Advances in New Crops Proceedings of the First National Symposium New Crops Research, Development, and Economics CONTENTS

1. Economics & Marketing
2. Research & Development
3. Evaluating Alternate Crops
4. Germplasm & Breeding
5. Biotechnology
6. Cereals & Pseudocereals
7. Grain Legumes
8. Forages
9. Oilseeds
10. Industrial Crops
11. Fiber Crops
12. Fruits & Nuts
13. Vegetable Crops
14. Floral & Landscape Crops
15. Aromatic, Spice, Medicinal & Bioactive Plants
16. Space Crops

Foreword: The New Crops Era—Noel Vietmeyer

Part I

Economics & Marketing

• The Economics of New Crops—Don Paarlberg

• Marketing New Crops—Emerson M. Babb

Research & Development

• New Crops Research and Development: A State Perspective—Luther Waters, Jr.

• New Crops Research and Development: A Federal Perspective—L.H. Princen

• New Crops Research and Development: An Industry Perspective—Ronald L. Sampson

• Commercializing Promising Technologies—Paul F. O'Connell

• Strategic Planning for New-Crop Development—Gary D. Jolliff

• Industrial Crops Commercialization—E. Richard Wheaton

• International Repercussions of New Crops—Lowell S. Hardin

Evaluating Alternate Crops

• New Crops Survey—James A. Duke

• Evaluating Production Potentials and Developing Extension Recommendations for New Vegetable Crops—Charles R. O'Dell, Susan B. Sterrett, Barbara M. Young, and Alicia M. Borowski

• Alternate Crops for Dryland Production Systems in Northern Idaho—Kenneth D. Kephart, Glen A. Murray, and Dick L. Auld

• Extension Paraprofessionals: A Unique Resource for Introducing New Crops to Small Farmers (Abstract)—Marion Simon

• A Questionnaire to Assist Growers in Evaluation of New Crops (Abstract)—Russ Karow and Bill Rogers

• New Vegetable Crops: What's Worked and What Hasn't (Abstract)—Cathy Sabota

Germplasm & Breeding

• New Crops in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System—Henry L. Shands and George A. White

• International System for Germplasm: New Crop Genetic Resources and the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources—M.C. Perry

• Germplasm Resources at the North Central Plant Introduction Station—W.W. Roath, R.L. Clark, M.P. Widrlechner, and R.L. Wilson

• Genetic Enhancement and Plant Breeding—Donald N. Duvick

• Plant Breeding: A Reappraisal—Henry L. Shands

• Enhancing Germplasm with Mass Selection—Glenn W. Burton

• Breeding New Industrial Crops—Anson E. Thompson

Biotechnology

• Modification of Protein Content in Soybean to Improve Seed Quality—Niels C. Nielsen

• The Importance of Biological Nitrogen Fixation to New Crop Development—Peter M. Gresshoff

Part II

Cereals & Pseudocereals

• New Grains and Pseudograins—Duane L. Johnson

• Grain Amaranth—Charles S. Kauffman and Leon E. Weber

• Amaranth Production in Mexico and Peru—Daniel K. Early

• Intermediate Wheatgrass as a Perennial Grain Crop—Peggy Wagoner and Anne Schauer

• Herbicide-tolerant Germplasm in Rice—R.H. Dilday, P. Nastasi, R.J. Smith Jr., and K. Khodayari

• Simply Inherited Genetic Variation in Grain Amaranth (Abstract)—P.A. Kulakow

• Hybridization of Grain Amaranths: Implications for Long-term Development (Abstract)—J.W Lehmann and R.L. Clark

• Amaranth Intercropping Techniques of Andean Quechua Peasants (Abstract)—Daniel K. Early

• Pearl Millet: A Potential Early Maturing Dryland Feed Grain Crop (Abstract)—William D. Stegmeier, B. Khaleeq, R.L. Vanderlip, and D.J. Andrews

• Stand Establishment in Relation to Seedling Mesocotyl and Coleoptile Length in Pearl Millet (Abstract)—B. Khaleeq, W.D. Stegmeier, and R.L. Vanderlip

