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Trends in New Crops and New Uses Proceedings of the fifth National Symposium New Crops and New Uses Strength in Diversity

CONTENTS

1. New Crops and Bio-based Products
2. International New Crop Development
3. Cereals and Pseudocereals and Grain Legumes
4. Edible Oilseeds
5. Industrial Oilseeds
6. Rubber Crops
7. Biomass Crops
8. Fibers
9. Fruits
10. Vegetables
11. Ornamentals
12. Herbs, Medicinals, and Aromatics

List of Contributors

PREFACE—Dennis Ray, Jules Janick, Dave Dierig, Robert Myers, and Carmela Bailey

PART I: NEW CROP ISSUES

NEW CROPS AND BIO-BASED PRODUCTS

• US Agriculture and National Security—R. James Woolsey
• The New Petroleum—Richard G. Lugar and R. James Woolsey
• The Bio-based Economy—Ralph W.F. Hardy
• Ethanol From Cellulose: A General Review—P.C. Badger
• Biofuels: The European Experience—Melvyn F. Askew
• Utilizing New Crops to Grow the Biobased Market—Shari Miller, Curtis Scharf, and Mark Miller
• Canola-based Motor Oils—Duane L. Johnson, Blaine Rhodes, and Robert Allen
• Connecting a Worldwide Network of New Crops and New Uses Researchers, Entrepreneurs, and Corporations through an Internet-Based Communication System for Biobased Products—Peter A. Nelson

INTERNATIONAL NEW CROP DEVELOPMENT

• International New Crop Development Incentives, Barriers, Processes And Progress: An Australian Perspective—R.J. Fletcher
• Interactive European Network for Industrial Crops and Their Applications—M.F. Askew
• New Crop Development: The Canadian Experience—S.F. Blade and A.E. Slinkard
• Commercialization of South African Indigenous Crops: Aspects of Research and Cultivation of Products—Emmy Reinten and J.H. Coetzee
• A Framework for the Development of New Crops Industries in South Africa—J.G. Theron
• Nontraditional Crop Production in Africa for Export—Bharat P. Singh
• Quality Assurance and Quality Control for African Natural Plant Products from the Ground Up—Ya'akov Tadmor, Elton Jefthas, Jackie Goliath, Marianna Smith, Petrus Langenhoven, Dan Acquaye, Rodolfo Juliani, Wudeneh Letchamo, Erica Renaud, Noah Zimba, Ilya Raskin, Jerry Brown, and James E. Simon

PART II: STATUS OF NEW CROPS AND NEW USES

CEREALS, PSEUDOCEREALS, AND GRAIN LEGUMES

• Progress with Proso, Pearl and Other Millets—David D. Baltensperger
• Non-Shattering Grain Amaranth Populations—D.M. Brenner
• Response of Grain Amaranth Production to Density and Fertilization in Tarija, Bolivia—V. Apaza-Gutierrez, A. Romero-Saravia, F.R. Guillén-Portal, and D.D. Baltensperger
• Quinoa Saponins: Concentration and Composition Analysis—José Bernardo Solíz-Guerrero, Diana Jasso de Rodríguez, Raúl Rodríguez-García, José Luis Angulo-Sánchez, and Guadalupe Méndez-Padilla
• Evaluation of Lupin as a New Food/Feed Crop in the US Mid-Atlantic Region—Harbans L. Bhardwaj
• Digitaria exilis as a Crop in the Dominican Republic—J. Pablo Morales-Payán, J. Richard Ortiz, Julio Cicero, and Francisco Taverass [SUPPLEMENT]

EDIBLE OILSEEDS

• Canola: An Emerging Oilseed Crop—Paul L. Raymer
• Prospects of Canola as an Alternative Winter Crop in Virginia—David E. Starner, Anwar A. Hamama, and Harbans L. Bhardwaj
• Performance of Canola in Southern Sonora, México—Sergio Muñoz-Valenzuela, Greg Buzza, and Roberto Avalos-Pérez
• NuSun Sunflower Oil: Redirection of an Industry—Larry W. Kleingartner
• Grain Yield and Fatty Acid Composition of Sunflower Seed for Cultivars Developed Under Dry Land Conditions—Diana Jasso de Rodríguez, Bliss S. Phillips, Raúl Rodriguez-García, and José Luis Angulo-Sánchez
• Characterization of Proteins from Sunflower Leaves and Seeds: Relationship of Biomass and Seed Yield—Diana Jasso de Rodr’guez, Jorge Romero-García, Raúl Rodríguez-García, and José Luis Angulo Sánchez
• Potential Source of Reduced Palmitic and Stearic Fatty Acids in Sunflower Oil From a Population of Wild Helianthus annuus—G.J. Seiler
• Food, Industrial, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Uses of Sesame Genetic Resources—J. Bradley Morris
• Progress in Mechanizing Sesame in the US Through Breeding—D. Ray Langham and Terry Wiemers
• Nigerseed: Specialty Grain Opportunity for Midwestern US—J. Quinn and R.L. Myers
• Safflower Management and Adaptation for the High Plains—David D. Baltensperger, Glen Frickel, Drew Lyon, Jim Krall, and Tom Nightingale
• Production of Pumpkin for Oil—F. Bavec, L. Gril, S. Grobelnik-Mlakar, and M. Bavec

