and Nina Nielsen for assistance in designing the study.

Dr Meyer works at Slagelse County Hospital, Denmark, and is a research assistant at the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut. Her research interests involve infectious disease epidemiology in Greenland.

References

Christiansen J, Poulsen P, Ladefoged K. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Greenland. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36:325–9.
Singleton RJ, Butler JC, Bulkow LR, Hurlburt D, O'Brien KL, Doan W, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease epidemiology and effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Alaska native adults. Vaccine. 2007;25:2288–95.
Scheifele D, Law B, Vaudry W, Halperin S, Kellner J, King A, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections among Canadian aboriginal children. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2003;29:37–42.
Davidson M, Parkinson AJ, Bulkow LR, Fitzgerald MA, Peters HV, Parks DJ. The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Alaska, 1986–1990—ethnic differences and opportunities for prevention. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:368–76.
Arctic Investigations Program. International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) summary report, year 2003 data. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003;
Pedersen CB, Gotzsche H, Moller JO, Mortensen PB. The Danish Civil Registration System. A cohort of eight million persons. Dan Med Bull. 2006;53:441–9.
Statistics Greenland. Statbank Greenland. 2007 [cited 2007 Nov 1]. Available from http://www statgreen.gl
Bearman GM, Wenzel RP. Bacteremias: a leading cause of death. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:646–59.
Koch A, Mølbak K, Homøe P, Sørensen P, Hjuler T, Olesen ME, et al. Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in young Greenlandic children. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:374–84.
Schonheyder HC, Sorensen HT, Kristensen B, Korsager B. Reasons for increase in pneumococcal bacteraemia. Lancet. 1997;349:1554.

Figures

Figure 1. Incidence by age, invasive bacterial disease, Greenland, 1995–2004.
Figure 2. Incidence by year, invasive bacterial disease, Greenland, 1995–2004.

Table

Table. Characteristics of 281 bacterial isolates and 242 case-patients from 254 episodes of invasive bacterial infection, Greenland, 1995–2004