New Crops Proceedings of the Second National Symposium New Crops Exploration, Research, and Commercialization CONTENTS

1. Policy
2. International Developments
3. Regional Development
4. Centers
5. Exploration
6. Biotechnology
7. Cereals & Pseudocereals
8. Grain Legumes
9. Forages
10. Oilseeds
11. Industrial Crops
12. Fiber Crops
13. Fruits & Nuts
14. Vegetables
15. Floral & Landscape Crops
16. Aromatic, Spice, Medicinal, & Others
17. Industry Outlook
18. Commercialization

Part I: Policy & Programs

Policy

• National New Crops Policy—John W. Conrad

• International New Crops Policy—J. Trevor Williams and N. Haq

• New Crops and the International Agricultural Research Centers—Robert B. Bertram

• International Conflicts in New Crops Policy—Cary Fowler

International Developments

• New Crop Development in Europe—Louis J.M. van Soest

• Characterization and Processing Research on New Crops for Increased Industrial Applicability of New and Traditional Crops: A European Perspective—Willem M.J.van Gelder, F.P. Cuperus, J.T.P. Derksen, B.G. Muuse, and J.E.G. van Dam

• Potential New Specialty Crops from Asia: Azuki Bean, Edamame Soybean, and Astragalus—Thomas A. Lumpkin, J.C. Konovsky, K.J. Larson, and D.C. McClary

• New Crop Development in New Zealand—James A. Douglas

• New Horticultural Crops in New Zealand—Errol W. Hewett

• Genetic Resources in Africa—Jack R. Harlan

Regional Development

• New Crops Research: Northeastern Regional and National Federal Efforts—GeorgeA. White

• New Horticultural Crops for the Southeastern United States—Mary Lamberts

• Development of New Agronomic Crops in the Midwest—Edward S. Oplinger

• Development of New Crops in the Western United States—Dick L. Auld

• The Western Regional Plant Introduction Station: A Source of Germplasm for New Crop Development—V.L. Bradley, R.C. Johnson, R.M. Hannan, D.M. Stout, and R.L. Clark

• Determining Amaranth and Canola Suitability in Missouri Through Geographic Information Systems Analysis—Robert L. Myers

• Preliminary Agronomic Evaluation of New Crops for North Dakota—Marisol T.Berti and A.A. Schneiter

• Public Sponsored New Crops Research and Development Projects in Virginia—Gregory E. Welbaum

Centers

• Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products—Programs in Information Exchange and Research—Daniel H. Putnam, Ervin A. Oelke, and Laura McCann

• Interdisciplinary Teamwork for New Crop Development in Missouri—Robert L.Myers

• IMPACT and the East Asian Crop Development Program—Thomas A. Lumpkin, Bill B.Dean, and Desmond A. O'Rourke

• Indiana Center for New Crops and Plant Products—Jules Janick

Part II: Research & Development

Exploration

• Peppers: History and Exploitation of a Serendipitous New Crop Discovery—W.Hardy Eshbaugh

• Exploration and Introduction of Ornamental Landscape Plants from Eastern Asia—Stephen A. Spongberg

• Plant Exploration for New Forage Grasses—Kay H. Asay

• Exploration and Exploitation of New Fruit and Nut Germplasm—Maxine M. Thompson

• The Search for New Pharmaceutical Crops: Drug Discovery and Development at theNational Cancer Institute—Gordon M. Cragg, Michael R. Boyd, John H. CardellinaII, Michael R. Grever, Saul Schepartz, Kenneth M. Snader, and Matthew Suffness

• A Novel Method for Selection and Domestication of Indigenous Useful Plants inAmazonian Ecuador—J. Friedman, D. Bolotin, M. Rios, P. Mendosa, Y. Cohen, andM.J. Balick

Biotechnology

• Fatty Acid Synthesis Genes—H. Maelor Davies, L. Anderson, J. Bleibaum, D.J.Hawkins, C. Fan, A.C. Worrell, and Toni A. Voelker

• Bioassembly of Storage Lipids in Oilseed Crops—David C. Taylor, Ljerka Kunst, and Samuel L. MacKenzie

• Engineering New Sources of Domestic Natural Rubber—Katrina Cornish, Zhiqang Pan, and Ralph A. Backhaus

Cereals & Pseudocereals

• Pearl Millet: New Feed Grain Crop—David J. Andrews, John F. Rajewski, and K.Anand Kumar

