PISTIA STRATIOTES L.
water lettuce, laitue d'eau
Araceae/Arum Family
pronounced: pis-tee-a / stra-tee-o-teez
from: pistos (G.): water
stratiotes (G.): a soldier (Discordies name for an Egyptian water plant)
a water plant
Synonymy:
None known
Water lettuce is a floating
plant. Experts disagree as to whether water lettuce is native to
the U.S.: it has been present in Florida since as early as 1765 when
the
explorer, William Bartram, described and drew the plant in Lake
George. This floating plant
commonly forms large infestations which prevent boating, fishing and other uses of lakes and
rivers.
Water
lettuce occurs in lakes, rivers and canals, occasionally forming large dense mats.
As its name implies,
water lettuce resembles a floating open head of lettuce. Water lettuce has very thick
leaves. The leaves are light dull green, are hairy, and are ridged. There are no
leaf stalks. Water lettuce roots are light-colored and
feathery. Its flowers are inconspicuous.
Habit:
- water lettuce is a floating perennial
- floating, "obligate" (requiring a wet habitat)
- linked plants form dense mats in the water
- will halt boat traffic on rivers; will cover a lake surface from shore to shore
Habitat:
- an aquatic weed worldwide in rivers, lakes and ponds of temperate climates
- temperature tolerance: water lettuce is not winter-hardy; its minimum growth temperature is
15o C (59o F); its optimum growth temperature is
22-30o C (72-86o F); its maximum growth temperature is
35o C (95o F) (Kasselmann 1995)
Pistia stratiotes L.
Original description:
- monocot, perennial
- free-floating except when stranded in the mud; singly or massed in large
numbers; mother and daughter plants attached by short stolons
- thick soft leaves are formed in rosettes, with no
leaf stems; leaves to 6 in. long; light green; with parallel ridges (veins),
covered in short hairs; leaf margins wavy, top margins scalloped
- flowers inconspicuous (not observed in
Florida till the 1980s though they had been flowering all along); nearly hidden in the center
amongst the leaves; on small stalk, single female flower below and whorl
of male flowers above
- roots hanging submersed beneath floating
leaves; feathery, numerous
- fruit a green berry
Pistia stratiotes is not likely to be confused with any other floating
plant.
Origin:
- Experts disagree as to whether or not Pistia stratiotes is native to the
U.S. After all, it was observed, described and drawn by William Bartram in 1765 during his
explorations of Florida. He wrote that he saw:
"...prodigious quantities of the
pistia, which grows in great plenty
most of the way [along the St. Johns River, Florida], and is continually driving down with the
current, and great quanitites lodged all along the extensive shores of this great river and its
islands, where it is entangled... and... all matted together in such a manner as to stop up the
mouth of a large creek, so that a boat can hardly be pushed through them, though in 4 foot
water..."
- Some experts believe the plant's origins are in Africa.
Distribution in the U.S.:
- Water lettuce is present in the states of the southeast U.S. and
north to New Jersey and New York, and westward to Texas, Arizona and California. Also present
in Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
The best way to track the spread of invasive aquatic plants may be to identify
the drainage basins (watersheds) they have been discovered in. Drainage maps give useful
information to eco-managers because drainage maps show precisely where the plants are, making
it easier for managers to infer where the plants might go next, and thus where to take preventive
measures.
How it got here:
- Pistia stratiotes, water lettuce, is believed by some to be a native plant
and by others to be a non-native plant that arrived in the ballast of explorer's sailing ships.
- Pistia stratiotes continues to be sold through aquarium supply dealers; it is not on the
U.S. Federal Noxious Weed
List.
