The following are a list of terms that you may find helpful in using MarketMaker. In addition, there may be links within the definition that will elaborate on the term.

• Attributes
• Method of Sales
• Industry Classification: SIC/NAICS Categories
• Profile Glossary of Definitions
  • Census Tract
  • Age
  • Household
  • Family Type
  • Race
  • Hispanic
  • Income
  • Foreign Born Population
    

ATTRIBUTES

Certified Humane Care: The egg, dairy, meat or poultry product has been produced with the welfare of the farm animal in mind. Food products that carry the label are certified to have come from facilities that meet precise, objective standards for farm animal treatment. For the specific animal standards set for this certification, see the Humane Farm Animal Care website at http://www.certifiedhumane.com/whatis.html

Certified Organic: Organic agriculture is a system of production that promotes management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony while minimizing the use of off-farm inputs. Meat certified as organic is from animals that cannot have been raised using antibiotics or other drugs. They also must have been raised on organic feed, grown in soil certified free of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. The equipment and mill that mix and deliver the organic feed, as well as the meat processing plant, also must meet organic standards. http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/

Free Range: Animals receive plenty of sunshine, exercise and space. Since the terms "grass-fed" or "pasture-raised" do not yet have a standard meaning, consumers cannot be certain about exactly what conditions are implied by the label. Producers must demonstrate to the Agency that the poultry has been allowed access to the outside.

GMO Feed Free/GMO Free: A product that does not contain genetically modified organisms. What are Genetically Modified (GM) Foods?
Although "biotechnology" and "genetic modification" commonly are used interchangeably, GM is a special set of technologies that alter the genetic makeup of such living organisms as animals, plants, or bacteria. Biotechnology, a more general term, refers to using living organisms or their components, such as enzymes, to make products that include wine, cheese, beer, and yogurt. Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology, and the resulting organism is said to be "genetically modified," "genetically engineered," or "transgenic." GM products (current or in the pipeline) include medicines and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds, and fibers. http://www.cropchoice.com/leadstry.asp?recid=517

Halal: Products prepared by federally inspected meat packing plants identified with labels bearing references to "Halal" or "Zabiah Halal" must be handled according to Islamic law and under Islamic authority. The word Haram means forbidden or unlawful.
For a product to be Halal it must be:

• Free of, and not containing any substance or ingredient taken or extracted from a Haram animal or ingredient. All the raw material and ingredients used must be Halal.
• From naturally Halal animals, such as cattle, goat, sheep, etc. and slaughtered according to Islamic rites.
• Made, processed, produced, manufactured and/or stored by using utensils, equipment and/or machinery that has been cleansed according to Islamic law.
• Free of contamination and must not come into contact with Haram substances during preparation, production, manufacture processing and/or storage. Halal ingredients must not be mixed with objectionable ingredients.
• Any group of foods cheese, meat etc., may be combined with others and consumed, as long as no prohibited foods are included.
  http://www.icbcs.org/halal.htm

Hormone Free – Beef: The term “no hormones administered” may be approved for use on the label of beef products if the producer provides sufficient documentation to the Agency showing no hormones have been used in raising the animals.

Hormone Free – Pork or Poultry: Hormones are not allowed in raising hogs or poultry. Therefore, the claim “no hormones added” cannot be used on the labels of pork or poultry unless it is followed by a statement that says, “Federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones.”

Hydroponics: The term hydroponics is used to describe many different types of systems for growing plants without soil. Among the most common are: water culture, aquaculture, or nutriculture, aggregate culture, aeroponics, continuous flow systems.
http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~vista/html_pubs/hydro/intro.html

Kosher: "Kosher" may be used only on the labels of meat and poultry products prepared under Rabbinical supervision.
http://ou.org/Kosher/primer.html
http://www.okkosher.com/Content.asp?ID=120

Natural: A product containing no artificial ingredient or added color and is only minimally processed (a process which does not fundamentally alter the raw product) may be labeled natural. The label must explain the use of the term natural (such as - no added colorings or artificial ingredients; minimally processed.)

No Antibiotics Fed/No Antibiotics Ever: Many producers raise meat without antibiotics. It's hard to know exactly how livestock or poultry have been raised just from reading a label on the meat product, but it's a good place to start. Many operations that do not use antibiotics have been certified organic, and their meat products are labeled accordingly. Others raise livestock according to animal welfare standards set by private organizations. A number raise animals only on grass and market their meat as "free range," "pasture-raised," "grass-fed" or "all-natural." The U.S. Department of Agriculture allows meat to carry "no antibiotics" on the label if "sufficient documentation is provided by the producer to the Agency demonstrating that the animals were raised without antibiotics."
http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_environment/antibiotic_resistance/page.cfm?pageID=977

Source-Verified: Knowing the origin of the product.

