Go to:   Celebrating African American Business Leaders

Index of
Encyclopedia of African American Business History

edited by
Juliet E.K. Walker

   Table of Contents   |  Catalog record and links to related information from the Library of Congress catalog

Index


Boldface page numbers refer to main entries in the encyclopedia.


A

A. A. Rayner, 262
Abbott, Robert S., 1-3, 136, 137, 138, 183
ABC/Dunhill, 467, 472
ABC-TV, 352, 596
Abel, Julian, 33
Abner, E. G., II, 277
Abolition Society of Philadelphia, 619
Abolitionist, 176, 181, 241, 343, 458
Abraham and Co., 322
Abyssinian Baptist Church, 544
Acapulco Black Film Festival, 361
Accent Hair Salons, 243
Accra, Ghana, 405
Adams, Jacob, 520
Adams, Lewis, 588
Adams, Lucy Rose (PhD), 116
Adams, Theodore A., 310, 542
Adams, Victorine, 4
Adams, William Lloyd, 3-4
Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, 107, 185,
  482, 514
Addis Ababa, 473
Adger, Robert, 621
Adidas, 533
Advanced Engineering Design, 542
Advertising, 4-5, 289, 333, 464, 467, 539,
  647. See also Sports, Athlete Enterprises
  and Entrepreneurs
Advertising Age, 99
Advertising, General Marketing Agencies and
  Blacks, 5-7, 160, 334, 647
Aeronautical University, 151, 472
Affirmative Action, 149, 418. See also Equal
  Employment Opportunity Commission; Ex-
  ecutive Order 11246; Office of Federal Con-
  tract Compliance Program
Affirmative Action, Impact on Black Business,
  33-34, 46, 49, 51, 77, 107, 120-21, 149,
  609-10. See also Equal Employment Oppor-
  tunity Commission; Federal Contracts
Affirmative Action Programs. See also Pro-
  curement Contract Programs, SBA-8(a) Fed-
  eral Contracting Firms; Set-Asides, Minority
  Business
Affirmative Action Retrenchment, Impact on
  Black Business: Blacks in White Corporate
  America, 165-66, 610; Black Auto Parts
  Supply Industry, 52; Black Business Leaders
  Responses, 644; Black Construction Indus-
  try, 174, 185; Black Contractors, 185;
  Blacks in White Corporate America, 165-
  66, 610. See also Disparity studies
Affirmative Action Retrenchment, Supreme
  Court Decisions, 114, 471. See also Adar-
  and Construction, Inc. v. Pena; City of
  Richmond v. J. A. Croson; Fullilov v. Klutz-
  nick
Africa, Indigenous Capitalism Development, 7-
  12
Africa, Industrial Sectors, 10-11
Africa, Natural Resources, 316
Africa, Urban Elites, 10
African Institutions Organization, 176
African Insurance Company, 617
African-American Liberians, 303
African-American Mysteries (Organization), 180
African American Booksellers Conference, 87,
  89
African-American Business Leaders: A Bio-
  graphical Dictionary, xvii, 18
African American Business Performance Rates,
  387
African American Film Audiences, 237. See
  also Film Production
African American Mayors. See Mayors, Black,
  and Black Business
African American Museum Association, 393
African American Summit, 545
African Blood Brotherhood, 204
African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) Group, 308
African Civilization Society, 303
African Colonization, 8-9
African Communities League, 268
African Decolonization, 307. See also Africa,
  Indigenous Capitalism Development
African Development Public Investment Corp.,
  224, 308
African Dorcas Societies, 448
African Economic Survivalisms, 155, 157-159,
  219, 247, 597
African Entrepreneurship, 155. See also Af-
  rica, Indigenous Capitalism Development
African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, 241
African Insurance Company, 296
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church,
  17, 25, 26, 72, 73, 85, 135, 144, 301, 394,
  433, 450
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 72,
  73, 144, 146, 401, 456
African National Congress, 417
"African Royale," 95, 282
African Secret Burial Societies, 295
African Slave Trade, 7, 291, 303. See also At-
  lantic Slave Trade Profits
African Union Company, 304
African Union Society, 296, 616
African and Caribbean Finance Forum (ACF),
  410. See also National Black MBA Associa-
  tion
"Afro," 330
Afro-American Council, 401
Afro-American Industrial Benefit Asociation,
  625
Afro-American Realty Company, 445
Afro-American Publishing Company, 83
Afro-American Realty Company, 399
Afro Marketing Company, 360
Afro-Sheen, 330
A. G. Gaston Construction Company, 173,
  174, 269
A. G. Gaston Home for Senior Citizens, 173,
  269
A. G. Gaston Motel, 173
AGENDA, 412
