Published by Australian Academy of Science

 

Major sponsors
	National Innovation Awareness Strategy The National Innovation Awareness Strategy, funded under the Innovation Statement Backing Australia´s Ability, has the objective of raising community awareness of the central role that science and technology plays in achievement of Australia´s economic and social goals. Innovation is regarded as including the fields of science, engineering, technology and entrepreneurship. The strategy is administered jointly by the Department of Education, Science and Training (Science and Technology Awareness Component) and the Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources (Innovation Awareness Component).
	Australian Foundation for Science The Australian Foundation for Science was established by the Australian Academy of Science in 1990. Its goals are to promote science and technology education, enhance public awareness of science and technology, develop greater interaction with industry and government, foster regional and international cooperation, and strengthen Australia's support for research.
Topic sponsors
	Advanced Nanotechnology Limited Advanced Nanotechnology Limited (formerly Advanced Powder Technology) is an innovator and manufacturer of advanced nanomaterials and nanomaterial products. The company manufactures a broad range of nanopowders and products using a unique process which produces dispersed nanoparticles with controlled size, shape, surface and chemistry.
	AgrEvo AgrEvo began in January 1994 deriving its name from the idea, Agriculture in Evolution, which summarises the objective of shaping new directions in agriculture, horticulture and environmental health throughout the world. AgrEvo is committed to using its chemical and technological competence to supply farmers with quality products at competitive prices by manufacturing at the best locations with lowest costs while meeting accepted and reliable standards.
	Airservices Australia Airservices Australia is a wholly owned government authority responsible for the safe and efficient management of air traffic over 11 per cent of the world’s surface. Our new air traffic system, the Australian Advanced Air Traffic System (TAAATS), is world-first, providing a fully integrated, state-of-the-art method for efficient air traffic management. Providing the very best service at a cost the industry can afford, Airservices Australia is primarily responsible for air traffic control; airspace management; aeronautical information; radar and communications; radio navigation aids; environment management; and airport rescue and fire fighting.
	Australian Acoustical Society   The Australian Acoustical Society was established in 1964 to promote and advance the science and practice of acoustics. Members practise in architectural acoustics, noise and vibration control, underwater acoustics, bioacoustics, ultrasonics, occupational noise, sound and vibration transducers, speech and hearing physiology, audiology and musical acoustics. The Society publishes the journal Acoustics Australia and hosts both national and international conferences on acoustics.
	Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre The Australian Geodynamics CRC is a joint venture between CSIRO, Monash University, La Trobe University, AGSO and Digital Equipment Corporation. The research interests of the CRC are the geological structure of Australia, its tectonic and thermal evolution over 4 billion years, and computer modelling of deposit-forming processes. These interests should lead to enhanced success for exploration companies in discovering new mineral and petroleum deposits.
	Australian Government Analytical Laboratories AGAL is the Australian Government's principal agency for the provision of analytical services in chemistry, microbiology, and materials and building science. AGAL plays an important strategic role in protecting Australian public health and safety, the environment and international trade. AGAL provides Australia with an internationally recognised chemical and microbiological measurement infrastructure that has the capability and capacity to respond to national needs, through the management and delivery of analytical laboratory services, chemical reference methods and materials, and appraisal and listing schemes.
	Australian Government Australian Safety and Compensation Council In seeking to improve Australia's occupational health and safety performance, the Australian Safety and Compensation Council (formerly the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission) works to support and add value to efforts in all jurisdictions to tailor approaches to workplace needs; and to support jurisdictions' efforts to find less burdensome ways of meeting the legitimate regulatory goals of government.