• The Use of Protogyny to Make Hybrids in Pearl Millet—David J. Andrews,Barnabas Kiula, and John F. Rajewski

• Amaranth Rediscovered—Gilbert F. Stallknecht and J.R. Schulz-Schaeffer

• Row Spacing and Population Effects on Yield of Grain Amaranth in North Dakota—T.L. Henderson, A.A. Schneiter, and N. Riveland

• Quinoa—Duane L. Johnson and Sarah M. Ward

• Blue Corn—Duane L. Johnson and Mitra N. Jha

• Teff: Food Crop for Humans and Animals—Gilbert F. Stallknecht, Kenneth M.Gilbertson, and J.L. Eckhoff

• Wild Rice: Domestication of a Native North American Genus—Ervin A. Oelke

• Structure and Chemical Composition of Developing Buckwheat Seed—Ralph L.Obendorf, Marcin Horbowicz, and Douglas P. Taylor

• Storage, Processing, and Quality Aspects of Buckwheat Seed—G. Mazza

Grain Legumes

• Food and Grain Legumes—Fredrick J. Muehlbauer

• An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Development of Lupin as an Alternative Crop—Daniel H. Putnam

• White Lupin: An Alternate Crop for the Southern Coastal Plain—Paul L. Mask,D.W. Reeves, E. van Santen, G.L. Mullins, and G.E. Aksland

• The Potential of Zero Tannin Lentil—A. Matus, A.E. Slinkard, and A. Vandenberg

Forages

• Native North American Grasses—Kenneth P. Vogel and K.J. Moore

• African Grasses—Glenn W. Burton

Oilseeds

• Canola Seed Yield in Relation to Harvest Methods—Casimir A. Jaworski and Sharad C. Phatak

• Rapeseed, a New Oilseed Crop for the United States—Matti Sovero

• Evaluation of Several Species of Oilseeds as Spring Planted Crops for the Pacific Northwest—Dick L. Auld, R.M. Gareau, and M.K. Heikkinen

• Camelina: A Promising Low-Input Oilseed—Daniel H. Putnam, J.T. Budin, L.A. Field, and W.M. Breene

• Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources—David M. Brenner

• Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop—Michael J. Koziol

Industrial Crops

• Guayule: A Source of Natural Rubber—Dennis T. Ray

• Evaluation of Rubber and Resin Content in Lines of Guayule Collected from Nuevo Leon Province in Mexico—Sathyanarayanaiah Kuruvadi, Alfonso López Benitez, and F. Borrego

• Rubber and Resin Content in the Bark and Wood Portions of the Root Stem and Branches in Guayule—Sathyanarayanaiah Kuruvadi and Diana Jasso de Rodriguez

• Interspecific Hybridization Between Parthenium argentatum Gray and Parthenium lozanianum—Alfonso López Benitez, F. Ramirez, S. Kuruvadi, and F. Borrego

• Salt Tolerance in Relation to Ploidy Level in Guayule—Ali Estilai and Michael C. Shannon

• Growth of Direct Seeded and Transplanted Guayule Seedlings—James L. Fowler and Robert Tinguely

• Impact of Seeding Rate and Planting Date on Guayule Stand Establishment by Direct Seeding in West Texas—Michael Foster, Greg Kleine, and Jaroy Moore

• Chrysothamnus: A Rubber-Producing Semi-Arid Shrub—D.J. Weber, W.M. Hess, R.B. Bhat, and J. Huang

• Variation and Broad Sense Heritability of Branching Frequency of Jojoba—Damian A. Ravetta and David A. Palzkill

• Irrigation Effects on Growth, Cold Tolerance of Flower Buds and Seed Yield of Jojoba—J.M. Nelson and D.A. Palzkill

• Vernonia and Lesquerella Potential for Commercialization—David A. Dierig and Anson E. Thompson

• Development of a Cosmetic Grade Oil from Lesquerella fendleri Seed—James G. Arquette and James H. Brown

• Breakthroughs Towards the Domestication of Cuphea—Steven J. Knapp

• Castor: Return of an Old Crop—Raymond D. Brigham

• Potential of Fanweed and Other Weeds as Novel Industrial Oilseed Crops—Patrick M. Carr

• Marigold Flowers as a Source of an Emulsifying Gum—Ana L. Medina and James N. BeMiller

• Sweet Sorghum for a Piedmont Ethanol Industry—Glen C. Rains, John S. Cundiff, and Gregory E. Welbaum

Fiber Crops

• Kenaf: An Emerging New Crop Industry—Charles S. Taylor

• Response of Kenaf to Multiple Cutting—Frank E. Robinson

• Kenaf in Irrigated Central Washington—David W. Evans and An N. Hang

• Utilization of Methanol Stress for Evaluating Kenaf Quality—Charles G. Cook and Andrew W. Scott, Jr.