Agribusiness, Virginia's Black Farmers, 12-17
Agricultural Experiment Station, 125
AHBAI (American Health and Beauty Aids In-
  stitute), 288, 313
A. H. Enterprises, 468
Ahiarah, Sol, 111
AIDS, 257, 427, 539
Aiken and Faulkner Construction Company,
  550
Aiken, Walter "Chief," 550
Air Atlanta, 324, 568
Air Jordan, 534
Air Transport Company, 568
Akaki, Ethiopia, 473
Al Johnson Cadillac-Avanti-Saab, 47
Al Johnson, Inc., 46
Alabama, 41, 133, 271
Alabama Penny Savings and Loan Company,
  446
Alabama State University, 115
Albany State University, 115
Alberto-Culver Co., 288
Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College,
  357
Alexander, Archie, 172, 173, 307
Alexander, Gertrude, 603
Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mossell, 17-18
Alexander, Raymond, 17
Alkebu-lan, 88
Allain, Rosine, 29
All-Black-Cast Films, 234, 382; See also Film
  Production
Allen AME Church (NY), 145
Allen, Anthony D., 303
Allen, Leonard, 466
Allen, Peyton A., 550
Allen, Richard, 296, 486, 616
Allensworth, CA, 78, 626
Alien Temple Baptist Church (Oakland), 145
Allen, Tina, 406
Alien University, 634
The All Negro Hour, 463
All-Pro Broadcasting Company, 533
All-Pro Enterprises, 533
Alonzo F. and Norris B. Hemdon Foundation,
  42
Alpha Chi Pi Omega Sorority and Fraternity,
  Inc., 285-86, 348
Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, 151
Alpha Phi Alpha, 441
Alston, Wendell P., 404
Aluminum, 533
Amber, Geannine, 110
AME. See African Methodist Episcopal
  Church
AME Book Concern, 85
AME Sunday School Union and Publishing
  House, 86
American Aid for Ethiopia, 530
American Anti-Slavery Society, 242
American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of
  Business (AACSB), 115
American Black Book Writers Association
  (ABBWA), 89
American Booksellers Association, 89
American Business History, xvi
American Busines History, Black, xvii
American Capitalism, 43, 168, 212, 377
American Caribbean Contracting Company,
  307
American Civil Liberties Union, 17
American Colonization Society, 241, 419
American Economic Review, 586
American Economy, 189, 206, 215-16
American Economy and Capitalism Critiques,
  168, 210, 212
American Economy and Slavery, xiv, 210, 215-
  216, 469-70
American Economy, 1992 Business Firms, 384
American Economy, 1992 Business Firms
  Sales, 113, 384
American Express, 164
American Film Institute, 182
American Giants, Chicago, 137, 141, 414
American Health and Beauty Aids Institute
  (AHBAI), 288, 313
American Institute of Architects (AIA), 33
American Institute of Architects Student Chap-
  ter (AIAS), 33
American Industrial Revolution and Slavery,
  45
American League of Colored Laborers, 620
American Library Association, 430
American Marketing Association, 404
American Medical Association, 430
American Missionary Association, 72, 239
American Moral Reform Society, 242
American Muslim Mission, 425
American National Bank and Trust Company,
  56
American Negro Academy, 84
American Nicodemus Town Company, 622
American Online (AOL), 644
American Red Cross, 573
American Revolution, 499
American Revolution and Slavery, 44-45
American Shared Hospital Services, 542
American Sociological Association, 169
American Statistical Association, 453
American Stock Exchange, 139, 283. See also
  Stock Market Listings
American Telephone and Telegraph. See
  AT&T
American Tennis Association, 559
America's Black Forum (ABF), 360
Americus, GA, black Business in, 274
AMEZ. See African Methodist Episcopal Zion
  Church
AMEZ Publishing House, 85
Amoco, 177
Amos, Moses, 549
Amos, Wallace, Jr., 18-20
Amos 'n' Andy, 557
Amsterdam News, 2, 547
ANC, 417
Anderson, Bernard, 586
Anderson, Claude (Dr.), 109
Anderson Communications, 6
Anderson-DuBose Co., 646
Anderson, James A., 541
Anderson, James D., 73
Anderson, John Vernon, 115-116
Anderson, Joseph B. Jr., 402
Anderson, Nina King, 552
Anderson, Pamela, 408
Anderson, Talmadge, 75
Anderson, Warren E., 646
Ando, Faith, 370
Andrew Brimmer and Associates, 185
Andrew Brown and Company, 279
Angelus Funeral Home, 262
Anglo-African Magazine, 83
Anheuser-Busch, 7, 404
Annie Malone Children and Family Services
  Center, 574
Annie Malone Children's Home, 574
Antebellum Baltimore, Black Business, 20-22,
  621
Antebellum Black Bankers, Informal Activi-
  ties, 28, 248, 249, 509, 599, 618
Antebellum Black Beneficial (Benevolent and
  Mutual Aid) Societies, 22, 25, 435, 447-49.