METHOD OF SALES

Direct

• Community Supported Agriculture (CSA): In basic terms, CSA consists of a community of individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that the farmland becomes, either legally or spiritually, the community’s farm, with the growers and consumers providing mutual support and sharing the risks and benefits of food production. Typically, members or “share-holders” of the farm or garden pledge in advance to cover the anticipated costs of the farm operation and farmer’s salary. In return, they receive shares in the farm’s bounty throughout the growing season, as well as satisfaction gained from reconnecting to the land and participating directly in food production. Members also share in the risks of farming, including poor harvests due to unfavorable weather or pests. By direct sales to community members, who have provided the farmer with working capital in advance, growers receive better prices for their crops, gain some financial security, and are relieved of much of the burden of marketing.
• Farmers’ Market: A Farmers Market is one in which farmers, growers or producers from a defined local area are present in person to sell their own produce, direct to the public. All products sold should have been grown, reared, caught, brewed, pickled, baked, smoked or processed by the stallholder. For more information, see the following sites
  http://www.farmersmarkets.net/
  http://www.ams.usda.gov/farmersmarkets/
  http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/farmmrkt.html
• On Farm Sales: On-farm sales include Pick-Your-Own (PYO) and Roadside Stands or farm markets. Pick-your-own began in response to the 1974 energy crisis, appealing to customers (mainly families) who had the time and the necessary expertise to process their own foods in quantity. More recently, PYO enterprises have been integrated into the growing “farm entertainment” sector. Marketing strategies may include educational tours, an on-farm market with opportunities to buy fresh produce or value-added products, ready-to-eat food, festivals, classes, seasonal events such as a personalized pumpkin patch, or agricultural mazes. A buffalo ranch, besides selling hides and meat, may charge admission to view the animals.
• Retail: Selling directly to a retailer
• Wholesale: Selling directly to a wholesaler/distributor
  

Mail Order: Selling product to consumers through a catalog.

Internet: Selling product to consumers through a website.

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION: SIC/NAICS CATEGORIES

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes are four digit numerical codes assigned by the U.S. government to business establishments to identify the primary business of the establishment. The classification was developed to facilitate the collection, presentation, and analysis of data; and to promote uniformity and comparability in the presentation of statistical data collected by various agencies of the federal government, state agencies, and private organizations. The classification covers all economic activities: agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, and trapping; mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation; communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; personal, business, professional, repair, recreation, and other services; and public administration.

20-Manufacturing/Food and kindred products: This major group includes establishments manufacturing or processing foods and beverages for human consumption, and certain related products, such as manufactured ice, chewing gum, vegetable and animal fats and oils, and prepared feeds for animals and fowls. Products described as dietetic are classified in the same manner as non-dietetic products (e.g., as candy, canned fruits, cookies).

51-Wholesale-Nondurable: This major group includes establishments primarily engaged in the wholesale distribution of non-durable goods.

54-Retail Trade: This major group includes retail stores primarily engaged in selling food for home preparation and consumption. Establishments primarily engaged in selling prepared foods and drinks for consumption on the premises are classified in Major Group 58.

58-Retail Trade: This major group includes retail establishments selling prepared foods and drinks for consumption on the premises; and also lunch counters and refreshment stands selling prepared foods and drinks for immediate consumption. Restaurants, lunch counters, and drinking places operated as a subordinate service facility by other establishments are not included in this industry, unless they are operated as leased departments by outside operators.

What is NAICS?
Beginning in 1997, the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) was replaced by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). NAICS are six digit numerical codes assigned by the U.S. government to business establishments to identify the primary business of the establishment. The classification was developed to facilitate the collection, presentation, and analysis of data; and to promote uniformity and comparability in the presentation of statistical data collected by various agencies of the federal government, state agencies and private organizations. The classification covers all economic activities:

The first three digits of the NAICS codes used for this website and a brief description are listed below:

311 – Food Manufacturing: This major group includes establishments that transform livestock and agricultural products into products for intermediate or final consumption. The industry groups are distinguished by the raw materials (generally of animal or vegetable origin) processed into food products. The food products manufactured in these establishments are typically sold to wholesalers or retailers for distribution to consumers. Establishments primarily engaged in retailing bakery and candy products made on the premises not for immediate consumption are included.