• The Effects of Metolachlor and Trifluralin on Kenaf Yield Components—Charles L. Webber III

• Kenaf: Production, Harvesting, Processing, and Products—Charles L. Webber III and Robert E. Bledsoe

• The Milkweed Business—Herbert D. Knudsen and Richard D. Zeller

• Milkweed Cultivation for Floss Production—Merle D. Witt and Herbert D. Knudsen

• Black Locust: An Excellent Fiber Crop—James W. Hanover

• Development of Hesperaloe Species (Agavaceae) as New Fiber Crops—Steven P. McLaughlin

• Sweetgrass: History, Basketry, and Constraints to Commercialization—Robert J. Dufault, Mary Jackson, and Stephen K. Salvo

Fruits & Nuts

• Commercialization of Caramola, Atemoya, and Other Tropical Fruits in South Florida—Jonathan H. Crane

• Rambutan and Pili Nuts: Potential Crops for Hawaii—Francis T. Zee

• Garcinia hombrioniana: A Potential Fruit and an Industrial Crop—Hj. Serudin D.S. Hj. Tinggal

• New Products from Theobroma cacao: Seed Pulp and Pod Gum—Antonio Figueira, Jules Janick, and James N. BeMiller

• Golden Berry, Passionfruit, and White Sapote: Potential Fruits for Cool Subtropical Areas—Richard McCain

• Development of Cereus peruvianus (Apple Cactus) as a New Crop for the Negev Desert of Israel—Julia Weiss, Avinoam Nerd, and Yosef Mizrah

• Pitayas (Genus Hylocereus): New Fruit Crop for the Negev Desert of Israel—Eran Raveh, Julia Weiss, Avinoam Nerd, and Yosef Mizrahi

• Domestication and Introduction of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea sbsp. caffra) as a New Crop for the Negev Desert of Israel—Avinoam Nerd and Yosef Mizrahi

• Chinkapin: Potential New Crop for the South—Jerry A. Payne, George P. Johnson, and Gregory Miller

• Pawpaw (Asimina triloba), A Fruit For Temperate Climates—M. Brett Callaway

• Saskatoon Berry: A Fruit Crop for the Prairies—G. Mazza and C.G. Davidson

• The Potential for Domestication and Utilization of Native Plums in Kansas—William Reid and Karen L.B. Gast

• Commercialization of the Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) in Norway—Kåre Rapp, S. Kristine Næss, and Harry Jan Swartz

Vegetables

• New Directions in Salad Crops: New Forms, New Tools, and Old Philosphy—Edward J. Ryder and William Waycott

• Root Vegetables: New Uses for Old Crops—Wanda W. Collins

• New Opportunities in the Cucurbitaceae—Timothy J. Ng

• Specialty Melons for the Fresh Market—James E. Simon, Mario R. Morales, and Denys Charles

• Germination, Fruit Development, Yield and Post Harvest Characteristics of Cucumis metuliferus—A. Benzioni, S. Mendlinger, M. Ventura, and S. Huyskens

• Evaluation of Cucumis metuliferus as a Specialty Crop for Missouri—Dyremple B. Marsh

• Luffa Sponge Gourds: A Potential Crop for Small Farms—Jeanine M. Davis and Charles D. DeCourley

• Introduction and Evaluation of Pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) for Palm Heart Production in Hawaii—Charles R. Clement, Richard M. Manshardt, Joseph DeFrank, Francis Zee, and Philip Ito

• Population Density and Soil pH Effects on Vegetable Amaranth Production—Bharat P. Singh and Wayne F. Whitehead

• Comparison of Somatic and Sexual Interspecific Hybridization for the Development of New Brassica Vegetable Crops—Richard H. Ozminkowski, Jr. and Pablo S. Jourdan

• Evaluating Chinese Cabbage Cultivars for High Temperature Tolerance—I-Mo Fu, Carol Shennan, and Gregory E. Welbaum