	Australian Government Department of Climate Change The Department of Climate Change was established on 3 December 2007 (incorporating the previous Australian Greenhouse Office) as part of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Portfolio. The Department is responsible for: development and co-ordination of domestic and international climate change policy international climate change negotiations design and implementation of emissions trading mandatory renewable energy target policy, regulation and co-ordination greenhouse emissions and energy consumption reporting climate change adaptation strategy and co-ordination co-ordination of climate change science activities
	Australian Government Department of the Environment and Water Resources The Australian Government Department of the Environment and Water Resources (formerly the Department of the Environment and Heritage) develops and implements national policy, programs and legislation to protect and conserve Australia's natural environment and cultural heritage. The role of the Department is to focus on matters of national environmental significance by: advising on policies for protecting the environment and water resources; administering environment and heritage laws; managing environment and heritage programmes; implementing an effective response to climate change; and representing the Government in international environmental agreements related to the environment and Antarctica.
	Australian Greenhouse Office The Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO) was established as a separate agency within the environment portfolio to provide a whole of government approach to greenhouse matters, and to deliver the Commonwealth Government's $180 million climate change package, Safeguarding the Future: Australia's Response to Climate Change. The AGO was responsible for the coordination of domestic climate change policy and the delivery of Commonwealth programs and provided a central point of contact for stakeholder groups. In 2007, the AGO was incorporated into the Australian Government Department of Climate Change.
	Australian Institute of Marine Science The Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) was established by the Commonwealth government in 1972 to generate and transfer the knowledge needed for the sustainable use and protection of the marine environment through innovative, world-class scientific and technological research. The Institute brings together some of the world’s best expertise and capacity in marine science. It is located in northern Queensland to provide knowledge of the nation’s most treasured marine resource, the Great Barrier Reef.
	Australian National University (Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering)   The Australian National University (ANU) is one of the world's foremost research universities. Distinguished by its relentless pursuit of excellence, ANU attracts leading academics and outstanding students from Australia and around the world. The ANU is unique among its contemporaries as the only Australian university established by an Act of Federal Parliament, in 1946. It is also one of Australia’s most research-intensive universities, with a high ratio of academic staff to students.
	Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation   The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) is Australia's national nuclear research and development organisation. It is responsible for delivering specialised advice, scientific services and products to government, industry, academia and other research organisations. ANSTO's nuclear infrastructure includes the research reactor, OPAL, particle accelerators, radiopharmaceutical production facilities, and a range of other unique research facilities. The OPAL research reactor is used to produce radioactive products for use in medicine and industry, as a source of neutron beams for scientific research and to irradiate silicon for semiconductor applications.
	Australian Phenomics Facility The Australian Phenomics Facility was established in 2001 under the Commonwealth Government's Major National Research Facilities Program to build a new national genetic research centre. The Facility will develop new technology pioneered in Australia for analysing genes in mammals including humans. The technology will enable the connections between diseases and genes to be made 100 times faster than previously possible. The Facility will be built at the Australian National University and will contain a collection of several thousand mice with subtle gene differences. These will be screened in parallel during exposure to disease and therefore identify genes with important disease-fighting functions.
	Australian Proteome Analysis Facility The Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF) was established in 1995 under the Australian Government's Major National Research Facility program, and was the first dedicated proteome centre established in the world. Australian researchers developed the concept of proteomics and have remained at the forefront of technology development in this field. APAF is dedicated to working with international, national and local pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agricultural and academic bodies with the aim of using new technologies to aid in the discovery of therapeutic, diagnostic and quality markers for these industries.
	Australian Research Council Communications Research Network The Australian Research Council Communications Research Network (ACoRN) is a network of researchers and research students. ACoRN aims to stimulate creativity, innovation and breakthrough science, leading to technological advancement in telecommunications. ACoRN is made up of Australian universities and industry that are involved in telecommunications research and also has strong collaborative links with international groups.
	Australian Research Council Complex Open Systems Research Network COSNet aims to link Australian researchers in the relatively new area of complex systems. Such systems specifically consist of a large number of mutually interacting dynamic parts. The study of complexity is a common frontier in the physical, biological and social sciences. COSNet promotes collaboration between Australian researchers into the study of how subsystems self-organise into new emergent structures when assembled into an open, non-equilibrium system. Outcomes of network activities are expected to include new software tools, a better understanding of new technologies and a deeper understanding of some of the fundamental questions in science. An essential function of COSNet will be the introduction of researchers and end users to new tools, as well as broadening the horizons of graduate students.
