About Weeds of the U.S.
NRCS Invasive Species Policy
Invasive Species Executive Order 13112
U.S. Weeds with Scientific Name =S*
175 records returned
Click on an accepted name below to view its PLANTS Profile with more information, and
web links if available. Invasive plants that are synonyms are indented beneath the
current PLANTS accepted name.
You may view invasive lists by source by clicking
on the source acronyms at the top of the report.
US |
Plant Protection and Quarantine. Federal noxious weed list (24 May 2006). USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington, DC |
|
USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine. Federal domestic quarantines (24 May 2006). USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine, Washington, DC |
STATE |
Assorted authors. 200_. State noxious weed lists for 46 states. State agriculture or natural resource departments |
Cal-IPC |
California Invasive Plant Council. California Invasive Plant Inventory. Cal-IPC Publication 2006-02 (1 February 2007). California Invasive Plant Council, Berkeley, California |
FLEPPC |
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. Invasive plant list (19 October 1999). Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, Florida |
HEAR |
USDI, Geological Survey. Information index for selected alien plants in Hawaii (20 October 2003). Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Makawao, Hawaii |
KY |
Haragan, P.D. Weeds of Kentucky and adjacent states: a field guide. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky |
N'EAST |
Uva, R.H., J.C. Neal, & J.M. DiTomaso. Weeds of the Northeast. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York |
NE&GP |
Stubbendieck, J., G.Y. Friisoe, & M.R. Bolick. Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains. Nebraska Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Lincoln, Nebraska |
SEEPPC |
Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council. Invasive exotic pest plants in Tennessee (19 October 1999). Research Committee of the Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council, Tennessee |
SWSS |
Southern Weed Science Society. Weeds of the United States and Canada. CD-ROM. Southern Weed Science Society, Champaign, Illinois |
WI |
Hoffman, R. & K. Kearns (eds.). Wisconsin manual of control recommendations for ecologically invasive plants. Wisconsin Dept. Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin |
WSWS |
Whitson, T.D. (ed.) et al. Weeds of the West. Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with Cooperative Extension Services, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming |
Symbol |
Scientific Name
Common Name |
Source |
Native Status* |
SASP |
Saccharum spontaneum ahlek loa wild cane wild sugarcane |
US, STATE |
HI (I), PR (I) |
SAIN |
Sacciolepis indica glenwoodgrass |
HEAR |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I) |
SAPR |
Sagina procumbens birdseye pearlwort procumbent pearlwort |
N'EAST |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (N), GL (N), SPM (N) |
SAGR |
Sagittaria graminea grassy arrowhead |
STATE, SWSS |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SALA2 |
Sagittaria latifolia broadleaf arrowhead |
SWSS |
L48 (N), HI (I), PR (N), CAN (N) |
SAMO |
Sagittaria montevidensis California arrowhead giant arrowhead |
SWSS |
L48 (I) |
SASA7 |
Sagittaria sagittifolia Hawaii arrowhead arrowhead |
US, STATE |
|
SALSO |
Salsola thistle |
STATE |
|
SACO8 |
Salsola collina slender Russian thistle |
STATE |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SAKA |
Salsola kali Russian thistle tumbleweed |
STATE |
L48 (I), CAN (W), SPM (W) |
SAPA8 |
Salsola paulsenii barbwire Russian thistle |
STATE |
L48 (I) |
SATR12 SAIB SAKAT6 |
Salsola tragus thistle Salsola iberica Russian thistle prickly Russian thistle tumbleweed tumbling thistle Salsola kali ssp. tenuifolia Russian thistle tumbleweed |
STATE STATE, NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS STATE |
L48 (I), HI (I), CAN (I) |
SAVE6 |
Salsola vermiculata wormleaf salsola |
