Deep Ocean Circulation

The global ocean circulation system transports heat worldwide and affects climate in many areas. For example, Europe would have much colder winters if it were not for the Gulf Stream. Winds blow surface waters and cause ocean currents. But the waters below the depths of the wind's influence flow because of differences in temperature and saltiness (called salinity). Begin the interactive »

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Going vertical: Gauging ocean overturn rates
Water in the ocean has different ages at different depths. Scientists can determine these ages, and find out how long water takes to circulate through the entire ocean and then come back to the surface. Learn more »