Potential to spread elsewhere in U.S.:
- water lettuce is found globally in the tropics and subtropics, but its spread is
limited by severe cold (Holm et al. 1977); its leaves regrow after moderate freezes
- water lettuce reproduces vegetatively and sexually; new daughter plants are
formed on stolons which grow from the mother plants; seedlings are produced in mild
climates (Penfound & Earle 1948)
Problems/Effects:
- Pistia stratiotes mats clog waterways, making boating, fishing and
almost all other water activities, impossible
- water lettuce mats degrade water quality by blocking the air-water interface and greatly
reducing oxygen levels in the water, eliminating underwater animals such as fish
- water lettuce mats greatly reduce biological diversity: mats eliminate native submersed plants
by blocking sunlight, alter emersed plant communities by pushing away and crushing them, and
also alter animal communities by blocking access to the water and/or eliminating plants the
animals depend on for shelter and nesting
- in Florida, water lettuce has never been the problem that water hyacinth has been; water
lettuce is essentially under "maintenance control" in Florida
Control:
Due to decades of university, state and federal research and experience with Pistia
stratiotes in the U.S., several methods have been developed to help in its management:
the action of mechanical harvestors and chopping machines remove water
lettuce from the water and transport it to disposal on shore; chopping
machines grind the plant into bits and spray the slurry across the water
Years of research to find insect
biocontrols has resulted in the successful introduction of two insects which are
believed to be helping keep water lettuce under maintenance control in many
places; however biocontrol fish which are able to control submersed plants are
ineffective against the floating water lettuce.
registered aquatic herbicides do provide temporary control of water lettuce
What can you do?
First, clean your boat before you leave the ramp! Transporting
plant fragments on boats, trailers, and in livewells is the main introduction route to new lakes and
rivers.
But, there's plenty more you can do to help.
Laws and lists:
Pistia stratiotes
- is "state-listed" in Arizona, Florida, Puerto Rico and South Carolina
- is on the Florida Prohibited Plants list, Florida Department of Environmental
Protection:
- is on the Federal List of Noxious Weeds (USDA/APHIS, 2000)
- is on the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council list:
Category I - "plants invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida"
Want to know more?
The information contained on this wep page was extracted from
published scientific literature and agency reports. It is important to know that plant research, like most
areas of scientific research, is still relatively young and incomplete--much may have been
published about the physiology of one plant but not about its management; much may have been
published about how to culture and grow another plant but not about its natural ecology.
Thousands of research articles may have been published about one invasive plant, but perhaps
only a dozen about another.
If you want to read the research yourself, perhaps to clarify or expand an area of information
contained here, or to help determine your own line of research, you are welcome to query the
world's largest collection of international scientific literature about aquatic, wetland and invasive
plants, the APIRS
bibliographic database, which contains more than 54,000 citations and their content
keywords. Or you might want to ask us to do
it for you and mail or e-mail the search results to you.
This is the literature aboutPistia stratiotes that was used to
develop this web page. More research items about this plant may be found at APIRS:
- Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP. 1977. The
world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. 609 pp.
- Kasselmann C. 1995. Aquarienpflanzen. Egen Ulmer GMBH & Co.,
Stuttgart. 472 pp. (In German)
- McCann JA et al. 1996. Nonindigenous aquatic and selected terrestrial
species of Florida-Status, pathway, and time of introduction, present distribution, and significant
ecological and economic effects. Southeastern Biological Science Center, Gainesville, 256 pp.
- Van TK, Steward KK. 1982. Evaluation of chemicals for aquatic plant
control. Annual Report 1981, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 66 pp.
- Vandiver VV. 1999. Florida aquatic weed management guide. Univ. of
FL, IFAS, Cooperative Extension Service, Publ. SP-55, 130 pp.
Download the Recognition Card of Pistia stratiotes (PDF 513 KB).
See more information about water lettuce as contained
in the
Langeland/Burks book, Identification & Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural
Areas
View the UF/IFAS Assessment, which lists plants according to their invasive status in Florida.
View the herbarium specimen image of the
University of Florida Herbarium Digital Imaging Projects.
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This web page was authored in June, 2001, by Victor Ramey (Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida), with significant contribution from Barbara Peichel (Sea Grant, University of Minnesota). The information contained herein is based on the literature found in the APIRS database. |
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