US, STATE |
L48 (I) |
SAAE |
Salvia aethiopis African sage Mediterranean sage |
STATE, WSWS |
L48 (I) |
SALY2 |
Salvia lyrata lyreleaf sage |
SWSS |
L48 (N) |
SAPR2 |
Salvia pratensis meadow clary |
STATE |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SARE3 |
Salvia reflexa Rocky Mountain sage blue sage lambsleaf sage lanceleaf sage sage mint |
NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (N), CAN (W) |
SASC2 |
Salvia sclarea clary sage |
STATE |
L48 (I), CAN (W) |
SASU11 SAVI16 |
Salvia ×superba Salvia virgata meadow sage |
STATE |
L48 (I) |
SALVI2 |
Salvinia salvinia |
STATE |
|
SAAU |
Salvinia auriculata eared watermoss |
US, STATE |
PR (I) |
SABI9 |
Salvinia biloba giant salvinia |
US, STATE |
|
SAHE7 |
Salvinia herzogii giant salvinia |
US, STATE |
|
SAMO5 |
Salvinia molesta African payal giant salvinia kariba weed salvinia water fern |
US, STATE, Cal-IPC |
L48 (I), HI (I) |
SAHY2 |
Sansevieria hyacinthoides bowstring hemp |
FLEPPC |
L48 (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
SAOF4 |
Saponaria officinalis bouncing bet soapwort sweet Betty |
STATE, Cal-IPC, KY, NE&GP, WSWS |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SAVE4 |
Sarcobatus vermiculatus greasewood |
WSWS |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SACE |
Saururus cernuus lizard's tail |
SWSS |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SCSE6 |
Scaevola sericea beach naupaka |
FLEPPC |
L48 (N), HI (N) |
SCPA |
Schedonnardus paniculatus tumblegrass |
NE&GP |
L48 (N), HI (I), CAN (N) |
SCPH FEAR3 |
Schedonorus phoenix Festuca arundinacea Alta fescue coarse fescue reed fescue tall fescue |
Cal-IPC, N'EAST, NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), CAN (I), SPM (I) |
SCPR4 FEPR |
Schedonorus pratensis Festuca pratensis tall fescue |
SEEPPC |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (I), GL (I), SPM (I) |
SCAC2 |
Schefflera actinophylla brassaia ivy palm octopus tree schefflera umbrella tree |
FLEPPC, HEAR |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
SCMO |
Schinus molle American pepper Peruvian peppertree escobilla false pepper molle del Peru pepper tree |
Cal-IPC |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I) |
SCTE |
Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper-tree Christmas berry Florida holly faux poivrier warui |
STATE, Cal-IPC, FLEPPC, HEAR |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
SCAR |
Schismus arabicus Arabian schismus Mediterranean grass |
Cal-IPC |
L48 (I) |
SCBA |
Schismus barbatus Mediterranean grass |
Cal-IPC |
L48 (I) |
SCCO10 |
Schizachyrium condensatum bush beargrass little bluestem |
HEAR |
HI (I) |
SCACA SCAC |
Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus Scirpus acutus hardstem bulrush |
SWSS |
L48 (N), AK (N), CAN (N), SPM (N) |
SCMU10 |
Schoenoplectus mucronatus bog bulrush ricefield bulrush |
SWSS |
L48 (I), HI (I), CAN (I) |
SCAN2 |
Scleranthus annuus German knotgrass knawel |
N'EAST |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SCDU2 |
Sclerochloa dura common hardgrass hardgrass tufted hardgrass |
WSWS |
L48 (I), CAN (N) |
SCOLY |
Scolymus thistle |
STATE |
|
SCHI |
Scolymus hispanicus golden thistle |
STATE |
L48 (I) |
SCDU3 |
Scoparia dulcis licorice weed |
SWSS |
L48 (N), PR (N), VI (N) |
SECE |
Secale cereale cereal rye common rye |
STATE, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (W), GL (W) |
SEVA4 COVA2 |
Securigera varia Coronilla varia crownvetch purple crownvetch |
SEEPPC, WI |
L48 (I), HI (I), CAN (I) |
SEJA |
Senecio jacobaea ragwort tansy ragwort |
STATE, Cal-IPC, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), CAN (I), SPM (I) |
SEMA15 |
Senecio madagascariensis Madagascar groundsel Madagascar ragwort fireweed |
STATE, HEAR |
HI (I) |
SERI2 |
Senecio riddellii Riddell groundsel Riddell ragwort |
NE&GP, WSWS |
L48 (N) |
SESQ |
Senecio squalidus Oxford ragwort |
STATE |
L48 (I), CAN (N) |
SEVU |
Senecio vulgaris common groundsel ragwort |
STATE, N'EAST, SEEPPC, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), CAN (I), GL (I), SPM (I) |
