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Zoo, Circus and Marine Animals
Scimitar-horned oryx
Zoos, circuses, and marine mammal parks are regulated under the Animal Welfare Act and its regulations and inspected for compliance on a regular basis. Wildlife is not regulated unless exhibited to the public or used in research or teaching.
In the News
Welfare Implications of Elephant Training

Tigers, 2006
USDA. NAL. Animal Welfare Information Center.
This bibliography covers tiger biology, behavior, nutrition, feeds, reproduction, breeding and genetics, diseases, parasites, hand rearing, veterinary care and husbandry.
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Orca whaleMarine Mammals, 2006
USDA. NAL. Animal Welfare Information Center.
This bibliography contains sections on cetaceans and pinnipeds and covers topics including health, behavior, and effects of the environment.
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Animal Welfare Act
Government Printing Office.
The Animal Welfare Act was signed in 1966. It is the only Federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, commerce, and by dealers.
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Animal Welfare Regulations
Government Printing Office.
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 9, Chapter 1, Subchapter A - Animal Welfare:
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Guidelines for Zoo and Aquarium Veterinary Medical Programs and Veterinary Hospitals
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.
These guidelines cover veterinary medical programs at zoos including staffing, medical treatment and surgery, preventative medicine, management issues, and veterinary facilities.
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The Zoos Forum Handbook
UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
This handbook was developed for zoos and their stakeholders in the United Kingdom and contains chapters on
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Standards of Modern Zoo Practice
UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
Standards for zoos in the United Kingdom that protect the welfare of animals in zoos, ensure that zoos are safe places for the public to visit and make sure that zoos participate in appropriate conservation and public education measures.
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The Welfare of Zoo Animals
British & Irish Association of Zoos & Aquariums (BIAZA).
Summarises animal welfare concerns for zoological parks and aquariums.
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Design and Construction of Animal Exhibits
ZooLex Zoo Design Organization.
A bibliography, including links to abstracts, web sites, and full-text articles when available, on zoo design.
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National Wildlife Health Center
DOI. United States Geological Survey.
Provides information on research related to wildlife disease and mortality. Publications available include current health bulletins, fact sheets, and the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases.
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Animal Diversity Web
University of Michigan. Museum of Zoology.
An online database of animal natural history, distribution, classification, and conservation biology. Provides taxonomic description of organization above the species level, such as phyla, classes, orders, and families.
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Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo: Interim Report, 2004
National Academies Press.
This online book presents the results of a science-based review of the National Zoo in five chapters: introduction and background; animal care and management; record keeping; pest management; and mission and strategic planning.
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Animal Welfare Policy Statements
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Position statements covering recommendations on antimicrobial use, euthanasia, abuse, pain, and other important animal welfare concerns.
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bat flyingTreatment of Bat Casualties For Veterinary Surgeons  (PDF|68 KB)
Bat Conservation Trust.
Professional series on treating bat injuries. Wildlife casualties are increasingly part of general practice, but because of the small size and specialization for flying, bats present a particular challenge for the veterinary surgeon interested in wildlife.
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Last Modified: Aug 7, 2008  
Zoo, Circus and Marine Animals
    Exhibit Animal Species
    Transportation
    Disaster Planning
    Import/Export
    Environmental Enrichment
    Organizations
    Exotic Animals As Pets
See Also
    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
    National Marine Fisheries Service
    USDA Wildlife Services
    Pets and Wildlife Licensing and Health Requirements
    Centers for Disease Control, Animal and Animal Product Importation
    USDA Inspection Reports
    Reporting a Violation
    Locate a Wildlife Rehabilitator
    AZA Zoo and Aquarium Directory
    List of State Veterinarians
    Veterinary Medicine Libraries
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