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Methods, Validity, and Reliability Bibliography

Selected Articles Related to BRFSS and Other Self-Reported Data

Ahmed WM, Kalsbeek WD. An analysis of telephone call history data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Proceedings of the Section of Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association 1998;224–229.

Anda RF, Williamson DF, Dodson D, Remington PL. Telephone versus in-person reporting of smoking and alcohol use: a comparison of two statewide surveys. American Journal of Health Promotion 1989;4:32–36.

Andresen EM, Catlin TK, Wyrwich KW, Jackson-Thompson J. Retest reliability of surveillance questions on health related quality of life. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2003;57(5):339–343.

Andresen EM, Fitch CA, McLendon PM, Meyers AR. Reliability and validity of disability questions for U.S. census 2000. American Journal of Public Health 2000;90(8):1297–1299.

Andresen EM, Vahle VJ, Lollar D. Proxy reliability: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures for people with disability. Quality of Life Research 2001;10(7):609–619.

Arday DR, Tomar SL, Nelson DE, Merritt RK, Schooley MW, Mowery P. State smoking prevalence estimates: A comparison of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and current population surveys. American Journal of Public Health 1997;87(10):1665–1669.

Beatty P, Schechter S, Whitaker K. Evaluating subjective health questions: Cognitive and methodological investigations. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 1996;956–961.

Bowlin SJ, Morrill BD, Nafziger AN, Jenkins PL, Lewis C, Pearson TA. Validity of cardiovascular disease risk factors assessed by telephone survey: The Behavioral Risk Factor Survey. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1993;46(6):561–571.

Bowlin SJ, Morrill BD, Nafziger AN, Lewis C, Pearson TA. Reliability and changes in validity of self-reported cardiovascular disease risk factors using dual response: The Behavioral Risk Factor Survey. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1996;49(5):511–517.

Brownson RC, Eyler AA, King AC, Shyu YL, Brown DR, Homan SM. Reliability of information on physical activity and other chronic disease risk factors among US women aged 40 years or older. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149(4):379–391.

Brownson RC, Jackson-Thompson J, Wilkerson JC, Kiani F. Reliability of information on chronic disease risk factors collected in the Missouri Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Epidemiology 1994;5:545–549.

Caplan LS, McQueen DV, Qualters JR, Leff M, Garrett C, Calonge N. Validity of women's self-reports of cancer screening test utilization in a managed care population. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2003;12(11 Pt 1):1182–1187.

Carley-Baxterl, Link M, Roe D, QuirozR. Does context really matter? Results from a Spanish language advance letter pilot. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Statistical Meetings/American Statistical Association Conference [CD-ROM]. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association; 2006.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comparison of observed and self-reported seat belt use rates—United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1988;37:549–551.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Proceedings of the 1993 NCHS Conference on the Cognitive Aspects of Self-Reported Health Status. Working Paper Series 1994;10:11–28.

Coates RJ, Serdula MK, Byers T, Mokdad A, Jewell S, Leonard SB, Ritenbaugh C, Newcomb P, Mares-Perlman J, Chavez N, Block G. A brief, telephone-administered food frequency questionnaire can be useful for surveillance of dietary fat intakes. Journal of Nutrition 1995;142:1473–1483.

Dayton J, Link M, Pels R, Ivie K. Improving response in Spanish-speaking households. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Statistical Meetings/American Statistical Association Conference [CD-ROM]. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association; 2006.

Degnan D, Harris R, Ranney J, Quade D, Earp J, Gonzalez J. Measuring the use of mammography: Two methods compared. American Journal of Public Health 1992;82:1386–1388.

Fowler, Jr. FJ, Fitzgerald G, Beatty P. When two questions are better than one. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 1999;956–961.

Gentry EM, Kalsbeek WD, Hogelin GC, Jones JT, Gaines KL, Forman MR, Marks JS, Trowbridge FL. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys: II. Design, methods, and estimates from combined state data. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1985;1(6):9–14.

Giles WH, Croft JB, Keenan NL, Lane MJ, Wheeler FC. The validity of self-reported hypertention and correlates of hypertension awareness among blacks and whites within the stroke belt. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1995;11(3):163–169.

Grayson K, Brustrom JE. Health survey reliability in an active duty population. Military Medicine 2001;166(7):632–636.

Hennessy CH, Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Scherr PA, Brackbill R. Measuring health-related quality of life for public health surveillance. Public Health Reports 1994;109(5):665–672.