SEOB4 CAOB5 |
Senna obtusifolia sicklepod senna Cassia obtusifolia Java bean sicklepod |
SEEPPC SWSS |
L48 (N), HI (I), PR (N), VI (N) |
SEOC2 CAOC3 |
Senna occidentalis coffee senna Cassia occidentalis coffee senna septicweed |
SEEPPC SWSS |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
SEPEG |
Senna pendula var. glabrata Christmas cassia Christmas senna climbing cassia |
FLEPPC |
L48 (N) |
SEHE8 SEEX |
Sesbania herbacea Sesbania exaltata bigpod sesbania hemp sesbania |
STATE, KY, SWSS |
L48 (N), CAN (W) |
SEPU7 |
Sesbania punicea rattelbox |
Cal-IPC, FLEPPC |
L48 (I) |
SEFA |
Setaria faberi Chinese foxtail Chinese millet giant bristlegrass giant foxtail nodding foxtail |
STATE, KY, NE&GP, SEEPPC, SWSS |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SEIT |
Setaria italica Italian foxtail foxtail bristlegrass foxtail-millet |
SEEPPC |
L48 (I), VI (I), CAN (W) |
SEPA6 |
Setaria palmifolia broadleaved bristlegrass hailans pitpit palmgrass short pitpit |
HEAR |
HI (I) |
SEPA10 SEGE |
Setaria parviflora Setaria geniculata marsh bristlegrass |
SWSS |
L48 (N), HI (I), PR (N), VI (N) |
SEPU8 |
Setaria pumila cattail grass smooth millet |
SEEPPC |
L48 (I), HI (I), CAN (I), SPM (W) |
SEPUP3 SEPA82 |
Setaria pumila ssp. pallidefusca Setaria pallidifusca cattail grass yellow bristlegrass |
US, STATE |
L48 (I) |
SEPUP2 SEGL2 |
Setaria pumila ssp. pumila Setaria glauca pearl millet pigeongrass wild millet yellow bristlegrass yellow foxtail |
STATE, N'EAST, NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), HI (I), CAN (I), SPM (W) |
SEVE3 |
Setaria verticillata bristly foxtail bur bristlegrass hooked bristlegrass |
HEAR, NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), HI (I), CAN (I) |
SEVI4 |
Setaria viridis bottle grass green bristlegrass green foxtail green millet pigeongrass wild millet |
STATE, NE&GP, SEEPPC, SWSS |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SIVI2 |
Sibara virginica Virginia winged rockcress sibara |
KY |
L48 (N) |
SIAN |
Sicyos angulatus bur cucumber wall bur cucumber |
STATE, KY, N'EAST, NE&GP, SWSS |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SIRH |
Sida rhombifolia Cuban jute |
SWSS |
L48 (N), HI (I?), PR (N), VI (N) |
SISP |
Sida spinosa prickly fanpetals prickly sida |
KY, N'EAST, SWSS |
L48 (N), HI (I), PR (N), VI (N), CAN (I) |
SICO4 |
Silene conoidea cone catchfly weed silene |
WSWS |
L48 (I), CAN (W) |
SILAA3 SIAL12 |
Silene latifolia ssp. alba evening lychnis white campion white cockle Silene alba bladder campion white campion white cockle |
STATE N'EAST, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I) |
SINO |
Silene noctiflora night-flowering catchfly sticky cockle |
NE&GP, SWSS |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (I) |
SIVU |
Silene vulgaris bladder campion cowbell maiden's tears rattleweed |
SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (I), GL (I) |
SIPE2 |
Silphium perfoliatum cup plant |
STATE |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SILYB |
Silybum thistle |
STATE |
|
SIMA3 |
Silybum marianum blessed milkthistle milk thistle spotted thistle variegated thistle |
STATE, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SINAP |
Sinapis mustard |
STATE |
|
SIARA BRAR11 BRKA BRKAP2 |
Sinapis arvensis ssp. arvensis Brassica arvensis wild mustard Brassica kaber canola charlock mustard kaber mustard rapeseed wild mustard Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida wild mustard |
STATE STATE, N'EAST, NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS STATE |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), VI (I), CAN (I), GL (I), SPM (I) |
SIAL2 |
Sisymbrium altissimum Jim Hill mustard tall mustard tumble mustard tumbleweed mustard |
NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), CAN (I) |
SIIR |
Sisymbrium irio London rocket |
SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), HI (I) |
SILO3 |
Sisymbrium loeselii small tumbleweed mustard tallhedge mustard |
NE&GP |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SIOF SIOFL |
