no. 9.310 |
Food Storage for Safety and Quality
by P. Kendall and N. Dimond 1Quick Facts...
- Foods vary in the temperature and moisture they need to retain quality in storage.
- Stock only the kind and amount of food you can store properly to retain high quality and nutritive value.
- Use a thermometer to check that the refrigerator is at 35 to 40 degrees F and the freezer at 0 degrees or below.
Use fresh, perishable foods soon after harvest or purchase. If they are stored, maintain the proper temperature and humidity. Even under proper storage conditions, foods lose freshness and nutritive value if they are stored too long.
Signs of spoilage that make food unpalatable but not a bacterial hazard are the rancid odor and flavor of fats caused by oxidation, slime on the surface of meat, and the fermentation of fruit juices due to yeast growth. Off-odors in foods and a sour taste in bland foods can indicate dangerous bacterial spoilage. However, food can be high in bacteria count even without such signals.
Food Selection
Buy food from reputable dealers, with a known record for safe handling. Select dated products only if the "sell by" or "use by" date has not expired. While these dates are helpful, they are reliable only if the food has been kept at the proper temperature during storage and handling. Although many products bear "sell by" or "use by" dates, product dating is not a federal requirement.
Select products labeled "keep refrigerated" only if they are stored in a refrigerated case and are cold to the touch. Frozen products should be solidly frozen. Packages of precooked foods should not be torn or damaged.
Avoid cross-contamination when purchasing foods. Place raw meat and poultry in individual plastic bags to prevent meat from contaminating foods that will be eaten without further cooking. Put packages of raw meat and poultry in your shopping cart where juices cannot drip on other foods.
Shop for perishables last. Keep refrigerated and frozen items together so they will remain cold. Place perishables in the coolest part of your car during the trip home. If the time from store to home refrigerator is more than one hour, pack them in an insulated container with ice or an ice pack.
Food Storage
To retain quality and nutritive value, stock only the kinds and amounts of food you can store properly. Proper storage means maintaining a clean refrigerator and freezer. Avoid overcrowding the refrigerator. Arrange items so cold air can circulate freely. To reduce dehydration and quality loss, use freezer wrap, freezer-quality plastic bags, or aluminum foil over commercial wrap on meat and poultry that will be stored in the freezer for more than two months.
Table 1 gives short but safe time limits that will help keep refrigerated food from spoiling or becoming dangerous to eat. The time limits for frozen foods are to maintain flavor and texture. It is still safe to eat frozen foods that have been stored longer. This table is adapted from Refrigerator/Freezer - Approximate Storage Times, Karen Penner, Kansas State University Extension Service, 1990, and USDA publications.
| Table 1: Safe food storage guidelines. | |||
| Product | Refrigerator (35-40 degrees F) |
Freezer (0 degrees F) |
Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| BREADS, PASTRIES AND CAKES | |||
| Breads, baked (no preservatives) | 2-3 weeks | 2-3 months | Store in refrigerator to inhibit mold growth. |
| Baked muffins | * | 2-3 months | |
| Baked quick breads | * | 2-3 months | |
| Partially baked cinnamon rolls | 1-2 weeks | 2-3 months | |
| Unbaked rolls and bread | 3-4 days | 1 month | Longer storage inactivates yeast, weakens gluten. |
| Cakes: frosted baked unfrosted baked |
* * |
2-4 months 2-4 months |
|
| Cookies, baked dough |
2-3 weeks 3-4 days |
6-12 months 3 months |
|
| Flour, white or whole wheat | 6-8 months | 12 months | Keep in airtight container. |
| Pies: fruit, baked fruit, unbaked pumpkin or chiffon |
2-3 days 1-2 days 2-3 days |
2-4 months 2-4 months 1-2 months |
|
| Waffles | 1-2 days | 1 month | |
| *Not necessary to refrigerate unless product cannot be used within 4-5 days or time recommended on package. | |||
| DAIRY PRODUCTS | |||
| Butter | 2-3 months | 12 months | Freeze in original carton, overwrap in plastic freezer bag. |
| Buttermilk | 1-2 weeks | NR | Check date on carton. Will keep several days after date. |
| Cheese: cottage, ricotta cream cheese |
5-7 days 2 weeks |
1 month 1 month |
Freezing changes texture of soft cheeses. Becomes crumbly when frozen; can be used in cooking when creaminess is not important. |
