Geographic Information Systems

Koeln, Gregory T., Lewis M. Cowardin, and Laurence L. Strong.  1994. Geographic
     Information Systems. Pages 540-566 in T. A. Bookhout, ed.  Research and 
     management techniques for wildlife.  Wildl. Soc., Bethesda, MD.  740 pp.

Koeln, Gregory T., Lewis M. Cowardin, and Laurence L. Strong.  1994. Geographic
     Information Systems. Pages 540-566 in T. A. Bookhout, ed.  Research and 
     management techniques for wildlife.  Wildl. Soc., Bethesda, MD.  740 pp.
     Jamestown ND:  Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online.   
     http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/research/index.htm 
     (Version 15JUN99).

• Introduction
• What is a GIS
• GIS Data Structures
  • Raster Data
  • Vector Data
• Data for the GIS
  • Manual Keyboard Data Entry
  • Manual Digitizing
  • Scan Digitizing
  • Remote Sensing Techniques
  • Existing Databases
• Digital Image Processing
• GIS Analysis Capabilities
  • Maintenance and Analysis of the Spatial Data
  • Maintenance and Analysis of the Nonspatial Attribute Data
  • Integrated Analysis of Spatial and Attribute Data
  • Cartographic Modeling
  • Output Processing
• A GIS Application in Waterfowl Management
• A Cautionary Note
• Summary
• Acknowledgements
• Literature Cited
• Appendicies
  • Appendix I: USGS Information Centers
  • Appendix II: Digital Data Sources in North America

Figures and Tables

• Figure 1: Geographically referenced data
• Figure 2: Raster and vector formats
• Figure 3: Raster data matrix
• Figure 4: Land cover as represented in a simple raster system
• Figure 5: Layers or overlays in a GIS
• Figure 6: Topological models used in vector systems
• Figure 7: Hand-held global positioning system
• Figure 8: Recording coordinates on a digitizing table
• Figure 9: A TM image of central North Dakota
• Figure 10: Landsat TM data for Pearl Lake, North Dakota, map sheet
• Figure 11: Using digital image-processing to extract wetland information
• Figure 12: Using GIS processing function to label wetland areas
• Figure 13: An arithmetic overlay operation
• Figure 14: Logical overlay operation
• Figure 15: Orthogonal and diagonal cell neighbors
• Figure 16: Using a proximity function
• Figure 17: Using Landsat TM data for estimating and simulating waterfowl production
• Figure 18: Deriving habitat classes
• Figure 19: Three habitat changes simulated by using editing functions of a GIS

• Table 1: Comparison advantages and disadvantages of vector and raster methods
• Table 2: Land use and land cover categories used by the U.S. Geological Survey
• Table 3: Illustrating linkage of a population simulation model to a GIS with habitat data derived from Landsat TM
• Table 4: Applying habitat availability data derived from Landsat TM, a GIS, and a population simulation model