	Australian Research Council Linkage Learned Academies Special Project Grant The Australian Research Council (ARC) is the primary source of advice to the Government on investment in the national research effort. The ARC’s mission is to advance Australia’s capacity to undertake quality research that brings economic, social and cultural benefit to the Australian community. The ARC Linkage programs help to broker partnerships between researchers and industry, government and community organisations as well as the international community.
	Australian Research Council Molecular and Materials Structure Network The Molecular and Materials Structure Network aims to link scientists, technicians and students engaged in the analysis of atomic structures. The Network is establishing remote access to instruments that provide data about molecular structure and function. This will ultimately provide users with a Grid computing network to access data bases of information and allow visual analysis and comparisons of molecules.
	Australian Research Council Nanotechnology Network The Australian Research Council Nanotechnology Network is dedicated to enhancing Australia’s research outcomes from nanotechnology by promoting effective collaborations, exposing researchers to alternative and complementary approaches from other fields, encouraging forums for postgraduate students and early career researchers, increasing nanotechnology infrastructure, enhancing awareness of existing infrastructure, and promoting international links. The Network was created by four seed funding networks, and brings together all of the groups working in the field of nanotechnology and related areas within Australia.
	ARC Research Network on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP) ISSNIP is a network of researchers created in 2004 to address cross-disciplinary issues of sensor networks and information processing in large, complex, distributed systems. This research network brings together distinguished Australian and International scientists from the fields of biology, mathematics, statistics, computing, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. The ISSNIP program will enable the Australian industry to develop, exploit and apply sensor technology in areas including defence, health care and the environment.
	Australian Research Network for Advanced Materials The Australian Research Network for Advanced Materials links together scientists and engineers from diverse disciplines under the one banner to substantially enhance the impact and outcomes of materials research. The network's research profile is based around the production, processing, characterization, theory and properties of advanced materials, covering bulk, near-surface and thin films.
	Australian university mathematical sciences departments The mathematical sciences departments in universities across Australia have joined together to support mathematics topics on Nova: Science in the news. These departments offer degrees in mathematics, statistics and related areas, as well as service units for a wide range of other disciplines, including engineering, physical and life sciences, economics, nursing, information technology, psychology, and sports studies. This link provides access to these departments' home pages.
	Bayer Group Bayer is an international, research-based group with major businesses in life sciences, polymers and specialty chemicals. Employing 145,100 people worldwide, the group has operations in nearly all countries of the globe and a portfolio of about 10,000 products. The Bayer Group in Australia is one of the largest contributors to sales in the Asia-Pacific region. Placed fourth in the region behind Japan, China and Taiwan, the Bayer Group in Australia achieved revenue of $485 million in 1999.
	BHP Billiton BHP Billiton is one of the world's largest diversified resources companies. Formed from a merger between BHP and Billiton, it operates as a single unified entity. The company has an industry leading position in major commodity businesses, including aluminium, iron ore, copper, energy coal and metallurgical coal. It also has global scale in its asset base, markets and customers.
	Biomolecular Research Institute The Biomolecular Research Institute is a joint initiative of CSIRO and Victoria's Strategic Industry Research Foundation. It aims to discover, synthesise and develop novel therapeutic compounds for the treatment of important medical diseases and for the economic benefit of Australia. The BRI's facilities for structural biology and the associated support functions are unrivalled in Australia and include X-ray crystallography, high field nuclear magnetic resonance, virology, synthetic chemistry and supercomputing. The BRI has a commitment to interact strongly with industry and maintains a portfolio of commercially attractive projects.
	Bionic Ear Institute The Institute aims to serve the hearing-impaired community through deafness research and the development of communication aids, including the 'Bionic Ear', the 'Tickle Talker' and advanced speech processing hearing aids. With the knowledge and technology gained from its research, it aims to work towards alleviating the difficulties experienced by people with a hearing loss.
	Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures Ltd The primary aim of the Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures is to provide a focus for the development of advanced technologies which will foster the growth of an efficient, globally-competitive, Australian industry in fibre reinforced polymer composites. This is achieved by conducting research and development programs into the design, manufacture, testing, durability and supportability of advanced composite structures.
	Cooperative Research Centre for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean Australian Antarctic Division Australian Bureau of Meteorology CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research University of Tasmania The Cooperative Research Centre for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean (Antarctic CRC) operated from 1997 to 2003. On 1 July 2003 the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) was formed when it received a seven year grant and took over the role of the CRC for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean.
	Cooperative Research Centre for Cochlear Implant and Hearing Aid Innovation The Cooperative Research Centre for Cochlear Implant and Hearing Aid Innovation establishes a unique hub, bringing together internationally recognised Australian hearing research groups and leading biomedical companies to develop communication devices for the hundreds of thousands of persons in Australia and worldwide who suffer from severe hearing disability.
	Cooperative Research Centre for the Conservation and Management of Marsupials The Cooperative Research Centre for the Conservation and Management of Marsupials (Marsupial CRC) is working to provide innovative conservation and management solutions for marsupials in Australia and New Zealand through the unique combination of people, skills and resources available within five core partner and five collaborative organisations.
	Cooperative Research Centre for International Food Manufacture and Packaging Science The CRC for International Food Manufacture and Packaging Science provides technology and services that the food and packaging industries in Australia use to create and develop new markets. We value highly: cooperation, openness and enthusiasm; creativity and initiative; professional and scientific integrity; environmentally sustainable solutions. We are the research consortium of choice in our markets and we are helping to make Australia the preferred supplier of food products into niche markets across the world.
	Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration The Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration (CRC LEME) aims to develop a greater understanding of Australia's terrain when applied to mineral exploration and environmental management. By discovering more about how the regolith evolves and impacts on the environment, the CRC aims to develop more effective exploration tools for detecting world-class ore bodies, and to develop natural resource management strategies, such as those to combat salinity problems.
	Cooperative Research Centre for Soil and Land Management The CRC for Soil and Land Management provides scientifically sound technologies to manage soil fertility and erosion in agriculture, remediation of contaminated urban and industrial land, the impact of agricultural practices on land, water and air quality, and clean food standards. Its mission is to teach, research, develop and transmit world-class soil-based technologies that sustain, improve and rehabilitate land resources for public and private land users.
	Cooperative Research Centre for Southern Hemisphere Meteorology The Meteorology CRC is one of the principal centres in Australia for research and graduate training in the meteorological sciences. Its research programs are directed towards understanding the key mechanisms governing the distribution and variability of stratospheric ozone and of greenhouse gases, and the processes responsible for the climate variation observed in the southern hemisphere.
	Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology was established on 1 July 1993 with the support of the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Program. It provides an integrated program that unites leading research organisations – the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, the University of Melbourne and the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research – with the leading Australian vaccine developer, CSL Limited. The Centre seeks to develop generic technologies for the design and development of future vaccines, provide assistance for industry in the application of these strategies to specific medical and veterinary vaccines, and provide training for the scientists and technologists required to strengthen Australia's vaccine industry.
	CSIRO Biomolecular Engineering CSIRO Biomolecular Engineering conducts research aimed at the discovery of new pharmaceuticals, diagnostics and medical devices for the pharmaceuticals and human health sectors. Expertise in protein structure and function, gene structure and regulation, biomaterials and biocompatibility, receptor biology, antibody engineering and virology is directed against a range of illnesses including influenza, prostate cancer and diabetes. The Division is soon to merge with CSIRO Chemicals and Polymers to create a powerful new research facility with a much broader range of research capabilities.
	CSIRO Plant Industry CSIRO Plant Industry seeks to benefit Australia's agri-business industries through research that improves international competitiveness and sustains the resource base. Our mission is to apply strategic research in the plant sciences to promote profitable and sustainable agri-food and fibre industries, develop novel plant products and improve natural resource management.