INDUSTRIAL OILSEEDS

• Meadowfoam Industry Update—Gary D. Jolliff and George D. Hoffman
• Farmer–University Collaboration with Meadowfoam Research—George D. Hoffman, Doug Duerst, and Gary D. Jolliff
• Introduction and Establishment of Meadowfoam as a New Crop in Virginia: History and Lessons Learned—Harbans L. Bhardwaj
• An Ovule Culture Technique for Producing Interspecific Lesquerella Hybrids—Pernell Tomasi, David Dierig, and Gail Dahlquist
• Cuphea Growth and Development: Responses to Temperature—Russ W. Gesch, Nancy W. Barbour, Frank Forcella, and Ward B. Voorhees
• Rooting Characteristics and Water Requirements of Cuphea—Brenton S. Sharratt and Russell W. Gesch
• Pest Survey of Vernonia galamensis in Ethiopia—Tesfaye Baye and Sileshi Gudeta
• Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels—John M. Ruter

RUBBER CROPS

• Purification of Hypoallergenic Latex from Guayule—Katrina Cornish and Jenny L. Brichta
• Relationship Between Guayule Biomass Production, Rubber Synthesis, and Climatic Conditions—José Luis Angulo-Sánchez, Diana Jasso de Rodríguez, and Raúl Rodriguez-García
• Guayule Production: Rubber and Biomass Response to Irrigation—Raúl Rodríguez-García, Diana Jasso de Rodríguez, and José Luis Angulo-Sánchez
• Surfactant Treatment Reduces Both Allergen Content and Cure Efficiency of Hevea Latex—W.W. Schloman, Jr.

BIOMASS CROPS

• Farmers' Motivations for Adoption of Switchgrass—Patricia C. Hipple and Michael D. Duffy
• Costs of Producing Switchgrass for Biomass in Southern Iowa—Michael D. Duffy and Virginie Y. Nanhou
• Biomass Yield Stability of Switchgrass Cultivars—Roger G. Fuentes and Charles M. Taliaferro

FIBERS

• Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North America—Ernest Small and David Marcus
• Kenaf Production: Fiber, Feed, and Seed—Charles L. Webber III, Harbans L. Bhardwaj, and Venita K. Bledsoe
• Kenaf Harvesting and Processing—Charles L. Webber III, Venita K. Bledsoe, and Robert E. Bledsoe
• Kenaf Yield Components and Plant Composition—Charles L. Webber III and Venita K. Bledsoe
• Flax: New Uses and Demands—Duane R. Berglund
• Flax Fiber: Potential for a New Crop in the Southeast—Jonn A. Foulk, Danny E. Akin, Roy B. Dodd, and David D. McAlister III
• Nalgrass: A Nonwood Fiber Source Suitable for Existing US Pulp Mills—Mark Lewis and Michael Jackson

FRUITS

• New Fruits for Arid Climates—Yosef Mizrahi, Avinoam Nerd, and Yaron Sitrit
• Chaenomeles: Potential New Fruit Crop for Northern Europe—Kimmo Rumpunen
• Product Development of Sea Buckthorn—Thomas S.C. Li
• Heavy Metal Accumulation in Sea Buckthorn Cultivars in Siberia—Wudeneh Letchamo, Roman Klevakin, and Irina I. Lobatcheva
• Evaluation of Siberian Sea Buckthorn Cultivars in Washington State—I.I. Lobatcheva, W. Letchamo, L. Huszar, S.A. Muchortov, N.N. Malkova, E.I. Panteleeva
• Lakoocha: A Multipurpose Tree of Warm Climate—Nirmal Joshee, D.R. Bastola, V.P. Agrawal and A.K. Yadav