• Brussels Sprouts as an Alternative Crop for Southwest Virginia—Gregory E. Welbaum

• Fennel: A New Specialty Vegetable for the Fresh Market—Mario R. Morales, Denys J. Charles, and James E. Simon

• Essential Oil Content and Chemical Composition of Finnochio Fennel—Denys J. Charles, Mario R. Morales, and James E. Simon

• Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on Roselle—E.G. Rhoden, P. David, and T. Small

• Dry Edible Beans: A New Crops Opportunity for the East North Central Region—Glenn H. Sullivan and Lonni R. Davenport

• Plant Configuration and Population Effects on Yield of Azuki Bean in Washington State—An N. Hang, D.C. McClary, G.C. Gilliland, and T.A. Lumpkin

• Herbicides for Azuki Production—Dean C. McClary, A.N. Hang, G.C. Gilliland, J.M. Babcock, T.A. Lumpkin, A.G. Ogg, and L.K. Tanigosh

• Range of Yield Components and Phenotypic Correlations in Tepari Beans (Phaseolus acutifolius) Under Dryland Conditions—Sathyanarayanaiah Kuruvadi and Isaac Sanchez Valdez

• Pigeonpeas: Potential New Crop for the Southeastern United States—Sharad C. Phatak, Ram G. Nadimpalli, Suresh C. Tiwari, and Harbans L. Bhardwaj

Floral & Landscape Crops

• New Hybrid Ornithogalums and Orchids—Robert J. Griesbach, F. Meyer, and H. Koopowitz

• New Bedding Plants—Lowell C. Ewart

• A Program for the Selection and Introduction of New Plants for the Urban Landscape—Bruce Macdonald

• Cliff Brake Fern: A Native Texas Fern with Landscaping Potential—Ramsey L. Sealy and Steve Bostic

Aromatic, Spice, Medicinal, & Others

• Herbs, Spices, and Condiments—Nicolas Verlet

• A Planning Scheme to Evaluate New Aromatic Plants for the Flavor and Fragrance Industries—Brian M. Lawrence

• Monarda: A Source of Geraniol, Thymol, Linalool, and Carvacrol-rich Essential Oils—G. Mazza, F.A. Kiehn, and H.H. Marshall

• New Aromatic Lemon Basil Germplasm—Mario R. Morales, Denys J. Charles, and James E. Simon

• Nitrogen Application Affects Yield and Content of the Active Substances in Camomile Genotypes—Wudeneh Letchamo

• Effect of Water Stress and Post-harvest Handling on Artemisinin Content in the Leaves of Artemisia annua L.—Denys J. Charles, James E. Simon, Clinton C. Shock, Erik B.G. Feibert, and Robin M. Smith

• Evaluation of Various Parts of the Paw Paw Tree, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae), as a Commercial Source of the Pesticidal Annonaceous Acetogenins—Sunil Ratnayake, J. Kent Rupprecht, William M. Potter, and Jerry L. McLaughlin

• Tagetes minuta: A Potential New Herb from South America—Jacqueline A. Soule

• Soft-shell Crayfish: A New Crop for the Midwest—Paul B. Brown

Part III: Paths Toward Commercialization

Industry Outlook

• New Crops from a Seed Company Perspective—Carrol D. Bolen

• Processing Tomatoes: Old Crops in New Areas—William Reinert

• Pesticide Chemicals: An Industry Perspective on Minor Crop Uses—Robert F. Bischoff

• Medicinal Plants and the Pharmaceutical Industry—James A. Duke

• Phytomedicines as a New Crop Opportunity—Loren D. Israelsen

Commercialization

AAIC Panel Discussion—Commercializing Industrial Crops: The Industrial Component

• Introduction—Anson E. Thompson

• Cooperative Research and Development Agreements Under the Technology Transfer Act of 1986—James T. Hall

• Role of the New Uses Council—Raymond L. Burns

• Commercializing New Crops: Measuring the Opportunity—Keith A. Walker

• Perspective from a Small Industrial Company—James H. Brown

• Perspective from a Large Industrial Company—Joseph S. Boggs

• Perspective from an Independent Industrial Consulting Company—R. Martin O'Shea

• Perspective from Europe—Louis J.M. van Soest

• Open Discussion—Moderator: Duane L. Johnson

• Summary and Conclusions—Joseph C. Roetheli