Sisymbrium officinale hedge mustard hedgeweed Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum hedge mustard hedgeweed |
N'EAST KY |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), CAN (I), SPM (W) |
SMRO |
Smilax rotundifolia bullbriar common catbriar common greenbriar horsebriar roundleaf greenbriar |
N'EAST |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SOAM |
Solanum americanum American black nightshade |
SWSS |
L48 (N), HI (N?), PR (N), VI (N), CAN (I) |
SOCA19 |
Solanum cardiophyllum heartleaf nightshade |
STATE |
L48 (I) |
SOCA3 |
Solanum carolinense Carolina horsenettle apple of Sodom bull nettle devil's tomato horsenettle sand briar |
STATE, KY, N'EAST, NE&GP, SWSS |
L48 (N), CAN (I) |
SODI |
Solanum dimidiatum Torrey's nightshade |
STATE |
L48 (N) |
SODI2 |
Solanum diphyllum twinleaf nightshade |
FLEPPC |
L48 (I) |
SODU |
Solanum dulcamara European bittersweet bitter nightshade bittersweet nightshade blue nightshade fellenwort woody nightshade |
KY, N'EAST, SEEPPC, WSWS |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SOEL |
Solanum elaeagnifolium silverleaf nightshade tomato weed trompillo white horsenettle |
STATE, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (N), HI (I), PR (N) |
SOJA3 |
Solanum jamaicense Jamaica nightshade |
FLEPPC |
L48 (N), PR (N) |
SOLA |
Solanum lanceolatum lanceleaf nightshade |
STATE |
L48 (I) |
SOMA |
Solanum marginatum white-margined nightshade |
STATE |
L48 (I) |
SONI |
Solanum nigrum black nightshade deadly nightshade garden nightshade |
STATE, SWSS, WI, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), VI (I), CAN (I) |
SOPH SOSA8 |
Solanum physalifolium Solanum sarrachoides hairy nightshade hoe nightshade |
STATE, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (I) |
SOPT7 SOPT3 |
Solanum ptycanthum Solanum ptychanthum Eastern black nightshade black nightshade |
KY, N'EAST, NE&GP, SWSS |
L48 (N), AK (I), HI (I), VI (I), CAN (N) |
SORO3 |
Solanum robustum shrubby nightshade |
STATE |
HI (I) |
SORO |
Solanum rostratum Colorado bur Kansas thistle Mexican thistle Texas thistle buffalobur buffalobur nightshade |
STATE, NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (N), CAN (W) |
SOTA3 |
Solanum tampicense aquatic soda apple wetland nightshade |
US, STATE, FLEPPC |
L48 (I) |
SOTO4 |
Solanum torvum bhankatiya devil's fig fausse aubergine kausoni prickly solanum turkeyberry |
US, STATE, FLEPPC, WSWS |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
SOTR |
Solanum triflorum cutleaf nightshade |
WSWS |
L48 (N), CAN (I) |
SOVI2 |
Solanum viarum tropical soda apple |
US, STATE, FLEPPC, SEEPPC, SWSS |
L48 (I) |
SOAL6 |
Solidago altissima Canada goldenrod |
SWSS |
L48 (N), HI (I), CAN (N) |
SOCA6 |
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod common goldenrod |
N'EAST, WSWS |
L48 (N), AK (N), CAN (N) |
SOMI2 |
Solidago missouriensis Missouri goldenrod prairie goldenrod |
NE&GP |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SOSE2 SOPT |
Soliva sessilis lawnweed Soliva pterosperma field burrweed |
STATE SWSS |
L48 (I), HI (I), CAN (I) |
SOAR2 |
Sonchus arvensis creeping sowthistle field sowthistle perennial sowthistle |
STATE, N'EAST, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (I), SPM (I) |
SOARA2 |
Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis perennial sowthistle |
STATE |
L48 (I), CAN (I), SPM (I) |
SOARU |
Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus marsh sowthistle moist sowthistle |
WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (I) |
SOAS |
Sonchus asper perennial sowthistle prickly sowthistle spiny sowthistle |
KY, NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), PR (I), CAN (I), SPM (I) |
SOOL |
Sonchus oleraceus annual sowthistle pualele sow thistle |
N'EAST, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I), CAN (I), SPM (I) |
SONU2 |
Sorghastrum nutans Indiangrass |
SWSS |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SOAL |
Sorghum almum Columbus grass |
STATE, SWSS |
L48 (I) |
SOBI2 |
