UNP-0078 Haemonchus contortus (Barber Pole Worm) Infestation in Goats
Haemonchus contortus (Barber Pole Worm) Infestation in Goats
UNP-0078, December 2006, Maria Lenira Leite-Browning, DVM,
Extension Animal Scientist, Alabama A&M University
Gastrointestinal nematodes, commonly known
as worms, present the greatest danger to the goat industry in
the Southeastern region of the United States. Haemonchus contortus,
commonly referred to as the barber pole worm, is a clinical problem
for goats. Anemia, low packed cell volume (PCV), diarrhea, dehydration,
peripheral, and internal fluid accumulation are common signs of
barber pole worm infestation. Infested goats have lower growth
rates, markedly reduced reproductive performance, and have higher
rates of illness and death. Consequently, H. contortus
may account for greatly reduced profits in a goat operation.
In the Southeast region, there are a number
of factors that contribute to barber pole worm infestation in
goats:
- Environment with high temperatures,
humidity, and rainfall
- Genetic make-up of goats makes them
highly susceptible
- Resistance to anthelmintics as a result
of excessive usage
- Frequent anthelmintic treatments per
year without a positive fecal sample exam
- Many goat producers overstock their
pastures and maintain as many as 40 goats per acre
- Few anthelmintics drugs are approved
by the Food and Drug Administration for goat use.
About Barber Pole Worms
Haemonchus contortus is cylindrically shaped, tapered at both ends,
and has a complete digestive system. This worm is a worldwide
threat, but is more prevalent in sub-temperate and temperate regions
under warm and wet conditions, such as in the Southeastern United
States.
Morphology
- Adults (20-30 mm); Eggs are thin-shelled,
24 cell
- Adult H. contortus live in the
abomasum (true stomach) of goats.
![](wormsNdish.jpg) |
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Adult H. contortus recovered after necropsy. |
Life Cycle
Goats are born without H. contortus;
however, they become infested with the worm when they start grazing.
The L3, or infecting larvae, are eaten by the goats during grazing.
The L3 larvae then burrow into the internal layer of the goat's
abomasums (true stomach) where they develop to a L4, or preadult
larvae. The L4 molts into L5, the adult form.
Adult male and female worms live in the
abomasum of goats, where they feed on blood. The worms mate and
produce eggs. Adult females deposit from 5,000 to 10,000 eggs
per day, which are passed through goat feces to the pasture. Eggs
are hatched either in soil or water. When the soil is warm and
moist, eggs will hatch into L1 larvae (first stage juveniles).
The L1 larvae then develop through stages L2 and L3. Large numbers
of juvenile parasite worm (L3) may accumulate on heavily grazed
pastures.
Damage Caused by Barber Pole Worm
After a goat has ingested L3 larvae, the
worm will burrow into the mucosal (internal layer) of the stomach,
nourishing on the red blood cells of the goats, which can be life-threatening
to the goat. An infected goat can bleed to death within hours.
![](Abomasum.gif) |
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Stomach after necropsy.
[Diffused hemorrhagic areas of the mucosa (internal layer)
of the stomach]
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Signs of the barber pole worm infestation
in goats:
- Diarrhea
- Dehydration
- Unthrift appearance, rough hair coat,
depresssed, low energy, lethargic, and uncoordinated
- Significantly reduced growth and reproductive
performance
- Fluid accumulation in sub-mandibular
tissues (bottle jaw), abdomen, thoracic cavity, and gut wall
- Blood loss, white mucous membranes,
anemia/PCV
![](BottleJaw.jpg) |
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![](Wormy3.jpg) |
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Signs of peripheral and submandibular (bottle jaw)
edema |
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Extreme dehydration, near death |
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Note:
Larva is a juvenile form, the newly hatched, or earliest stage
worm that undergoes metamorphosis, differing markedly in form
and appearance from the adult. Anthel-mintics are widely used
to battle worms and worm eggs.
|
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![](Wormy2.jpg) |
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Blood loss, anemia, white musous membranes |
Controlling Barber Pole Worm
Scientists have been researching ways
to manage this parasitic worm and minimize cost production in
herds. Management practices must be based upon breaking or interrupting
the life cycle of the worm by:
- Use of chemical anthelmintics commercially
available
- mproved herd and pasture management
practices
- Use of plants with anthelmintic properties
Use of Commercial Anthelmintics
Anthelmintics (chemicals/drugs) are widely
used to battle barber pole worms. However, only two anthelmin-tics
are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat
goats: Morantel tartrate and Fenbendazole. Producers have reported
that the drugs have shown little effectiveness in the control
of the barber pole parasite in goat herds because of the worm's
resistance.
Use of others anthelmintics is called
extra-label use because they are not approved by the FDA for use
on goats unless used under veterinarian guidance.
Table 1: Anthelmintics (Chemicals or drugs for deworming)
with a direct effect on the worm or worm eggs.