  See also Brown Fellowship Society; Free
  African Society
Antebellum Black Business Activities, 181,
  515-16, 517; Artisans, 23, 169; Barbers, 21,
  22, 23, 391, 517-18, 560, 616, 618, 620;
  Blacksmiths, 28, 50, 518, 564; Boarding
  Houses, 24, 29; Building Trades, 23, 32,
  170-71; Cabinet Makers, 21, 178; Carpen-
  ters, 23, 26, 27, 170, 251, 517; Caterers, 22,
  24, 129-30, 188, 516; Cemeteries, 25, 40,
  263-64; Cigarmakers, 21, 28; Coal and
  Lumber Merchants, 221; Coffin Makers, 260;
  Commission Brokers/Merchants, 28, 248,
  454; Craftsmen, 23, 50, 169, 178, 251, 260;
  Dray Enterprises, 20, 29, 564, 617; Dress-
  makers/Seamstresses, 27, 599, 601, 621; Fu-
  neral Enterprises, 21, 28; Hair Care and
  Products Enterprises, 27, 601-2; Health
  Care Services, 27, 28, 196-97, 599, 618,
  620; Hotels and Inns, 24, 130-31, 188, 358,
  399, 618; Import Enterprise, 599, 617; Jew-
  elry/Silverware Store, 249; Land Transport
  Enterprises, 563-65; Livery Stable Enter-
  prises, 21, 23, 260, 261, 564, 576, 618, 620;
  Manufacturers, 169-71, 620; Market (Food)
  Vendors, 29, 516, 598, 599; Merchants/
  Shopkeepers, 21, 28, 137, 249, 423-24, 518,
  599-600, 621; Patent Holders, 618; Railroad
  Enterprise Owners, 221, 564-65; Real Estate
  Speculators, 28-29, 248, 358-59, 510; Sa-
  loons and Tavern Keepers, 618; Sculptors,
  28, 406; Second-Hand Enterprises, 620, 621;
  Shoemakers, 26, 27, 564; Shipping Enter-
  prises, 301-2, 309, 562-63, 618, 619; Tai-
  lors, 21, 23, 28, 29,249, 343, 550, 617;
  Teamsters, 576; Undertakers, 21, 28, 260,
  576; Wood Factors, 23, 29, 220, 564; See
  also Catering, Inns, Hotels; Colonial Amer-
  ica, Slave Market; Ellison, William; Extrac-
  tive Industries, Enterprises; Forten, James,
  Jr.; Free Black Entrepreneurs; Funeral
  Business Firms; Johnson, William Tiler;
  Pleasant, Mary Ellen; Rillieux, Norbert;
  South, Black Business, 1790-1880; Weston,
  Anthony; names of individual antebellum
  crafts
Antebellum Black Business Expatriates, 29,
  301-2, 303
Antebellum Black Business Joint Ventures, 28,
  175, 220-21, 241, 301-2
Antebellum Black Business Legal Constraints,
  20-21, 29, 251. See also Slave Laws, Eco-
  nomic Constraints
Antebellum Black Business/White Employees,
  170, 178, 179, 240, 249
Antebellum Black Business Women, 23-4, 27,
  321, 598-602, 618. See also names of spe-
  cific antebellum enterprises
Antebellum Black High Status Occupations,
  249
Antebellum Black Innovators/Inventors, 21, 28,
  170, 240, 388, 595, 618, 620
Antebellum Black International Enterprises,
  300-302, 621. See also Cuffe, Paul
Antebellum Black Philanthrophy, 22, 25, 447-
  49
Antebellum Black Population, 251, 490, 491,
  517
Antebellum Black Property Owners, 248, 460-
  61, 462, 517, 529. See also Slaveholders,
  Large Black
Antebellum Black School Financing, 22, 25
Antebellum Black Slaveholders, 23, 26, 169,
  178, 220, 338, 461, 491, 494, 562, 564, 594
Antebellum Black Slaveholders, Women, 494,
  600; Critique of, 600-601
Antebellum Black Slave Traders. See Slave