	Defence Science and Technology Organisation The Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) is part of the Department of Defence. DSTO's experts advise on science and technology applications that will meet Australia's defence and security needs. DSTO and the Australian Defence Force believe that the future is about being smarter – using technology to get the most out of Australia's defence resources. One aspect of this is the use of virtual reality to develop new capabilities cost-effectively and safely.
	Department of Education, Science and Training The Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) supports the Commonwealth Government’s efforts to meet the lifelong learning needs of all Australians. Their focus is on advancing national initiatives in schools, enterprise, career and vocational education and training, and higher education.
	Environment Protection Authority, Victoria The Environment Protection Authority works with the community, industry and other government agencies to reduce and control pollution, waste and noise. Established in 1970 as a statutory authority of the State Government, EPA has helped develop a range of State environment protection policies to control discharges to air, water and land in urban and rural environments. To report environmental problems in Victoria, call our Pollution Watch Line on (03) 9628 5777 – any time of the day or night. For more information, publications or brochures, contact EPA's Information Centre on (03) 9628 5622.
	Geoscience Australia Geoscience Australia is Australia's national geoscience research information agency. It provides first class geoscientific information and knowledge that enables government and community to make informed decisions about: the exploitation of resources; the management of the environment; the safety of critical infrastructure and; the resultant wellbeing of all Australians.
	Healthpact Healthpact is an independent statutory authority set up by the ACT Government. It provides funding to community groups to run projects which promote healthy lifestyles.
	Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine The Howard Florey Institute is an internationally recognised centre for medical research located on the campus of the University of Melbourne. Incorporated in 1971 under a Victoria Statute, the Institute's central research theme is experimental physiology and medicine, in which an understanding of the brain mechanisms, subserving instinctive behaviour, cognitive processes and memory has a major emphasis. Our research, inter alia, has relevance to cardiovascular disease, cancer and brain disorders.
	Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University The Institute of Advanced Studies has created a social, cultural and scientific environment to act as a magnet for talent and to attract scholars of the highest calibre from all over the world. As a result, the Institute is now a world player in every field in which it has well established scholarly and research activity. A recent external review found that no other Australian institution, and few institutions in the world, can match the high standards of performance that were judged to have been attained by the schools and centres of the Institute.
	Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History The Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History in Japan is aware of the important role of Australia and Australian scientists in elucidating the early history of our planet. The Museum sponsors geoscientific research on the Precambrian history of life in Western Australia and its analogues.
	Land Monitor Project The Land Monitor Project is a coordinated initiative of the Western Australian government's Salinity Action Plan involving six State agencies and CSIRO. It is supported by funding from the Natural Heritage Trust. The project will be processing satellite image data to map and monitor salt-affected land over the whole southwest agricultural region of WA. High quality digital elevation data will be produced for the project.
	Mazda Foundation The Mazda Foundation was established in 1990 as a public benefit trust. Its aims are to provide assistance to young people through education and employment skills development; in the development of technology to help improve Australia’s international competitiveness; and towards the maintenance and improvement of the natural environment.
	Milk Marketing (NSW) Milk Marketing (NSW) is a non profit-making company with the role of marketing liquid milk and dairy products made from NSW-sourced milk for the profit of the NSW dairy industry and the benefit of consumers. It provides information and education on healthy eating and the role milk plays in a balanced diet.
	National Centre for Advanced Cell Engineering Facility In 2003 the Australian Stem Cell Centre and Monash University merged the National Centre for Advanced Cell Engineering Facility with the Australian Stem Cell Centre.
	National Standards Commission The National Standards Commission is a Commonwealth statutory authority established in 1950 and operating under the National Measurement Act 1960. The Commission has responsibility for advising the Government on the scientific, technical and legislative requirements of the Australian national measurement system, and has specific responsibilities for coordinating the national measurement system for legal metrology, for trade measurement, and for the completion of metrication.