• Contribution of Ancestral Lines in the Development of New Cultivars of Rice (Abstract)—Robert H. Dilday

Grain Legumes

• Grain Legumes—Theodore Hymowitz

• Soybeans: The Success Story—Theodore Hymowitz

• Dry Pea and Lentil as New Crops in Saskatchewan: A Case Study—A.E. Slinkard, R.S. Bhatty, B.N. Drew, and R.A.A. Morrall

• Prospects for Domesticating Illinois Bundleflower—Peter A. Kulakow, Laura L. Benson, and Jake G. Vail

• White Lupin: An Example of New Crop Development Projects in Maine (Abstract)—Laura C. Merrick

• Evaluation of Herbicides for Sweet White Lupin (Abstract)—Richard Leep and Donald C. Penner

• Generation Mean Analysis of Agronomic Traits in Chickpea (Abstract)—Saranga P. Kidambi, Tarlochan S. Sandhu, and Balwant S. Bhullar

Forages

• Grasses: New and Improved—Glenn W. Burton

• The True Clovers—Norman L. Taylor

• Special Purpose Forage Legumes—Melvin D. Rumbaugh

• Big Trefoil: A New Legume for Pastures on Fragipan Soils—C.J. Kaiser and M.E. Heath

Oilseeds

• Chemistry of New Oilseed Industrial Crops—Robert Kleiman

• New Temperate Oilseed Crops—Steven J. Knapp

• Canola: A Quality Brassica Oilseed—R.K. Downey

• Potential of Canola Production in Ohio—Walter H. Schmidt

• Crambe: A New Industrial Crop in Limbo—Koert J. Lessman

• Potential of Winter and Spring Rapeseed Cultivars for Oilseed Production in the Southeastern United States—P.L. Raymer, D.G. Bullock, and D.L. Thomas

• Sesame: New Approaches for Crop Improvement—Raghav Ram, David Catlin, Juan Romero, and Craig Cowley

• Cruciferous Oilseeds (Abstract)—Paul H. Williams

• Rapeseed Performance in West Tennessee (Abstract)—H.A. Fribourg, C.R. Graves, G.N. Rhodes, Jr., J.E. Bradley, and E.C. Bernard Gorczanski

• High Glucosinolate Rapeseed Meal as a Supplemental Protein Source in Finishing Cattle Diets (Abstract)—Jean Heidker and C.F. Klopfenstein

• Influence of Irrigation Timing and Nitrogen on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Rape (Abstract)—Joseph G. Lauer

• Climatic Evaluation for Crambe (Abstract)—Yunus Gul and S.E. Taylor

Industrial Crops

• Arid-land Industrial Crops—Anson E. Thompson

• Improved Guayule Germplasm for Domestic Production of Natural Rubber—A. Estilai and J.G. Waines

• Facultative Apomixis in Guayule as a Source of Genetic Diversity—Dennis T. Ray, David A. Dierig, and Anson E. Thompson

• Jojoba: A Unique Liquid Wax Producer from the American Desert—Himayat H. Naqvi and Irwin P. Ting

• Introduction of Chia and Gum Tragacanth in the U.S.—Howard S. Gentry, Marc Mittleman, and Peter R. McCrohan

• Producing Fuels and Chemicals from Cellulosic Crops—Jacqueline D. Broder and J. Wayne Barrier

• Fuel Production Potential of Several Agricultural Crops—D.A. Mays, W. Buchanan, B.N. Bradford, and P.M. Giordano

• Screening of Herbaceous Species for Energy Crops on Wet Soils in Ohio—N.A. Wright

• Colliguaya integerrima (Euphorbiaceae): A Possible New Crop for Temperate Deserts (Abstract)—Damian Ravetta and Alberta Soriano