  Traders, Black
Antebellum Black Stock Investors, 21, 23, 27,
  29, 248-49, 321, 509, 565, 599, 620, 621
Antebellum Black Wealth Holders, 250, 620
Antebellum Black/White Business Partner-
  ships, 515
Antebellum Blacks and Canada, 302
Antebellum Blacks and Haiti, 302

[664]INDEX


Antebellum Blacks and European Immigrants,
  20-21, 27
Antebellum Blacks and Liberia, 301-2, 303
Antebellum Blacks and Sierra Leone, 300
Antebellum Charleston, Black Business, 23-
  27, 516
Antebellum New Orleans, Black Business, 27-
  30, 516
Antebellum Race Riots, 20, 135, 419, 510, 618
Antebellum Wealthy Blacks, 250
Antebellum White Violence to Black Enter-
  prise, 170, 188, 221, 618, 621
Anthony, Charles, 240
Anthony, Robert, 221
Antiapartheid Activities, 213. See also The
  "Sullivan Principles"
Antilynching, 585, 602
Anti-Semitism, 168
Antitrust Regulations and African American
  Business, 30-31
Antoine, C. C. (Cesar Carpentier), 454
Aon Risk Services, 165
Apartheid, 11, 314
Apex Auditorium, 606
Apex Beauty College, 95
Apex Community Drug Store, 593
Apex Hair Company and Beauty School, 551
Apex Laboratory, 606
Apex News and Hair Company, 95, 305, 593.
  See also Washington, Sarah Spencer
Apex Publishing Company, 606
Apex Rest Tourist Retreat, 606
Apex Warehouse, 606
API/AIAN. See Minority-Owned Businesses,
  1992 Survey
Apollo Theater, 253, 548
Appomattox Club of Chicago, 441
Aquarian Bookshop, 88
Architects, 31-34, 137, 172
Ardmore Lubricating Company, 223
Argentina, 316
Ariel Capital Management, Inc., xxv
Arista Records, 469
Aristotle, 211
A. R. Leak, 262
Armour and Company, 239
Army Air Force Exchange Service, 166
Arnold, Jesse T., 551
Arsenio Hall Show, 557
Articy Advertising, 7
Artisans. See Antebellum Black Business Ac-
  tivities
Ashe, Arthur, 559
Ashhurst-Watson, Carmen, 468, 483
ASHTA International, Inc., 310
Asian and Pacific Islanders/American Indians
  and Alaska Natives (API/AIAN). See
  Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Asian Americans, 105, 106, 465. See also
  Asian/Black Entrepreneurship, Comparison
Asian/Black Entrepreneurship, Comparison, 34-
  38. See also Banking, Minority
Asian Companies, 309, 310
Asian Development Bank, 67
Asian-Indian Americans. See Asian/Black En-
  trepreneurship, Comparison
"Asian Invasion," 289
Asian Markets, 315-16
Associated Business Club, 69
Association for the Study of Negro Life and
  History, 85
Associated Negro Press, 288, 574
Association of African American Women
  Business Owners, 514
Association of Black Psychologists, 320
Association of Black Sporting Goods Profes-
  sionals (ABSGP), 540
Association of Black Women Entrepreneurs,
  611
Association of Collegiate Business Schools
  and Programs, 115
Association of General Contractors, 185
Association of Minority Enterprises of New
  York, 113
Associated Publishers, 84
Astor, John Jacob, 248
Astor Picture Corporation, 383
AT&T, 7, 112, 149, 326, 361
Athens, Ohio, 133,
Atlanta and West Point Railroad, 126
Atlanta Baptist College, 418
Atlanta Black Business, 88, 95, 106, 274-75.