	NRMA – ACT Road Safety Trust The NRMA – ACT Road Safety Trust was formally established in 1992 as a statutory public charitable trust under the NRMA – ACT Road Safety Trust Act 1992. The principal objective of the Trust is to enhance road safety for the benefit of the ACT and region. It is administered by a Board of Trustees consisting of five part-time honorary members. The Trust's funds come from the $1.50 Road Safety Contribution, which is raised in association with ACT motor vehicle registration fees and is matched by NRMA Insurance. Further information on the Trust can be obtained from the Secretary/Manager, NRMA – ACT Road Safety Trust, GPO Box 2890, Canberra ACT 2601. Phone: (02) 6207 7151. Fax: (02) 6207 7160.
	Pacific Power Pacific Power has matured from a coal-driven integrated electricity generator into a diversified energy services provider whose business direction reflects the environmental and social concerns and commercial realities of the 1990s. Over the last 5 years Pacific Power has increased its involvement in efforts to develop renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources. Pacific Power is also the only public or private enterprise in Australia capable of developing a large power project from first concepts through design, construction, operations, maintenance and later refurbishment.
	Pacific Resources for Education and Learning Pacific Resources for Education and Learning (PREL) is an independent, nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Honolulu, Hawaii. PREL seeks to bridge the gap between research, theory, and practice in education and health promotion, and works collaboratively with schools, government, business, and higher education. PREL's activities include curriculum development, inservice training, and assessment and evaluation. PREL serves the US and the Western Pacific, and is expanding to the South Pacific and Asia.
	Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) RIRDC is an agency of the Commonwealth Government and was established in 1990 to facilitate industry and government investment in industry-directed and market-focussed R&D. RIRDC has three core businesses: fostering the development of new industries – both prospective and emerging: managing research and development investments for established industries; and addressing strategic cross sectoral issues facing the rural sector.
	Sir Mark Oliphant International Frontiers of Science and Technology Conference Series The Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) launched the Sir Mark Oliphant Conferences – International Frontiers of Science and Technology on the centenary of the birth of Sir Mark Oliphant. Sir Mark was a Foundation Fellow of both the Australian Academy of Science and the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, and the first President of the Academy of Science. The conference series is managed by the Australian Academy of Science and the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. The series is supported by Engineers Australia and DEST. It provides financial support for international conferences in Australia on high priority, cutting edge, multi-disciplinary themes. It aims to promote Australian science and technology; provide links between researchers and users; establish international cooperation and partnerships; and to enhance the understanding of science and technology in the Australian community.
	The University of Melbourne The University of Melbourne is a premier Australian teaching and research institution committed to international excellence in all educational activities. It offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Programs in science and technology embrace the physical and life sciences, the medical sciences, agriculture and veterinary sciences.
	The University of Newcastle (School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences) The University of Newcastle is a national and international leader in research and discovery. Ranked in Australia's top 10 universities for research, it's strengths lie in the universally vital areas of health, energy and the environment, and science and engineering. The University is also widely recognised for progressive teaching and learning. Problem-based learning forms the basis of programs in medicine, engineering, architecture, nursing and law.
	The University of Sydney (School of Physics) The University of Sydney, founded in 1850, is Australia's first university, and has an international reputation for outstanding teaching, as a centre of research excellence and as an active and engaged community leader. As one of Australia’s leading universities, the University of Sydney is a key member of: the Group of Eight; the Academic Consortium 21; the Association of Pacific Rim Universities; and the Worldwide Universities Network.
	Victorian Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development (IIRD) The Victorian Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development (IIRD) is the primary agency charged with delivering the Victorian Government's commitment to encouraging business growth, securing investment, promoting exports and creating employment in Victoria. The Department has wide-ranging responsibilities for coordinating whole-of-government policy and service delivery to the business community and is the primary vehicle for achieving the Government's commitment to economic, industrial and regional development.
	Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research is Australia's foremost biomedical research institute. Its great traditions of excellence, honed over an eighty year history, have secured an outstanding international reputation. Fundamental discoveries have been translated into the clinic and given substantial stimulus to Australia's biotechnology industry.

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