(Cav.) S.T.Blake, Myrtaceae
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(Cav.) S.T.Blake, Myrtaceae |
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Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Threat only at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: High risk, score: 15 (Go to the risk assessment)
Common name(s): [more details]
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English: broadleaf paperbark, broadleaf teatree, cajeput, cajuput, melaleuca, paper bark tree, paperbark, paperbark teatree, punk tree |
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French: niaouli |
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Other: itahou |
Habit: tree
Description: "Trees to 20-25 m tall, bark whitish or pale brown, spongy, exfoliating. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 5-9 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide, 3-nerved or 5-nerved, glabrous, glandular punctate, apex acute, base cuneate, petioles ca 3-8 mm long, twisted. Flowers in cylindrical spikes ca 3-10 cm long, the axis silky pubescent; sepals broadly deltate-ovate, ca 1.2-1.5 mm long; petals cream, ca 2.5-3 mm long; stamens ca 10-15 mm long; filaments connate at base. Fruit woody, short-cylindrical, ca 3-4 mm long, 4-5 mm in diameter" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 964).
Habitat/ecology: In Hawai‘i, "This evergreen tree reaches heights of 12 m and invades open swampy areas. The leaves appear to have allelopathic activity, probably of a similar nature to that of other members of the Myrtaceae. Like many other members of its family, it is adapted to fire, which generally results in an intensification of the infestation. Paperbark infests wet habitats between 100-1,000 m" (C. W. Smith, 1985; p. 194). Naturalized in disturbed mesic forest, 30-890 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 964).
Propagation: The seeds are dispersed by wind and water. Large numbers of seeds are stored on the tree in the fruiting capsules and are released when fire or other disturbance occurs.
Native range: Eastern Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia.
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island | Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 25) | |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 652585)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 191) |
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Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. Field notes.) |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 304)
Voucher cited: DA 11562 |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 33225)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 198)
Voucher cited: Florence 2523 |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491488)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
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Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 191) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawai‘i (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 964) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaua‘i Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 964) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 964) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Moloka‘i Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 964) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 964) |
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New Caledonia
Îles Bélep (Belep Islands) |
Île Art |
native
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Dawson, John Wyndham (1992) (pp. 217-222)
Voucher cited: MacKee 19324 |
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New Caledonia
Îles Bélep (Belep Islands) |
Île Pott |
native
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Dawson, John Wyndham (1992) (pp. 217-222)
Voucher cited: MacKee 19365 |
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New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Île Maré |
native
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Dawson, John Wyndham (1992) (pp. 217-222)
Voucher cited: MacKee 39016 |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia |
New Caledonia Islands |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
native
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Dawson, John Wyndham (1992) (pp. 217-222)
Numerous vouchers cited. |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 165389)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 401953)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 506479)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 580711)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 628934)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île des Pins (Isle of Pines) |
native
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Dawson, John Wyndham (1992) (pp. 217-222)
Voucher cited: Baumann-Bodenheim 13668, Baumann-Bodenheim 13858, Baumann-Bodenheim 13881 |
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New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Yande |
native
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Dawson, John Wyndham (1992) (pp. 217-222)
Voucher cited: MacKee 22691 |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. Field notes.) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island | Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. (1996) | |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Fosberg, F. R./Canfield, Joan E. (1980) (p. 197)
Voucher cited: Canfield 687 (US) |
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Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 689750)
Taxon name on voucher: Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
| Pacific Rim | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
native
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U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
| Indian Ocean | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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La Réunion (France)
La Réunion Island |
La Réunion Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Lavergne, Christophe (2006)
"Cultivé/naturalisé" |
| Also reported from | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
USA (Florida) |
introduced
invasive |
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2005) |
Comments: Occurs on a small area on Yap and appears to bespreading only slowly. Occasional trees seen planted on Palau don’t seem to be spreading (Space & Falanruw, 1999).
This species is a major problem in the State of Florida (US) and is on the Federal noxious weed list.
Control:
Physical: Small seedlings can be hand-pulled. Larger trees usually require herbicide use to prevent resprouting. Follow-up control measures are needed to prevent reinvasion. Any seed capsules must be removed and destroyed.
Chemical: "In remote areas, cut stumps are treated with a wetland-approved imazapyr herbicide mixed 20 percent with water. Trees can also be girdled with a chainsaw and the cut area treated with imazapyr diluted 50 percent with water. Basally applied herbicides are not effective" (Randall & Marinelli, 1996).
"Frilling or cut-stump applications of imazapyr effective. In applications to drilled holes, glyphosate was very effective, dicamba and triclopyr fairly effective and 2,4-D ineffective. Saplings sensitive to foliar applications of triclopyr at 1 lb/acre" (Motooka et al., 2003).
Additional information: Information from the book "Weeds
of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide"
(Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Fact sheet on Melaleuca quinquenervia on the web site of the Alien Plants Working Group, "Weeds Gone Wild".
Photos and additional information at University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants.
Information on this prohibited species from the Miami-Dade County [Florida] web site.
Photos from The Nature Conservancy.
Additional information at the Woody Plant Ecology web site.
Information on this species from "Silvics of North American", USDA Agriculture Handbook 654.
Information from the Purdue University NewCROP web site.
Fact sheet from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" (PDF format).
Information
from the World Agroforestry Centre's
AgroForestryTree Database.
Additional online information about Melaleuca quinquenervia is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Taxonomic information about Melaleuca quinquenervia may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 33225 (Pillay, S. 11562).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 165389 (Stauffer, H.U. 5756).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 401953 (Webster, G.L. 14422).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 506479 (Young, D.A. 1731).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 652585 (Fosberg, F.R. 60452).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 580711 (Stone, B.C.M. 14726).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 628934 (A.Wananije 39016).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491488 (Florence, J. 2523).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 689750 (Falanruw, M.V.C. LR 26606).
Cronk, Q. C. B./Fuller, J. L. 2001. Plant invaders. Earthscan Publications, Ltd., London. 241 pp.
Dawson, John Wyndham. 1992. Myrtaceae-Leptospermoideae. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Vol. 18, 251 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Canfield, Joan E. 1980. Noteworthy Micronesian plants 3. Micronesica 16(2):189-200.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.
Lavergne, Christophe. 2006. List des especes exotiques envahissantes a La Reunion. Unpublished manuscript (Excel file). .
Little, Elbert L./Skolmen, Roger G. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook 679. Washington, D.C. 377 pp. + plates.
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1998. Checklist of the plants of Pohnpei. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 21 pp.
Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/ Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.
Motooka, Philip/Ching, Lincoln/Nagai, Guy. 2002. Herbicidal Weed Control Methods for Pasture and Natural Areas of Hawaii. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i. CTAHR free
publication WC-8.
Randall, J. M./Marinelli, J. (eds.). 1996. Invasive plants: weeds of the global garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Handbook 149. 111 pp.
Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. F./Falanruw, M. C. 1996. A botanical reconnaissance of the proposed Compact-impact road alignment on Babeldaob Island, Republic of Palau. U. of Guam Herbarium Cont. No. 32. 78 pp.
Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.
Smith, Clifford W. 1985. Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai‘i's Native Biota. In: Stone, Charles P. and Scott, J. Michael, eds. Hawai‘i's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and Management. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa.
Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie. 1999. Observations on invasive plant species in Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. Report to the Pacific Islands Committee, Council of Western State Foresters. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 32 pp.
Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).
Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.