The 3Rs : Alternatives : Animal Welfare Information Center

Random images that represent what Animal Welfare Information Center offers

Search Animal Welfare Information Center

You are here: Home / Alternatives / The 3Rs

Printable Page

The Alternatives Concept
USDA. NAL. Animal Welfare Information Center.
An AWIC Bulletin article in which Andrew Rowan discusses the concept of the 3Rs: reduction, refinement, and replacement.

The Three Rs of Animal Experimentation
Canadian Council on Animal Care.
Module #3 in the CCAC Experimental Animal User Training Core Topics Modules introduces the concept of alternatives in research, teaching and testing, discusses the potentials and limitations of alternatives, and provides examples of alternatives.

Animal Welfare: Reduction, Refinement and Replacement
UK Home Office. Animals in Scientific Procedures Divison.
Links to information on the 3Rs, including examplesof reduction, refinement and replacement, and a concordat on data sharing.

Research into Alternatives to Animal Experimentation (Reduction, Replacement and Refinement)
European Commission.
Proceedings of a 2002 international conference that addressed the latest scientific and policy developments in the 3Rs of animal experimentation.

To 3R is Humane (PDF|1.2 MB)
The Environmental Forum.
This paper suggests that applying good animal welfare to toxicology research can help produce high-quality, reliable data for regulatory decision making.

Up-dating Concepts and Language in Relation to the 3Rs Model: Reasons for Recommendations
Anim.Al.See.
This link provides the program, executive summary, and links to some of the presentations given during this 2004 conference held in Brussels.

The 3Rs - The Way Forward
Johns Hopkins University. Center For Alternatives To Animal Testing.
Originally published in 1996, this article discusses alternatives and summarizes ideas raised during a workshop held in Sheringham, UK.

Three Rs
Animal Ethics Infolink.
Provides information on replacement, reduction, and refinement (the 3Rs of Russell and Burch). This page also likns to a strategy on achieving the 3Rs when planning research projects.

Accessing Information on the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animal Experiments (PDF|32 KB)
Focus on Alternatives.
This report from a 1998 Focus on Alternatives workshop includes recommendations about finding information on the 3Rs. It was published in the journal Alternatives to Laboratory Animals.

The Three Rs: Alternatives to Animal Experiments
UK Parliament. Animals in Scientific Procedures Committee.
Chapter 7 in the full Animals In Scientific Procedures - Report discusses the use and development of the 3Rs and ways in which to promote alternatives in animal research, including the creation of a National Centre.

Examples of Reduction, Refinement and Replacement (3Rs)
British Home Office Animals Inspectorate.
Provides information on how the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Inspectorate's assessment and inspection process creates value in the UK's regulatory system.

The 3Rs - A Supplementary Selection of References (PDF|64 KB)
International Journal of Laboratory Animal Science and Welfare.
A list of selected references about the three Rs- reduction, refinement and replacement.

Principles of Humane Experimental Technique
Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing.
In 1959 Russell and Burch classified humane techniques as replacement, reduction, and refinement--now commonly known as the 3Rs.

Last Modified: Aug 7, 2008

The 3Rs

			Reduction
			Refinement
			Replacement

Alternatives in Education

Alternatives in Toxicology

Techniques, Methods, Procedures and Models

Organizations

Related Journals

Databases on Alternatives

To view PDF files you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your computer.

To view Flash files you must have Macromedia Flash Player installed on your computer.