Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly AdelgidUSDA Forest Service FHTET-2004-04.Contents
Technical Coordinators:Richard Reardon, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA Forest Service Brad Onken, Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service Authors:Carole Cheah, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Michael E. Montgomery, USDA Forest Service, Center for Forest Health Research Scott Salom, Virginia Tech, Dept. of Entomology Bruce L. Parker, Scott Costa, Margaret Skinner On the cover Clockwise from top left: adult coccinellids Sasajiscymnus tsugae (UGA1276009), Scymnus ningshanensis (UGA1276012), adult derodontid Laricobius nigrinus (UGA1276021), and Scymnus sinuanodulus (UGA1276011). Adapted to the Web This publication was adapted to the web by the Bugwood Network of the Univeristy of Georgia, Warnell School of Forest Resources and College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Dept. of Entomology. About this publication This publication covers the distribution, biology, damage, and biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) and is a substantial revision of FHTET-2000-08, Biological control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States, by Mark McClure, 2001. Acknowledgments Thanks to Chuck Benedict (ITX, Ft. Collins, Colorado) for editing this revised manuscript and for layout and design. The U.S. Department of Agriculture – Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia provided funding for the preparation and printing of this publication. Dedication We dedicate this publication to Mark McClure – recently retired from The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station – who conducted many of the early investigations into the hemlock woolly adelgid. His efforts provided a foundation for all the work now being carried out. For copies of this publication, please contact:
Photographs All images in the publication are available online at http://www.forestryimages.org and http://www.invasive.org. Reference numbers for the digital files appear in the figure captions in this publication (UGA 0000000). The entire publication is available online at http://www.bugwood.org and http://www.fs.fed.us/na/morgantown/fhp/hwa
The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. |