Hunter WW, Stewart JR, Rodgman EA. Characteristics of seatbelt users and nonusers in a state with a mandatory belt use law. Health Education Research 1990;5:161–173.

Iachan R, Schulman J, Collins S, Powell-Griner E, Nelson DE. Methods for combining state BRFSS survey data for national estimation. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 1999;711–714.

Jackson C, Jatulis DE, Fortmann SP. The Behavioral Risk Factor Survey and the Stanford Five-City Project Survey: A comparison of cardiovascular risk behavior estimates. American Journal of Public Health 1992;82:412–416.

Jones DA, Ainsworth BE, Macera CA, Pratt M, Kimsey CD, Morgan A. Reliability and validity of walking questions in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1999;31(5 Suppl):S232.

Kristal AR, Shattuck AL, Henry HJ. Patterns of dietary behavior associated with selecting diets low in fat: Reliability and validity of a behavioral approach to dietary assessment. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1990;90(2):214–220.

Kristal AR, White E, Davis JR, Corycell G, Raghunathan T, Kinne S, Lin TK. Effects of enhanced calling efforts on response rates, estimates of health behavior, and costs in a telephone health survey using random-digit dialing. Public Health Reports 1993;108(3):372–379.

Link M. Predicting persistence and performance among newly recruited telephone interviewers. Field Methods 2006; 18(3):305-320.

Link M, Armsby P, Hubal R, Guinn C. Accessibility and acceptance of responsive virtual human technology as a telephone interviewer training tool. Computers and Human Behavior 2006; 22(2):412-426.

Link M, Battaglia M, Frankel M, Osborn L, Mokdad A. Address-based versus random-digit dial sampling; comparison of data quality from BRFSS mail and telephone surveys. In: Proceedings of the 2005 Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology Research Conference [CD-ROM]; Arlington, Virginia. Available at http://www.fcsm.gov/events/papers05.html

Link M, Battaglia M, Frankel M, Osborn L, Mokdad A. Address-based versus random-digit dialed surveys: comparison of key health and risk indicators. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006; 164: 1019 - 1025.

Link M, Battaglia M, Frankel M, Osborn L, Mokdad A. Mode and address frame alternatives to RDD. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Statistical Meetings/American Statistical Association Conference [CD-ROM]. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association; 2006.

Link M, Mokdad A. Advance letters as a means of improving respondent cooperation in random digit dial studies: a multistate experiment. Public Opinion Quarterly 2005; 69(4):1-16.

Link M, Mokdad A. Can web and mail survey modes improve participation in an RDD-based national health surveillance? Journal of Official Statistics 2006; 22(2):293-312.

Link M, Mokdad A. Rapid response health surveillance and the utility of small area estimates: responding to the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Statistical Meetings/American Statistical Association Conference [CD-ROM]. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association; 2006.

Link M, Mokdad A, Stackhouse H, Flowers N. Race, ethnicity, and linguistic isolation as determinants of participation in public health surveillance surveys. Preventing Chronic Disease 2006; 3(1).

Link M, Osborn l, InduniM, Battaglia M, Frankel M. Behavior coding real-time survey interpreters. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Statistical Meetings/American Statistical Association Conference [CD-ROM]. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association; 2006.

Martin LM, Leff M, Calonge N, Garrett C, Nelson DE. Validation of self-reported chronic conditions and health services in a managed care population. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2000;18(3):215–218.

Mokdad AH, Stroup DF, Giles WH. Public health surveillance for behavioral risk factors in a changing environment: Recommendations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Team. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2003;52(No. RR-9):1–12.

Nebot M, Celentano DD, Burwell L, Davis A, Davis M, Polacsek M, Santelli J. AIDS and behavioral risk factors in women in inner city Baltimore: a comparison of telephone and face to face surveys. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1994;48(4):412–418.

Nelson DE. Validity of self reported data on injury prevention behavior: lessons from observational and self reported surveys of safety belt use in the United States. Injury Prevention 1996;2(1):67–69.

Nelson DE, Holtzman D, Bolen J, Stanwyck CA, Mack KA. Reliability and validity of measures from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Social and Preventive Medicine 2001;46(Suppl 1):S3–S42.

Nelson DE, Holtzman D, Waller M, Leutzinger C, Condon K. Objectives and design of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Proceedings of the Section of Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 1998; 214–218.

Newschaeffer CJ. Validation of BRFSS health-related quality of life questions in a statewide sample. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1998.

