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The Japanese
Market for Oranges (March 2008) reviews the trade, production,
and consumption of oranges in Japan, which is one of the largest
markets for U.S. orange exports. Consumption and trade peaked
in the mid-1990s. The report uses recent research findings about
demographic and economic changes that might explain why consumption
has fallen off in the past 15 years.
Economic
Effects of Animal Diseases Linked to Trade Dependency (April
2006) highlights the importance of livestock and poultry trade
to producers and consumers around the world. Though global meat
trade has not fallen in response to animal disease outbreaks, a
few countries have seen significant changes to their exports and
imports. For more information, see Disease-Related
Trade Restrictions Shaped Animal Product Markets in 2004 and
Stamp Imprints on 2005 Forecasts (August 2005) and Brazil
Emerges as Major Force in Global Meat Markets (April
2006).
Resolution of the U.S.-Japan
Apple Dispute: New Opportunities for Trade (October 2005)
examines the expected impact of Japan's new phytosanitary
protocol for imports of U.S. apples that complies with the
recent World Trade Organization ruling. With the elimination
of the restrictive fire-blight protocol, U.S.
producers have a new opportunity to export apples to a high-quality
export market, at a significantly lower cost than before.
Dairy
Policies in Japan (August 2005) provides a detailed description and
analysis of Japan's policies that support its milk producers
and regulate dairy markets. If Japan's policies were liberalized,
prices and production in Japan would fall, but sizable milk
production would remain.
Wheat and Barley Policies
in Japan (November 2004) provides a detailed description
and analysis of policies used by Japan to support its wheat
and barley producers. Japan uses tax revenues and a markup on
prices of wheat and barley imported within a quota to provide
large direct payments to producers. Consumers and taxpayers
ultimately pay for this support.
Japan's Fruit and
Vegetable Market
examines the country's domestic markets and trade experiences.
Japan's large horticultural market is still largely supplied
by Japanese farms, but fresh vegetable imports, especially from
China, have been increasing. The chapter is part of a report
examining Global
Trade Patterns in Fruits and Vegetables (June 2004).
Where
Will Demographics Take the Asia-Pacific Food System? (June
2004) assesses the impact of expanded urbanization, variability
in population growth and immigration, and aging populations
on the Asia-Pacific food system. The ability of developing countries
to adjust to rapid urbanization will be the most important demographic
challenge, testing the region's capacity to deliver a steady
flow of safe, reasonably priced food.
Rice Sector Policies
in Japan (March 2003) describes government policies affecting
rice farming in Japan. The tariff-rate quota, by limiting foreign
competition, allows rice prices in Japan that are much higher
than outside Japan, and is the main form of support for rice.
Within Japan, government subsidies compensate farmers for declines
in the rice price.
Pork
Policies in Japan
(March 2003) provides a detailed description and analysis of
policies used by Japan to support its hog producers and to regulate
pork markets. Regional deficiency payment programs compensate for
price declines, with support from the national government. At the
border, a low ad valorem tariff and the gate price system apply
to pork imports.
Commodity
Policies of the U.S., EU, and Japan (December 2002) addresses
some common goals of the three, as well as differences in approach
and policy instruments. In recent years, budget pressures and
trade agreements have led each toward less trade-distorting
policies. New issues, such as environmental, food safety, and
rural development concerns, may lead to further policy change.
Oilseed Policies
in Japan (December 2002) describes the policies used by
Japan to support its oilseed producers and processors. Tariffs
on vegetable oils protect oilseed crushers. Strong subsidies
to divert land from rice into soybeans have led to increased
soybean production.
Vegetable Policies
in Japan (November 2002) provides a detailed description
and analysis of policies used by Japan to support its vegetable
producers and to regulate vegetable markets. Domestic policies
include compensation to farmers when market prices fall below
a moving average of historical prices, subsidies to make farms
and processing more efficient, and subsidized hazard insurance
for greenhouses and some field crops.
Sweetener Policies
in Japan (September 2002) provides a detailed description
and analysis of policies used by Japan to support its sugar
producers and to regulate sweetener markets. Domestic policies
include price floors for cane and beet farmers, subsidies to
sugar refiners to compensate for the high cost of domestic sugarcane
and sugar beets, and quantity limits on the production of high-fructose
corn syrup.
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