424 - Grocery and Related Product Merchant Wholesalers: This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in the merchant wholesale distribution of a general line (wide range) of groceries.

445 - Food and Beverage Stores: This major group usually sells food and beverages from fixed point-of-sale locations. They have special equipment (e.g., freezers, refrigerated display cases, refrigerators) for displaying food and beverage goods. They have staff trained in the processing of food products to guarantee the proper storage and sanitary conditions required by regulatory authority.

722 – Food Services and Drinking Places: Establishments in this group prepare meals, snacks, and beverages to customer order for immediate on-premises and off-premises consumption. Some provide food and drink only while others provide various combinations of seating space, waiter/waitress services and incidental amenities, such as limited entertainment. They are grouped based on the type and level of services provided.

MARKETMAKER PROFILE GLOSSARY OF DEFINITIONS

The MarketMaker profiles are compiled from census tract level data published in the Census 2000 Summary File 3 data base. A full description of the data and additional tools for accessing Census data are available at the Bureau of the Census website at www.census.gov. This glossary will provide the user basic descriptions of the data sources and variables included in the profile.

Summary File 3 Overview
Summary File 3 (SF 3) contains the sample data, which is the information compiled from the questions asked of a sample of all people and housing units. About one out of every six households completes this ‘long form’ survey. Unlike the ‘short form’ survey distributed to all housing units, this form asks dozens of detailed questions about households and families employment status, income, housing, mobility and other personal and family characteristics.

Census Tract
Census tracts are small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county or statistically equivalent entity. The primary purpose of census tracts is to provide a stable set of geographic units for the presentation of decennial census data. This is the first decennial census for which the entire United States is covered by census tracts. For the 1990 census, some counties had census tracts and others had block numbering areas (BNAs). For Census 2000, all BNAs were replaced by census tracts, which may or may not represent the same areas.

Census tracts in the United States generally have between 1,500 and 8,000 people, with an optimum size of 4,000 people. Counties and statistically equivalent entities with fewer than 1,500 people have a single census tract. When first delineated, census tracts are designed to be relatively homogeneous with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions. The spatial size of census tracts varies widely depending on the density of settlement. Census tract boundaries are delineated with the intention of being maintained over many decades so that statistical comparisons can be made from decennial census to decennial census. However, physical changes in street patterns caused by highway construction, new developments, and so forth, may require occasional boundary revisions. In addition, census tracts occasionally are split due to population growth or combined as a result of substantial population decline.

Age
The data on age, which was asked of all people, were derived from answers to the long-form questionnaire Item 4 and short-form questionnaire Item 6. The age classification is based on the age of the person in complete years as of April 1, 2000. The age of the person usually was derived from their date of birth information. Their reported age was used only when date of birth information was unavailable.

Household
A household includes all of the people who occupy a housing unit. (People not living in households are classified as living in group quarters.) A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a mobile home, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied (or if vacant, intended for occupancy) as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live separately from any other people in the building and that have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated people who share living quarters. In 100-percent tabulations, the count of households or householders always equals the count of occupied housing units. In sample tabulations, the numbers may differ as a result of the weighting process.

Family Type
A family includes a householder and one or more other people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. All people in a household who are related to the householder are regarded as members of his or her family. A family household may
contain people not related to the householder, but those people are not included as part of the householder’s family in census tabulations. Thus, the number of family households is equal to the number of families, but family households may include more members than do families. A household can contain only one family for purposes of census tabulations. Not all households contain families since a household may be comprised of a group of unrelated people or of one person living alone. These nonfamily households include all persons living alone or with nonrelatives.

Race
The data on race, which was asked of all people, were derived from answers to long-form questionnaire Item 6 and short-form questionnaire Item 8. The concept of race, as used by the Census Bureau, reflects self-identification by people according to the race or races with which they most closely identify. These categories are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as being scientific or anthropological in nature. Furthermore, the race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.