Odom DM, Kalsbeek WD. Further analysis of telephone call history data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Proceedings of the Section of Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 1999; 398–403.

Patrick DL, Cheadle A, Thompson DC, Diehr P, Koepsell T, Kinne S. The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health 1994;84(7):1086–1093.

Pearson D, Cheadle A, Wagner E, Tonsberg R, Psaty BM. Differences in sociodemographic, health status, and lifestyle characteristics among American Indians by telephone coverage. Preventive Medicine 1994;23:461–464.

Powell-Griner E. Use and limitations of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Proceedings of the Section of Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 1998;219–223.

Remington PL, Smith MY, Williamson DF, Anda RF, Gentry EM, Hogelin GC. Design, characteristics, and usefulness of state-based behavioral risk factor surveillance 1981-1987. Public Health Reports 1988;103(4):366–375.

Robertson LS. Self-reports yield invalid results on seat belt use. American Journal of Public Health 1994;84(9):1525–1526.

Robertson LS. The validity of self-reported behavioral risk factors: seatbelt and alcohol use. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 1992;32(1):58–59.

Rowland ML. Self-reported weight and height. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;52(6):1125–33.

Rowland ML, Forthofer RN. Adjusting for nonresponse bias in a health examination survey. Public Health Reports 1993;108(3):380–386.

Serdula M, Coates R, Byers T, Mokdad A, Jewell S, Chavez N, Mares-Perlman J, Newcomb P, Ritenbaugh C, Treiber F, et al. Evaluation of a brief telephone questionnaire to estimate fruit and vegetable consumption in diverse study populations. Epidemiology 1993;4(5):455–463.

Serdula MK, Mokdad AH, Pamuk ER, Williamson DF, Byers T. Effects of question order on estimates of the prevalence of attempted weight loss. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995;142(1):64–67.

Serdula MK, Mokdad AH, Byers T, Siegel PZ. Assessing alcohol consumption: beverage-specific versus grouped-beverage questions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1999;60(1):99–102.

Sharlin KS, Heath GW, Ford ES, Welty TK. Hypertension and blood pressure awareness among American Indians of the northern plains. Ethnicity & Disease 1993;3(4):337–343.

Shea S, Stein AD, Lantigua R, Basch CE. Reliability of the Behavioral Risk Factor Survey in a triethnic population. American Journal of Epidemiology 1991;133:489–500.

Siegel PZ. Self-reported health status: Public health surveillance and small-area analysis. In proceedings of the 1993 NCHS conference on the cognitive aspects of self-reported health status, S. Schechter ed. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics Working Paper Series, 1994:11–27.

Siegel PZ, Franks AL. Potential bias in cardiovascular risk behavior study. American Journal of Public Health 1993;83(5):771–772.

Smith C, Frazier EL. Comparison of traditional and modified Waksberg. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 1993; 926–931.

Smith PF, Remington PL, Williamson DF, Anda RF. A comparison of alcohol sales data with survey data on self-reported alcohol use in 21 states. American Journal of Public Health 1990;80:309–312.

Smith-Warner SA, Elmer PJ, Fosdick L, Tharp TM, Randall B. Reliability and comparability of three dietary assessment methods for estimating fruit and vegetable intakes. Epidemiology 1997;8:196–201.

Starr GJ, Dal Grande E, Taylor AW, Wilson DH. Reliability of self-reported behavioral health risk factors in a South Australian telephone survey. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health 1999;23(5):528–530.

Stein AD, Lederman RI, Shea S. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire: Its reliability in a statewide sample. American Journal of Public Health 1993;83:1768–1772.

Stein AD, Courval JM, Lederman RI, Shea S. Reproducibility of responses to telephone interviews: demographic predictors of discordance to risk factor status. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995;141:1097–1105.

Stein AD, Lederman RI, Shea S. Reproducibility of the women’s health module of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire. Annals of Epidemiology 1996;6:47–52.

Streff FM, Wagenaar AC. Are there really shortcuts? Estimating seat belt use with self-report measures. Accident Analysis & Prevention 1989;21(6):509–516.

Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS, Salzberg PM, Wolf ME, Pearson DC. Use of behavioral risk factor surveys to predict alcohol-related motor vehicle events. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1993;9(4):224–230.

Verbrugee LM, Merrill SS, Liu X. Measuring disability with parsimony. Hyattsville, MD: Proceedings of the 25th Public Health Conference on Records and Statistics, 1995.







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This page last reviewed August 01, 2008

United States Department of Health and Human Services
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