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DEDICATION ................................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................7..................................................... PREFACE ........................................ 9 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 12 Section One: The History of Black Business ...................................... ..... 13 CHAPTER ONE: HISTORY OF BLACK BUSINESSES BEFORE 1970 ........ 14 ADVENTURERS ......................................................................Is.................18 INVENTORS .................................................................................................... 23 BLACK BANKERS AND INSURANCE COMPANY FOUNDERS........... 36 CHAPTER TWO: THE COMING OF AMERICA'S LARGEST BLACK-OWNED BUSINESSES: ................................................................................................... 43 A Summary Note on Black Business' Foundation for Growth .................... 43 Factor Conditions ............................................................................................. 44 Strategy ............................................................................................................. 53 Related and Supporting Industries ........................................ ........ 58 Conclusion ..................................................................... ............................. 64 Section Two: Location as a Determinant of Competitive Advantage .................. 65 CHAPTER THREE: CHICAGO: A MODEL FOR BLACK BUSINESSES IN A METROPOLIS ............................................................................................... 66 Banks and Real Estate .................................................................................. 72 Manufacturing ................................................................................................. 73 Journalism ................................................... 74 Insurance Companies ................................................................................... 76 Recreational and Service Establishments ......................................... 78 CHAPTER FOUR: CASE: SUPREME LIBERTY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY ............................................................................................................... 81 Section Three: Cases in the History of Black Business ..................................... 99 CHAPTER FIVE: JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.................. 100 CHAPTER SIX: TLC BEATRICE INTERNATIONAL.................................... 105 CHAPTER SEVEN: JOHNSON PRODUCTS..................................... 123 CHAPTER EIGHT: BLACK ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION (BET) HOLDINGS, INC. ..................................... 129 CHAPTER NINE: HARPO, INC. ..................................... 139 CHAPTER TEN: MOTOWN ..................................... 149 CHAPTER ELEVEN: NORTH CAROLINA MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY ........................................ 163 CHAPTER TWELVE: CARVER FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK ................... 177 CHAPTER THIRTEEN: H. J. RUSSELL & COMPANY .............................. 187 CHAPTER FOURTEEN: VIEW TO THE FUTURE ..................................... 197 Lessons Learned ..................................... 199 New Opportunities in America ..................................... 201 The Entrepreneur's Purpose ..................................... 201 The Possibilities are Boundless ..................................... 202 Appendix ................................................ .................. 205 Selected Contextual Milestones in Black Business History ..................... 206 Number of Black Businesses, 1863-1998 ..................................... 222 Glossary ........................................... 224 Publicly-Owned African-American-owned businesses ........................... 226 Top Commercial and Industrial Companies in 1997 ............................... 227 Top Auto Dealerships in 1997 ..................................... 228 Top Banks in 1997 ..................................... 229 Top Insurance Companies in 1997 ..................................... 231 Top Investment Banks in 1997 ..................................... 232 Leading Black Entrepreneurs 1820-1865 ........................ ................ 233 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 234