• Agave: A New Crop for the Desert Southwest (Abstract)—Robert G. McDaniel

• Chinese Tallow: Multipurpose Tree Crop (Abstract)—Edward Glumac and Joe Cowles

Fiber Crops

• Fiber Morphology and New Crops—Richard A. Horn and Vance C. Setterholm

• Woody Fiber Crops—Stanley L. Krugman

• Black Locust: A Multi-purpose Tree Species for Temperate Climates—Robert P. Barrett, Tesfai Mebrahtu, and James W. Hanover

• New Tree Crops from Interspecific Leucaena Hybrids—James L. Brewbaker and Charles T. Sorensson

• Non-wood Fiber Crops: Commercialization of Kenaf for Newsprint—Daniel E. Kugler

• Economics of Kenaf Production in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas—Andrew W. Scott, Jr, and Charles S. Taylor

• The Rise and Fall of Kenaf as a Fiber Crop in North Carolina—Wilham T. Fike

• Salt Tolerance of Kenaf—L.E. Francois, T.J. Donovan, and E.V. Mass

• Kenaf: An Alternative Crop for Delaware (Abstract)—Hames Don Tilmon, Richard Taylor, and George Malone

• Cultivar Evaluations and Fertility Requirements of Kenaf in Southeast Texas (Abstract)—John W. Sij

Fruits & Nuts

• Asian Pears—James A. Beutel

• Kiwifruit—James A. Beutel

• Mayhaw: A New Fruit Crop for the South—Jerry A. Payne and Gerard W. Krewer

• Lingonberry: Potential New Fruit for the Northern United States—Elden J. Stang, Gavin G. Weis, and John Klueh

• Requirements for a United States Chestnut Industry—Robert L. Stebbins

• Eastern Black Walnut: Potential for Commercial Nut Producing Cultivars—William Reid

• New Subtropical Tree Crops in California—Louise Ferguson and Marylu Arpaia

• Tropical Fruits—Mary Lamberts and Jonathan H. Crane

• Introduction and Domestication of Rare and Wild Fruit and Nut Trees for Desert Areas—Avinoam Nerd, James A. Aronson, and Yosef Mizrahi

• Papaya: A Potential Annual Crop Under Middle Georgia Conditions—U.L. Yadava, Janice A. Burris, and D. McCrary

• New Crops from Brazil—David Arkcoll

• Cupuassu: A New Beverage Crop for Brazil—Christiane Cabral Velho, Anna Whipkey, and Jules Janick

• Fire Blight Susceptibility in a Young Asian Pear Planting (Abstract)—Caula A. Beyl

• Regeneration of Carica pentagona (Babaco) (Abstract)—Rebecca Vega de Rojas and Sherry Kitto

Vegetable Crops

• Latin American Vegetables—Mary Lamberts

• Asian Vegetables—Mas Yamaguchi

• Legume Species as Leaf Vegetables—Robert P. Barrett

• Vegetable Amaranths: Cultivar Selection for Summer Production in the South—Ramsey L. Sealy, E.L McWilliams, J. Novak, F. Fong, and C.M. Kenerley

• Melofon: A New Crop for Concentrated Yield of Pickles—Haim Nerson, Harry S. Paris, and Menahem Edelstein

• Hull-less Seeded Pumpkins: A New Edible Snackseed Crop—J. Brent Loy

• Tomatillo: A Potential Vegetable Crop for Louisiana—D.N. Moriconi, M.C. Rush, and H. Flores

• Witloof Chicory: A New Vegetable Crop in the United States—Kenneth A. Corey, David J. Merchant, and Lester F. Whitney

• Seakale: A New Vegetable Produced as Etiolated Sprouts—Jean-Yves Péron

• Tuberous-rooted Chervil: A New Root Vegetable for Temperate Climates—Jean-Yves Péron

• Tropical Root and Tuber Crops—Stephen K. O'Hair

• Andean Tuber Crops: Worldwide Potential—Calvin R. Sperling and Steven R. King

• Domestication of Apios americana—B.D. Reynolds, W.J. Blackmon, E. Wickremesinhe, M.H. Wells, and R.J. Constantin