| Natural, aged cheeses (cheddar, Swiss, brick, gouda, mozzarella, etc.): large pieces, packaged or wax coated slices or opened packages Parmesan, Romano, (grated) Pasteurized process cheese |
2-3 months 12 months 3-4 weeks |
6-8 months
6-8 months |
Natural and processed cheeses can be frozen. Defrost in refrigerator; cheese will be less likely to crumble. Use soon after thawing. |
| Coffee whitener (liquid) | 3 weeks | See package | |
| Cream, light or half and half (UHT processed-opened) (UHT processed-unopened) whipping or heavy |
1 week 1 week 4 weeks 1 week |
3-4 weeks
NR |
Whipping cream will not whip after thawing. Whipped cream may be frozen and stored for 1-2 weeks. |
| Dip, sour cream, commercial homemade |
2 weeks 3-4 days |
NR NR |
|
| Margarine | 3 months | 12 months | Overwrap in plastic freezer bag for frozen storage. |
| Milk, evaporated, opened fluid whole or low-fat reconstituted nonfat dry sweetened, condensed, opened |
3-5 days 1 week 3-5 days |
1-3 months 1-3 months 1-3 months |
Freezing affects milk's flavor, appearance; use for cooking. |
| Sour cream | 2-3 weeks | NR | Sour cream will separate if frozen. |
| Whipped topping: frozen carton (thawed) in aerosol can prepared from mix |
2 weeks |
NR |
|
| Yogurt | 1 month | NR | Yogurt will separate if frozen. |
| EGGS AND EGG PRODUCTS | |||
| Eggs, fresh yolks or whites | 4 days | 12 months | To freeze, break eggs out of shell; stir until yolk is well blended with white or other yolks. Add small amount of salt, sugar or corn syrup to improve keeping quality. |
| Eggs, in shell, fresh | 3 weeks | NR | |
| Eggs, in shell, hard-cooked | 1 week | NR | Decorated Easter eggs: If you intend to eat them, keep refrigerated. If eggs are at room temperature for more than 2 hours, do not eat them. |
| Eggs, liquid pasteurized eggs or egg substitutes, opened | 4-5 days | 1 year | |
| Egg-containing products: canned puddings, opened Custards, custard sauces, puddings, custard-filled pastries and cakes |
1-2 days 1-2 days |
NR NR |
|
| FRUITS | |||
| Apples | 1-3 weeks | 8-12 months* | |
| Apricots, cranberries | 1 week | 8-12 months* | |
| Avocados | 3-5 days | 4-6 months* | |
| Bananas | 1-2 days, unpeeled | 4-6 months | Peel, dip in lemon juice, tray freeze; store in freezer bag. |
| Berries, cherries | 1-2 days | 8-12 months* | |
| Grapes, peaches, pears, plums, and rhubarb |
3-5 days | 8-12 months* | |
| Canned fruits, opened | 3-5 days | 1-2 months | Texture will be softer after freezing. Refrigerate in glass or plastic to avoid metallic taste. |
| Citrus fruits | 3 weeks | 4-6 months* | Wrap cut surfaces to prevent loss of Vitamin C. |
| Dried fruit, cooked uncooked |
3-5 days 6 months |
4-6 months 12 months |
|
| Juices: canned, bottled, frozen concentrate | 1 week | 12 months | Transfer canned juice to glass or plastic container after opening. |
| Melons | 1 week | 8-12 months* | Wrap cut surfaces to prevent Vitamin C loss, control odors. |
| *Freeze all fruits in moisture- and vaporproof containers. Follow recommended procedures in fact sheet 9.331, Freezing Fruits. | |||
| MEATS | |||
| Fresh | |||
| Bratwurst, fresh precooked |
1-2 days 5-7 days |
2-3 months 2-3 months |
Meats may be left in the supermarket packaging for refrigerator storage or for very brief freezer storage. For frozen storage beyond two weeks, rewrap in moisture- and vaporproof wrap or freezer bags. |
| Chops, lamb pork, veal |
2-4 days 2-4 days |
6-9 months 4-6 months |
|
| Ground beef, stew meat, ground pork, turkey, veal, lamb | 1-2 days | 3-4 months | |
| Roasts, beef lamb veal or pork |
2-4 days 2-4 days 2-4 days |
6-12 months 6-9 months 4-8 months |
|
| Sausage: pork, beef, turkey | 1-2 days | 1-2 months | |
| Steaks, beef | 2-4 days | 6-12 months | |
| Variety meats (tongue, liver, brains, heart, kidneys) |
1-2 days | 3-4 months | |
| Cooked | |||
| Canned meat, opened | 2-3 days | NR | |
| Cooked meat and meat dishes | 3-4 days | 2-3 months | Quickly refrigerate all cooked meats and leftovers. Use as soon as possible. Cut large roasts into halves to cool in refrigerator. Fats tend to separate in homemade gravies, stews and sauces but usually recombine when heated. |
| Gravy and meat broth | 1-2 days | 2-3 months | Cool leftover gravy and broth quickly, in shallow containers, in the refrigerator. |
| Processed and Cured | |||
| Bacon | 5-7 days | 1 month | Keep packaged meats in original package. For best quality, use within one week of "sell by" date. |
| Corned beef: drained and wrapped in pouch with pickling juice |
5-7 days 5-7 days |