  See also Atlanta Life Insurance Company;
  "Sweet Auburn" Avenue
Atlanta City Hall Complex, 479
Atlanta Civic and Political League, 187
Atlanta "Compromise" Speech, 588-89. See
  also Washington, Booker T.
Atlanta Daily World, 2, 550, 552
Atlanta Flames, 536
Atlanta Hartsfield Airport, 375, 479
Atlanta Hawks, 479, 536
Atlanta Life Insurance Company, 38-43, 142,
  246, 296, 297
Atlanta Loan and Trust Company, 40, 549
Atlanta Merchandise Mart, 479
Atlanta Mutual Insurance Association, 549
Atlanta Olympic Stadium, 479
Atlanta Omni Sports Convention, 479
Atlanta Race Riot of 1906, 549
Atlanta Stadium, 479
Atlanta State Savings Bank, 40, 550
Atlanta University, 41, 42, 115, 443, 453, 550,
  586
Atlanta University Press, 84
Atlanta University Publications, 430. See also
  Dubois, William E. B.
Atlantic City, NJ, 593
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, 518
Atlantic Records, 467, 469
Atlantic Slave Trade Profits, 43-45, 328, 437
Atwood, W. Q., 222
Auburn Avenue, 39. See also "Sweet Au-
  burn" Avenue
Augusta, GA, black businesses, 297
Augustin-Baptiste Catering Firm, 130
Augustin, P. J., 131
Augustin, Peter, 129
Augustin, Theodore, 129
Ault, Inc., 542
Aunt Jemima, 4, 624
Austin, Thelma, 407. See also National Black
  MBA Association
Austin W. Curtis Laboratories, 285
Australia, 308, 311, 644
Auto and Aeroplane Mechanical School, 231-
  32
Auto Dealers, 45-50, 122, 140, 567, 609, 646
Auto-Electric Service Station and Garage, 458
Automatic Traffic Signal Invention, 390
Automobile, Patterson-Greenfield, 50
Auto Parts Supply Industry, African Ameri-
  cans, 50-53, 533
Autoplane Company of St. Louis, 567
Auto Transportation and Sales Company, 231
Avant, Clarence, 468
Avery, James, 404
Avon, 165, 610
A.Wendell Malliet Company, 84


B

Bad Boy Entertainment, 469
Bahamas, 247, 308
"Bahamian Diet," 640
Bahan, Simon, 29
Bailey, L. C., 625
Bailey, R. W., 111
Baker Funeral Home, 262
Bakke (Regents of the University of California
  v Bakke), 114
Ball, Charles, 54-55, 486, 508
Baltimore Afro-American, 1
Baltimore Black Business, 3-4, 134
Baltimore Railroad, 565
Baltimore Society for Relief in Case of Sei-
  zure, 448
Baltimore-Washington International Airport
  (BWI), 568
Bangladesh, 477
Bank Moratorium, 60, 68
Bankers Fire Insurance Company, 436
Bankhead Cotton Control Act, 183
Banking, Chicago Community Development
  Banks and Community Reinvestment Act
  (CRA), 55-59
Banking, Minority, 1865-1996, 59-64, 476
Bank of America/Continental, 56
Bank of California, 457
Bank of Galilean Fisherman, 512
Bank of the United States (BUS), 129, 152
Banks. See Black Banks
Banks, Charles. See Black Town Enterprises
Banks, Commercial and Government Deposits,
  64-68
Banks Fried Chicken and Restaurant Com-
  pany, 627
Banks, N. P. (General), 621
Banks, Thomas, 627
Banks, William V., 638
Banneker, Benjamin, 616
Bantu Business League (South Africa), 417
Bantu World Bank (South Africa), 593
Baptist Normal Theological School, 446
Baptiste-Augustin, Clara, 129
Baptiste, Eugene, 129
Barakett, Brett, 534
"Barber of Natchez," 337
Barbers. See Antebellum Black Business Ac-
  tivities, Barbers; Black Barbers
Barber Shops, 274
Barden, Bella Marshall, 317
Barden Cablevision, 644
Barden Companies, 317
Barden, Don, 317
Barden International (BI), 317
Barker, Lex Nigel, 312, 568
Barett, Claude A., 288, 574
"Barnstorming" System, 415
Baroon, Emanuel and Mary, 128, 598, 615
Bartholomew, Joseph, 632
Baseball. See National Negro Baseball League;
  Sports, Athlete Enterprises and Entrepre-
  neurs
Basketball. See Sports, Athlete Enterprises and
  Entrepreneurs
Bates, Timothy, xvii, 37, 107, 281, 367, 368-