Anthelmintics (Dewormer) |
Brand Name |
FDA Approval |
Dosage |
Route |
Withdrawn |
Meat |
Milk |
Benzimidazoles Fenbendazole |
Panacur/ Safeguard |
App'd |
9.0mg/lb |
Oral |
14d |
4d |
Cholinergic Agonist Morantel tartrate |
Rumatel |
App'd |
4.5mg/lb |
Oral |
30d |
0d |
Note: Consult your veterinarian as part
of your parasite control program to get information about the
appropriate use, dose, route, duration, possible adverse effects,
and withdrawal periods for various extra-label anthelmintics
before administration in your herd. |
Improved Herd, Pasture and Management
Practices
Here are some ways to control barber pole
worms:
Feeding Practices
- Keep stocking rates low.
- Provide clean water and minerals.
- Use gravel or concrete in the feedlot
area to break the worm life cycle and to prevent re-infestation.
- Provide high-quality hay for goats raised
in areas where forage is not available year-round or when the
pasture conditions are poor. Hay should be kept off of the ground
to avoid contamination by feces.
![](drylot.jpg) |
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Dry lot to interrupt worm life cycle. |
Pasture Maintenance
- Incorporate browse plant species when
possible. Goats love to browse and prefer shrubs and forages
to grass. If goats consume forages at least 6 inches tall, infestation
from barber pole worms is reduced.
- Try a mixed species grazing program
using cattle and goats.
- When possible, use the pasture for hay
cutting after grazing. This will help to break the worm life
cycle and prevent re-infestation. Direct sunlight during the
summer months or during freezes in the winter will also help
decrease the population of larvae that remain in the soil.
- When possible, alternate the pasture
with a short cycle crop, such as culture alfalfa. This management
practice will help to break the worm's life cycle, and decrease
larvae population in the pasture and prevent re-infestation.
- Use clean feeders and continue to practice
good hygiene in the pens and pasture.
![](buck-browsing.jpg) |
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Goats are browsers, introduce shrubs and forbes
in your pasture. |
Doe Treatment
- Provide good nutritional management.
Well-nourished animals are better able to respond to H. contortus
infestation. Does with good nutrition at late pregnancy have
an increased immune response to parasites.
- Deworm the doe soon after she has kidded.
The pregnancy hormone progesterone and the lactate hormone prolactin
have been shown to reduce the ability of does to fight worm infestation.
Progesterone suppresses the doe's immune system. Does that are
lactating and raising kids are more susceptible to worms. Monitor
the herd closely from kidding to weaning.
- Goat genetics are an important component
that will determine an animal's ability to resist H. contortus
infestation. Resistance can be measured by fecal egg counts (FEC).
The resistance to worm infestation is heritable. The doe's ability
to withstand infestation is defined as resilience and is measured
by blood hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV). Resilience is
less heritable than resistance.
FAMACHA System as a Management
Tool to Control Barber Pole Worms in Goats
The FAMACHA system was developed by South
African scientists and veterinarians. It is a low-cost tool that
can greatly influence management practices in goats. The FAMACHA
system monitors clinical anemia (reduction of red blood cells,
packed cell volume) by examining the color of the goat's lower
eyelids and comparing it to a color-coded chart. Variation in
eyelid color from pale to red indicates the degree of anemia.
Based on this chart, only goats with anemia should be treated.
This practice will prevent the overuse of anthelmintics and consequently
minimize chances of parasite resistance to anthelmintics. The
test has an effectiveness of 90 percent compared to the 20-30
percent effectiveness of overused anthelmintics.
Goat producers should check 10 percent
of the total animals in the herd as frequently as every other
week using the FAMACHA chart. A fecal exam should accompany FAMACHA
examination.
FAMACHA also provides producers with a
tool for genetic selection. Using FAMACHA, producers can identify
animals that are more susceptible to hosting the worm and can
cull these goats from the herd. In turn, producers will be able
to identify animals with high resistance and resilience, which
seem to be inherited traits in goats.
Use of Plants with Anthelmintic Properties
Researchers are exploring the use of plants
to control barber pole worm. Forages, such as clover, vetches,
chicory, and sericea lespedeza, contain condensed tannins. Condensed
tannins reduce the number of stomach worms and egg production.
Feeding sericea lespedeza hay to goats can reduce fecal eggs counts
by 80 percent and create a higher packed cell volume.
References
Browning, R. Jr., et al. (August 2006).
Evaluation of three meat goat breeds for doe fitness and reproductive
performance in the southeastern United States. IN 8th World
Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Fleming, S. A., et al. (2006). Consensus
Statement on: Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal parasites
in small ruminants. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine,
20, 435444.
Kaplan, R. M., et al. (2004). Validation
of the FAMACHA© eye color chart for detecting clinical anemia
in sheep and goats on farms in the southern United States. Veterinary
Parasitology, 123, 105-120.
Shaik, S. A., et al. (2006). Sericea lespedeza
hay as a natural deworming agent against gastrointestinal nematode
infection in goats. (2006). Veterinary Parasitology, 139 (1-3),
150-7.
Van Wyk, Jan A. & Bath, Gareth F. (2002). The FAMACHA©
system for managing haemonchosis in sheep and goats by clinically
identifying individual animals for treatment. Veterinary Research,
33, 509-529.
For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit http://www.aces.edu/counties or look in your telephone directory under your county's name to find contact information.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work in agriculture and
home economics, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, and other related
acts, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Alabama
Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn
University) offers educational programs, materials, and equal
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