1 month NR |
|
| Frankfurters (hotdogs) | 3-5 days* | 1-2 months | Frozen, cured meats lose quality rapidly; use as soon as possible. |
| Ham, canned, unopened half whole |
8-12 months 3-5 days |
NR 1-2 months |
Small pieces of canned ham (opened) may be frozen for 4-6 weeks. |
| Luncheon meats | 3-5 days* | 1-2 months | |
| Sausage, smoked dry and semidry sausage |
7 days 2-3 weeks |
1-2 months 1-2 months |
|
| *Storage time after vacuum-sealed package is opened. Unopened package may be kept two weeks or according to date on package. | |||
| MISCELLANEOUS PERISHABLE ITEMS | |||
| Baby food | 2-3 days | See comment |
Store covered. Do not feed baby from jar. Reheat only enough for 1 feeding. Freeze homemade baby food in ice cube trays, covered. Use in 2-4 weeks. |
| Candies | 6 months | 6 months | Chocolates may discolor. |
| Casseroles | 1-2 days | 1 month | |
| Ground spices | 6 months* | 6-12 months | Can be stored in cupboard. |
| Salads (store prepared or homemade) - egg, chicken, ham, tuna and macaroni salads | 3-5 | NR | |
| Salad dressings, opened | 6 months | NR | |
| Sandwiches | 2-3 days | 1 month | |
| Soups, stews | 2-3 days | 4-6 months | |
| Soy milk | 1 week after opening |
1-3 months | Unopened, aseptically packaged soy milk can be stored at room temperature for several months. |
| Tofu | 1 week | 5 months | Change storage water every day or two after opening. |
| *Refrigeration is not necessary, but will help keep flavor fresher. | |||
| POULTRY | |||
| Fresh | |||
| Chicken and turkey, whole | 1-2 days | 12 months | |
| Chicken, pieces | 1-2 days | 9 months | |
| Duck and goose, whole | 1-2 days | 6 months | |
| Giblets | 1-2 days | 3-4 months | |
| Turkey, pieces | 1-2 days | 6 months | |
| Cooked | |||
| Canned poultry, opened | 1-2 days | NR | Quick-cool meat and broth separately in shallow containers. Add ice cubes to concentrated broth to speed cooling and to aid fat removal. |
| Cooked poultry dishes | 3-4 days | 4-6 months | |
| Fried chicken | 3-4 days | 4 months | |
| Pieces, covered with broth not in broth |
1-2 days 3-4 days |
6 months 1 month |
|
| VEGETABLES | |||
| Asparagus | 2-3 days | 8-12 months* | |
| Beans, green or wax; celery | 1 week | 8-12 months* | |
| Beets, cabbage, carrots, turnips | 1-2 weeks | 8-12 months* | |
| Broccoli, Brussels sprouts | 1 week | 8-12 months* | |
| Cauliflower | 1 week | 8-12 months* | |
| Corn, in husks without husks |
1-2 days 1-2 days |
8-12 months* NR |
|
| Cucumbers | 1 week | ||
| Lettuce, other salad greens | 1 week | NR | Store in bag or lettuce keeper. |
| Mushrooms | 1-2 days | 8-12 months* | Do not wash before refrigerator storage. |
| Okra | 3-5 days | 8-12 months* | |
| Onions, green mature |
3-5 days 1-2 weeks |
NR 3-6 months* |
|
| Peas, lima beans, unshelled | 3-5 days | 8-12 months* | Store unshelled in refrigerator until used. |
| Peppers | 1 week | 8-12 months* | |
| Radishes | 2 weeks | NR | |
| Tomatoes, canned, open fresh, ripe |
1-4 days 5-6 days |
8-12 months* |
See 9.341, Canning Tomatoes and Tomato Products. |
| *Blanch fresh vegetables and freeze in moisture- and vaporproof materials. See 9.330, Freezing Vegetables. | |||
| WILD GAME AND SEAFOOD | |||
| Wild Game | |||
| Rabbit, squirrel | 1-2 days | 6-12 months | |
| Venison | 2-4 days | 6-12 months | |
| Wild duck, pheasant, goose, whole | 1-2 days | 6 months | |
| Seafood | |||
| Canned fish, seafood, opened | 3-4 days | NR | |
| Clams, oysters (shucked) and scallops | 1-2 days | 3-4 months | Store in coldest part of refrigerator. Do not use if liquid is frothy. |
| Cooked fish | 3-4 days | 4-6 months | |
| Crab | 1-2 days | 2 months | |
| Lobster, shelled or not | 1-2 days | 6-12 months | |
| Fillets, fatty: mullet, ocean perch, sea perch, sea trout, striped bass | 1-2 days | 2-3 months | |
| Fillets, lean: cod, flounder, haddock | 1-2 days | 4-6 months | |
| Fresh water fish, cleaned | 1-2 days | 6-9 months | |
| Salmon steaks | 1-2 days | 2 months | |
| Shrimp | 1-2 days | 6-12 months | |
| Smoked fish | 14 days or date on vacuum package | 2 months in vacuum package | |
| NR: Not recommended. | |||
1P. Kendall, Colorado State University Extension food and nutrition specialist and professor, and N. Diamond, M.S., R.D.; food science and human nutrition. 3/00. Revised 2/07.
Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Colorado counties cooperating. Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. No endorsement of products mentioned is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.
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