• Protein Quality Evaluation of Apios amaericana Tubers (Abstract)—Holly E. Johnson, Maren Hegsted, and William J. Blackmon

• Protein Quality in Apios americana Tubers and Seeds (Abstract)—P.W Wilson, F.J. Pichardo, W.J. Blackmon, and B.D. Reynolds

• Compositional Changes in Apios americana Tubers During Storage (Abstract)—D.H. Picha, W.J. Blackmon, P.W. Wilson, L.P. Hanson, and B.D. Reynolds

• Inoculation, Nitrogen, and Cultivar Effects on Nodulation and Tuber Yield of Apios americana (Abstract)—D.H. Putnam, L. Field, and G.H. Heichel

• Evaluations of Preemergence Herbicides for Use in Apios americana (Abstract)—D. Wayne Wells and R.J. Constantin

• Evaluating Apios americana as a Wetland Tuber Crop (Abstract)—Mary E. Musgrave, Alston G. Hopkins, Jr., and William J. Blackmon

• The Winged Bean: A Potential Protein Crop (Abstract)—S. Venketeswaran, M.A.D.L. Dias, and Ursula V. Weyers

• Effect of Southern Root Knot Nematode on Yield Components of Yardlong Beans (Abstract)—E.G. Rhoden, C.K. Bonsi and M.L. Ngoyi

• Susceptibility of Yardlong Beans to Root Knot Nematode Infestation (Abstract)—E.G. Rhoden, C.K. Bonsi, and M. L. Ngoyi

Floral & Landscape Crops

• New Floricultural Crops—Mark S. Roh and Roger H. Lawson

• New Herbaceous Ornamental Crops Research—Allan M. Armitage

• Gerbera Daisies: A Potential Field-produced Cut Flower Crop for Coastal South Carolina—Robert J. Dufault, Tyron Phillips, and John W. Kelly

• Trends Influencing the Introduction of New Landscape Plants—Mark P. Widrlechner

• Cuphea glutinosa Selections for Flowering Ornamental Ground Cover in Southeast United States—Casimir A. Jaworski and Sharad C. Phatak

• Development of the Threatened Halophyte Mallontonia gnaphalodes as a New Ornamental Crop (Abstract)—Stephen D. Verkade and George E. Fitzpatrick

• Photoperiodic Control of Flowering of Salvia leucantha L. (Abstract)—Allan M. Armitage, J.M. Laushman, and F. Vogel

• Regeneration and Proliferation of Veltheimia bracteata(Abstract)—Sherry Kitto and Pamela Geiselhart

Aromatic, Spice, Medicinal & Bioactive Plants

• Essential Oils and Culinary Herbs—James E. Simon

• Basil: A Source of Essential Oils—James E. Simon, James Quinn, and Renee G. Murray

• Domestic Production of Spices and Herbs—Selashe Kebede

• Promising Phytomedicinals—James A. Duke

• Chinese Medicinals—Albert Y. Leung

• Natural Pesticides from Plants—Stephen O. Duke

• Phyllanthus Species: Sources of New Antivital Compounds—David W. Unander, P.S. Venkateswaran, Irving Millman, and Baruch S. Blumberg

• Artemisia annua L.: A Promising Aromatic and Medicinal—James E. Simon, Denys Charles, Ernst Cebert, Lois Grant, Jules Janick, and Anna Whipkey

• Production of Catnip in North Carolina—J.M. Ferguson, W.W. Weeks, and W.T. Fike

• Borage: A Source of Gamma Linolenic Acid (Abstract)—James E. Simon, Nancy Beaubaire, Stephen C. Weller, and Jules Janick

• Breeding Arid-adapted Pyrethrum for Insecticide Production in the Desert Southwest (Abstract)—Robert G. McDaniel

Space Crops

• New Crops for Space Bases—C.H. Walkinshaw and S.G. Galliano

• Utility of Cowpea Foliage in a Crop Production System for Space—David L. Bubenheim, Cary A. Mitchell, and Suzanne S. Nielsen