  69
Baynesville, VA, 304
Beale Street, 142, 357
Beale Street: Where the Blues Began, 357
BE 100 List. See Black Enterprise's Industrial/
  Service 100
Beard, Andrew, 625
Beatles, 467
Beatrice International Foods (France), 311. See
  also TLC Beatrice International Holdings;
  Lewis, Reginald Francis
Beaumont, TX, 383
Beauticians Journal & Guide, 391
Beauty Star Cosmetics, 607
Beckett, Justin, xxv
Beckwourth, James P., 131
Beckwourth Pass, 131
Bedford-Stuyvesant Project, 278
Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation,
  477
Beijing, 311
Belgium, 311
Bell, Al, 467
Bell, Alexander Graham, 623
Bell and Arnold Realty, 551
Bell, Derrick, 213
Bell, James Thomas "Cool Papa," 415
Bell, Ora T., 551
Bell Realty, 551
Bell, Thom, 468
Bell, Thomas, 457
Bell, Travers J., 322
Beloved, 596
Ben & Jerry's, 165
Beneficial Societies, Antebellum, 22, 435, 447-
  49. See also Brown Fellowship Society
Benevolent Societies, 39, 447-49. See also
  Antebellum Black Beneficial Societies; Fra-
  ternal Organizations
Benezet Joint Stock Asssociation, 620
Bennett College, 287
Benson, Al, 463
Benson, Charles, 383
Benta (Funerals), 262
Bermuda, 308, 405
Berry, E. C., 133
Berry, Ed J., 133
Berry, Evelyn, 604-5
Berry Hotel, 133
Berry & Ross Department Stores, 605
Berry & Ross Doll Manufacturing Company,
  604
Berry & Ross Manufacturing, Inc., 605
"Berry's Famous Brown Skin Dolls," 605
Bess, Robert T., 322
Bessie Coleman Aero Club, 459
Best's Insurance Reports, 547
BET, 309, 541
BET Cable Network, 335
BET Color Code Skin Care, 336
BET Direct, 336
BET Film Productions, 336
BET Financial Services, 336
BET Holdings, Inc., 335
BET Holdings II, Inc., 646
BET Movies, 647
BET Movies/STARZ!3, 336
"BET on Jazz," 309, 336
BET on Jazz International, 336
BET Networks, 337
BET Pictures, 336
BET SoundStage Casino, 336
BET Visa, 336
BET Weekend, 336
Bethel AME Church (Los Angeles), 145
Bethany Baptist Church, 145
Bethune-Cookman College, 348
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 348, 451, 603
BETI, Black Entertainment Television Interna-
  tional
Better Boys Club of Chicago, 452
Better Family Planning, 435
Beulah, 557
Bibb, Lazurus, 520
Biddle, Nicholas, 129
Big Boy Restaurants, 643
"Big Chief Mason," 390
Big Emerging Markets (BEMs), 316
"Big Three," The, 51, 403. See also Auto
  Dealers
Bill Cosby Show, The, 557
Bill Cosby. See William Henry Cosby, Jr.
Billion Dollar Company. See TLC Beatrice In-
  ternational Holdings; Lewis, Reginald Fran-
  cis
Bing, Dave, 402, 533, 538
Bing Group, 402
Binga, Jesse, 55, 68-70, 137, 138, 183, 451
Binga Safe Deposit Corporation, 68
Binga State Bank, 55, 138, 281, 440
Birmingham, AL, 172, 271
Birmingham Grate Coal Mining Company, 221-
  22
Birth of a Nation (1915), 233
Bishop College, 94, 115, 167, 287
Black Airline Enterprises, 151-52, 312, 459,
  567-68
Black Americans of Achievement (BAOA),
  542
Black Auto Manufacturer, 50, 566
Black Bail Bondsman, 229
Black Banks, 245, 291-92, 429, 440, 446,
  474, 525, 532, 538-39, 542, 550
Black Banks, Criticisms of 291-92, 440, 446,
  532, 538-39, 542
Black Banks to 1933, 40, 55, 59-60, 68-69,
  80, 82, 94, 138, 143, 571, 580, 603, 613
Black Banks (1934-1950s), 60, 580, 608, 633,
  634
Black Banks since 1960, 55-56, 61, 63
Black Barber Colleges, 391
Black Barbers, 276, 297, 346. See also Binga,
  Jesse; Hair Care Products Industry; Hem-
  don, Alonzo Franklin; Merrick, John;
  Thomas, James
Black Beneficial Societies. See Black Burial
  Associations; Fraternal Organizations
Black Beaches, 3, 230, 565
Black Beauty Colleges. See Lelia Beauty Col-
  lege; Poro Beauty School; Poro College, St.