Sorghum bicolor black amber chicken corn shattercane sorghum wild cane |
STATE, N'EAST, NE&GP, SWSS |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I), CAN (I) |
SOHA |
Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass aleppo milletgrass herbe de Cuba sorgho d'Alep sorgo de alepo zacate Johnson |
STATE, KY, N'EAST, NE&GP, SEEPPC, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), CAN (I) |
SOPR3 |
Sorghum propinquum sorghum |
STATE |
|
SPER |
Sparganium erectum branched burreed exotic bur-reed simplestem bur-reed |
US, STATE |
L48 (N) |
SPAL |
Spartina alterniflora Atlantic cordgrass smooth cordgrass |
STATE, Cal-IPC |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SPAN5 |
Spartina anglica common cordgrass |
STATE, Cal-IPC |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SPDE2 |
Spartina densiflora denseflower cordgrass |
STATE, Cal-IPC |
L48 (I) |
SPPA |
Spartina patens salt meadow cordgrass |
STATE, Cal-IPC |
L48 (N), PR (N), VI (N), CAN (N) |
SPJU2 |
Spartium junceum Spanish broom weaver's broom |
STATE, Cal-IPC |
L48 (I), HI (I) |
SPCA2 |
Spathodea campanulata African tuliptree fireball fountain tree rarningobchey tulipier du Gabon |
HEAR |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
SPAR |
Spergula arvensis corn spurry devil's gut pickpurse sandweed |
WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), CAN (I), GL (I), SPM (I) |
SPAL3 BOAL4 |
Spermacoce alata borreria winged false buttonweed Borreria alata broadleaf buttonweed winged false buttonweed |
US, STATE STATE |
|
SPCO |
Sphaeralcea coccinea copper mallow red falsemallow scarlet globemallow |
NE&GP, WSWS |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SPSA3 |
Sphaerophysa salsula Austrian peaweed Swainsonpea |
STATE, WSWS |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SPTR6 WETR |
Sphagneticola trilobata Wedelia trilobata Bay Biscayne creeping oxeye wedelia |
FLEPPC, HEAR |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
SPZE |
Sphenoclea zeylanica chickenspike |
SWSS |
L48 (I), PR (I) |
SPJA |
Spiraea japonica Japanese spiraea |
SEEPPC |
L48 (I), CAN (I) |
SPCR |
Sporobolus cryptandrus sand dropseed |
NE&GP |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SPIN4 |
Sporobolus indicus smut grass |
SWSS |
L48 (NI), HI (I), PR (N), VI (I) |
SPVA |
Sporobolus vaginiflorus poverty dropseed poverty grass |
NE&GP |
L48 (N), CAN (NI?) |
STFL4 |
Stachys floridana Florida betony |
STATE, SEEPPC |
L48 (N) |
STGR |
Stellaria graminea grassleaved stichwort grasslike starwort grassy starwort little starwort |
N'EAST |
L48 (I), CAN (I), SPM (I) |
STME2 |
Stellaria media common chickweed |
KY, N'EAST, NE&GP, SWSS, WSWS |
L48 (I), AK (I), HI (I), CAN (I), GL (I), SPM (I) |
STAL6 |
Stratiotes aloides water soldiers |
STATE |
|
STRIG |
Striga witchweed |
US, STATE |
|
STAS2 |
Striga asiatica Asiatic witchweed witchweed |
STATE, SWSS |
L48 (I) |
SYOC |
Symphoricarpos occidentalis western snowberry wolfberry |
NE&GP |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SYDI2 ASEX5 ASSUL |
Symphyotrichum divaricatum Aster exilis slender aster Aster subulatus var. ligulatus panicled aster saltmarsh aster slender aster southern annual saltmarsh aster |
SWSS NE&GP |
L48 (N) |
SYERE ASER3 |
Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides Aster ericoides heath aster white aster white heath aster |
NE&GP |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SYPIP3 ASPI2 |
Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum Aster pilosus white heath aster |
KY, N'EAST |
L48 (N), CAN (N) |
SYAS |
Symphytum asperum consoude apre prickly comfrey rough comfrey |
STATE |
L48 (I), AK (I), CAN (I) |
SYPO |
Syngonium podophyllum arrowhead vine |
FLEPPC |
L48 (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
SYCU |
Syzygium cumini Java plum duhat jambolan plum jamelonguier kavika ni India mesegerak |
FLEPPC, HEAR |
L48 (I), HI (I) |
SYJA |
Syzygium jambos Malabar plum apel en wai iouen wai kavika ni India kavika ni vavalangi rose-apple |
FLEPPC, HEAR |
L48 (I), HI (I), PR (I), VI (I) |
|
|