• White: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as ‘‘White’’ or report entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish.
• Black or African American: A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as ‘‘Black, African Am., or Negro,’’ or provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.
• American Indian or Alaska Native: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment. It includes people who classified themselves as described below.
• Asian: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes ‘‘Asian Indian,’’ ‘‘Chinese,’’ ‘‘Filipino,’’ ‘‘Korean,’’ ‘‘Japanese,’’ ‘‘Vietnamese,’’ and ‘‘Other Asian.’’
• Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. It includes people who indicate their race as ‘‘Native Hawaiian,’’ ‘‘Guamanian or Chamorro,’’ ‘‘Samoan,’’ and ‘‘Other Pacific Islander.’’
• Some other race: This category includes all other responses not included in the ‘‘White,’’ ‘‘Black or African American,’’ ‘‘American Indian or Alaska Native,’’ ‘‘Asian,’’ and ‘‘Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander’’ race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, or a Hispanic/Latino group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the ‘‘Some other race’’ write-in space are included in this category.
• Two or more races: People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses.

Hispanic
The terms ‘‘Spanish,’’ ‘‘Hispanic origin,’’ and ‘‘Latino’’ are used interchangeably. Some respondents identify with all three terms, while others may identify with only one of these three specific terms. Hispanics or Latinos who identify with the terms ‘‘Spanish,’’ ‘‘Hispanic,’’ or ‘‘Latino’’ are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the questionnaire — ‘‘Mexican,’’ ‘‘Puerto Rican,’’ or ‘‘Cuban’’ — as well as those who indicate that they are ‘‘other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.’’ People who do not identify with one of the specific origins listed on the questionnaire but indicate that they are ‘‘other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino’’ are those whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, the Dominican Republic, or people identifying themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish-American, Hispanic, Hispano, Latino, and so on. All write-in responses to the ‘‘other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino’’ category were coded.

Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person’s parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race.

Income
The data on income in 1999 were derived from answers to long-form questionnaire Items 31 and 32, which were asked of a sample of the population 15 years old and over. ‘‘Total income’’ is the sum of the amounts reported separately for wage or salary income; net self-employment income; interest, dividends, or net rental or royalty income or income from estates and trusts; social security or railroad retirement income; Supplemental Security Income (SSI); public assistance or welfare payments; retirement, survivor, or disability pensions; and all other income. ‘‘Earnings’’ are defined as the sum of wage or salary income and net income from self employment. ‘‘Earnings’’ represent the amount of income received regularly for people 16 years old and over before deductions for personal income taxes, social security, bond purchases, union dues, medicare deductions, etc.

Receipts from the following sources are not included as income: capital gains, money received from the sale of property (unless the recipient was engaged in the business of selling such property); the value of income ‘‘in kind’’ from food stamps, public housing subsidies, medical care, employer contributions for individuals, etc.; withdrawal of bank deposits; money borrowed; tax refunds; exchange of money between relatives living in the same household; and gifts and lump-sum inheritances, insurance payments, and other types of lump-sum receipts.

• Income of households: This includes the income of the householder and all other individuals 15 years old and over in the household, whether they are related to the householder or not. Because many households consist of only one person, average household income is usually less than average family income. Although the household income statistics cover calendar year 1999, the characteristics of individuals and the composition of households refer to the time of enumeration (April 1, 2000). Thus, the income of the household does not include amounts received by individuals who were members of the household during all or part of calendar year 1999 if these individuals no longer resided in the household at the time of enumeration. Similarly, income amounts reported by individuals who did not reside in the household during 1999 but who were members of the household at the time of enumeration are included. However, the composition of most households was the same during 1999 as at the time of enumeration.
• Median income: The median divides the income distribution into two equal parts: one-half of the cases falling below the median income and one-half above the median. For households and families, the median income is based on the distribution of the total number of households and families including those with no income. The median income for individuals is based on individuals 15 years old and over with income. Median income for households, families, and individuals is computed on the basis of a standard distribution. Median income is rounded to the nearest whole dollar.
• Aggregate income: Aggregate income is the sum of all incomes for a particular universe. Aggregate income is subject to rounding, which means that all cells in a matrix are rounded to the nearest hundred dollars.

Foreign Born Population
The foreign-born population includes all people who were not U.S. citizens at birth. Foreign-born people are those who indicated they were either a U.S. citizen by naturalization or they were not a citizen of the United States. Census 2000 does not ask about immigration status. The population surveyed includes all people who indicated that the United States was their usual place of residence on the census date. The foreign-born population includes: immigrants (legal permanent residents), temporary migrants (e.g., students), humanitarian migrants (e.g., refugees), and unauthorized migrants (people illegally residing in the United States).

The foreign-born population is shown by selected area, country, or region of birth. The places of birth shown in data products were chosen based on the number of respondents who reported that area or country of birth.

Aggregations of Countries in the MarketMakerProfile