  Louis
Black Beauty Shops, 101, 254, 268, 284, 285,
  449, 604, 632. See also Hair Care Products
  Industry; Rose Meta House of Beauty;
  Turnbo-Malone, Annie Mineral Pope;
  Walker, Sarah Breedlove; Washington,
  Sarah Spencer
Black Billion Dollar Company. See TLC Be-
  atrice International
Black Boarding Houses, 456
Black Builders. See Construction Industry;
  Construction/Contracting
Black Building and Loan Associations, 625
Black Burial Associations, 140, 255, 268, 296,
  297. See also Fraternal Organizations
Black Business Acquisitions/Mergers, 139,
  142, 174, 580. See also Black Banks; Black
  Insurance Enterprises
Black Business Advertising, 369, 519
Black Business Capital Constraints, 103, 105
Black Business Capitalization, 106
Black Business Districts (BBD), 523-24. See
  also Black Wall Street; Enclaves, Entrepre-
  nerial; Great Migration, Black Entrepreneur-
  ship
Black Business Equity Capital, 106
Black Business Firms Location. See South,
  Black Business, 1860-1880
Black Business Growth, 103
Black Business Internet "Gateways," 319
Black Business Joint Ventures. See Black Joint
  Ventures; Joint Ventures
Black Business Legal Constraints, 251. See
  also Affirmative Action Retrenchment, Su-
  preme Court Decisions; Jim Crow Era,
  Business Impact
Black Business Loans. See Black Business
  Venture Capital; Small Business Administra-
  tion
Black Business Non-Minority Markets, 102,
  141
Black Business, Number (1992). See Minority-
  Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Black Business Performance Rates. See
  Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Black Business Philosophies, 5, 40, 49, 69, 76,
  94, 643
Black Business Receipts, 75, 112, 113, 368.
  See Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Sur-
  vey
Black Business Schools. See Business Schools,
  Black Faculty; Business Schools, Histori-
  cally Black Colleges and Universities; Busi-
  ness Schools, New Professional Program,
  School of Business and Industry; Business
  Schools and Blacks
Black Business Sole Proprietorships, 111. See
  also Black Sole Proprietorships
Black Business, Survival Rates, 122-23
Black Business Venture Capital, xxvi, 51, 102,
  103, 569
Black Business/White Competition. See names
  of individual industries
Black Business/White Employees, 203, 223,
  253, 633
Black Business/White Hostility, 68, 82, 230,
  232, 253. See Race Riots and American
  Business
Black Businesses, Large, 121-22
Black Businesspeople/Political Activism, 646.
  See names of individual businesspeople
Black Bus/Trolley Lines, 81, 94, 567, 626
Black Cable Ventures, 315, 535, 642. See also
  BET; Cable Television Industry
Black Capitalism, 66, 76, 77, 122, 139, 210,
  216-17, 377, 418
Black Capitalism Critiques, 75, 290, 292, 429,
  474, 478
Black Casket Manufactures, 263-64
Black Caterers, 131-33
Black Cattle/Livestock Enterprises, 26, 239,
  253, 358, 556
Black Charter Airlines, 568
Black Churches and Business, 22, 32, 40, 73,
  85-87, 104, 112, 145, 264, 296, 417, 429,
  512
Black Church Financial constraints, 145
The Black Church in the African American Ex-
  perience, 144
Black Cigarmakers, 21, 27, 28, 229
Black Classics Press, 84
Black Clothing Designers, 249, 486. See also
  Jones, Carl; Kani, Karl
Black Clothing Firms, 389, 483, 642
Black Coal Dealers, 228. See also Extractive
  Industries, Enterprises
Black Coal Mining Firms 1992, 225
Black College Day, 98
Black Colleges, Financing, 1865-1900, 70-72
Black Colleges, Financing, 1900-1930, 73-75
Black Colleges, professional training in build-
  ing industry, 32
Black Collegian, 430
Black Comic Books, 641
Black Commercial Airline, 568
Black Computer Technology Firms, 122, 165,
  309-10, 318, 533, 318, 643. See also Max-
  ima Corporation
Black Construction Industry, 32, 172-74, 203.