VEGETABLES

• The New Salad Crop Revolution—Edward J. Ryder
• Leaf Lettuce: An Alternative for Virginia's Eastern Shore—S.B. Sterrett and C.P. Savage, Jr.
• Arugula: A Promising Specialty Leaf Vegetable—Mario Morales and Jules Janick
• New Opportunities in Vigna—Richard L. Fery
• Tepary Bean: A Short Duration Summer Crop in Virginia—Anwar A. Hamama and Harbans L. Bhardwaj
• Edamame: A Nutritious Vegetable Crop—S.R. Mentreddy, A.I. Mohamed, N. Joshee, and A.K. Yadav
• Screening Melons for Adaptability in North Carolina—J.R. Schultheis, W.R. Jester, and N.J. Augostini
• Production, Fruit Quality, and Nutritional Value of Spaghetti Squash—Audrey H. Beany, Peter J. Stoffella, Nancy Roe, and David H. Picha
• Cultivating Ramps: Wild Leeks of Appalachia—Jeanine M. Davis and Jacqulyn Greenfield
• Effect of Nitrate: Ammonium Nitrogen Ratio on Oxalate Levels of Purslane—Usha R. Palaniswamy, Bernard B. Bible, and Richard J. McAvoy

ORNAMENTALS

• Development of Phalaenopsis Orchids for the Mass-Market—R.J. Griesbach
• Development of New Foliage Plant Cultivars—J. Chen, R.J. Henny, and D.B. McConnell
• Ornamental Grasses and Sedges as New Crops—Michael N. Dana
• Cultural Studies in Ornamental Ginger—Jeff S. Kuehny, Mauricio J. Sarmiento, and Patricia C. Branch

HERBS, MEDICINALS, AND AROMATICS

• Forgotten and Future Vegetable Phytoceuticals—I.L. Goldman
• Chinese Medicinal Herbs: Opportunities for Domestic Production—Lyle E. Craker and Jean Giblette
• Borage Culture on the Black Soil Zone of Alberta, Canada—R. El Hafid, S.F. Blade, and Y. Hoyano
• Borage: A New Crop for Southern Chile—M. Berti, R. Wilckens, S. Fischer, and R. Araos
• Assembling and Characterizing a Comprehensive Echinacea Germplasm Collection—Mark P. Widrlechner and Kathleen A. McKeown
• The Use of RAPDs for Assessment of Identity, Diversity, and Quality of Echinacea—J. Kapteyn and J.E. Simon
• Factors Affecting Echinacea Quality—W. Letchamo, L.V. Polydeonny, N.O. Gladisheva, T.J. Arnason, J. Livesey, and D.V.C. Awang
• In Vitro Regeneration and Agrobacterium Transformation of Echinacea purpurea Leaf Explants—A. Koroch, J. Kapteyn, H.R. Juliani, and J.E. Simon
• The American Mayapple and its Potential for Podophyllotoxin Production—Rita M. Moraes, Hemant Lata, Ebru Bedir, Muhammad Maqbool, and Kent Cushman
• Propagule Type and Planting Time for Field-established Mayapple—Muhammad Maqbool, Kent E. Cushman, and Rita M. Moraes
• Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Podophyllum peltatum by Molecular Markers—Hemant Lata, Rita M. Moraes, Andrew Douglas, and Brian E. Scheffler
• Bioprospecting for Podophyllotoxin—Ebru Bedir, Ikhlas Khan, and Rita M. Moraes
• Extraction of Lipid Components from Seeds of Perennial and Woody Hibiscus species by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide—R.A. Holser and G.A. Bost
• Analyses for Flavonoid Aglycones in Fresh and Preserved Hibiscus Flowers—Lorraine S. Puckhaber, Robert D. Stipanovic, and Georgia A. Bost
• Anti-insect Activity of Bufadienolides from Urginea maritima—María Jesús Pascual-Villalobos
• Effect of Storage Temperature on the Nutritional Value of Curry Leaf—Usha R. Palaniswamy, James D. Stuart, and Christian A. Caporuscio
• Aloe vera Response to Plastic Mulch and Nitrogen—Luis Rodolfo Hernãndez-Cruz, Raúl Rodríguez-García, Diana Jasso de Rodríguez, and José Luis Angulo-Sánchez
• Antioxidant Activity of Basil—H.R. Juliani and J.E. Simon
• Skullcap: Potential Medicinal Crop—Nirmal Joshee, Thomas S. Patrick, Rao S. Mentreddy, and Anand K Yadav
• Digitaria exilis as a Crop in the Dominican Republic— J. Pablo Morales-Payán, J. Richard Ortiz, Julio Cicero, and Francisco Taveras