  See also Architects; City of Richmond v.
  J. A. Croson; Mayors, Black, and Black
  Business; Black General Building Contrac-
  tors, 174; Heavy Construction, 174; Special
  Trade Contractors, 174; Subdividers and De-
  velopers, 174
Black Consumer Market, 4-5, 101, 105, 306,
  332, 339, 466, 604, 609, 633, 638
Black Consumers, 46, 137, 632
Black Cooperatives, 272, 628, 629, 632
Black Copartnerships. See Joint Ventures
Black Cosmetic Manufacturers, 253, 304, 308,
  474, 483, 604, 606-7
Black Cosmetology Industry, 282-83. See also
  Black Beauty Shops; Hair Care Products In-
  dustry
Black Credit Unions, 246, 632-33
Black Criminal Business Activities. See Illegal
  Black Businesses
Black Cross Navigation and Trading Com-
  pany, 270
Black Cross-Over Markets, 277
Black Defense Contracts, 151, 173, 379, 632
Black Department Stores, xxi, 137, 245, 253
Black Disc Jockeys (DJs), 463-64
Black Economic Development Strategies, 109.
  See also Entrepreneur Models, Black Com-
  munity Economic Development
Black Economic Injustices. See Reparations
  and African American Business
Black Elites, 451. See also Black Middle Class
Black Engineer Contractors, 172, 309
Black Ensemble Theater, 411
Black Enterprise, xxv, 165, 251, 315, 319,
  430. See also Graves, Earl Gilbert
Black Enterprise's (BE) Industrial/Service 100,
  107, 111, 122, 139, 318, 430, 467; Advertis-
  ing, 7; Athlete Enterprises, 533, 535, 537;
  Auto Dealers, 47, 48, 49, 567; Construction,
  174, 224, 271; Extractive Industries, 224,
  313; Food and Beverage Industry, 364; Hair
  Care Products Industry, 95, 193; Media/En-
  tertainment Enterprises, 449; Total Sales,
  107; Transportation Enterprises, 568
Black Entertainment and Sports Lawyers Asso-
  ciation (BESLA), 540
Black Entertainment Television, 309, 541
Black Entertainment Television International
  (BETI), 309
Black Entertainment Network, 318
"Black Entrepreneur of the Century," 271
Black Entrepreneurship, 34-38, 101, 104, 106,
  123
Black Export Firms, 301, 304, 306, 309, 310,
  312, 542. See also International Trade En-
  terprises
Black Extractive Enterprises. See also Extrac-
  tive Industries, Enterprises
Black Farm Ownership Decline (1920-1992),
  13-14, 16, 635
Black Farmers, 183. See also Agribusiness,
  Virginia's Black Farmers
Black Fishing, Hunting, Trapping Enterprises
  (1992), 224, 538
Black Fitness Center, 474
Black Football Players, 533
Black Forestry Enterprises (1992), 224
Black Franchise Owners (Franchisors), 243,
  533, 609, 640, 641, 643, 645. See also
  Franchise Units
Black Fraternal Order Banks. See Fraternal Or-
  ganizations
Black Fraternal Order Burial Societies. See
  Fraternal Organizations
Black Fraternal Order Insurance Companies.
  See Fraternal Organizations
Black Fraternal Organizations, 99-100, 104,
  172, 217, 230-31, 296. See also Fraternal
  Organizations
Black Freemasonry. See Fraternal Organiza-
  tions
Black General Merchandising Stores, 274,
  519
Black GNP (Gross National Product), 339
Black Grocers. See Black Supermarket Chains
Black Funeral Homes. See Funeral and Mortu-
  ary Enterprises; Funeral Business Firms; Fu-
  neral Business History
Black Gangs Enterprises. See Illegal Black
  Businesses, Organized Crime Activities
Black Hair Care Products, 641. See Hair Care
  Products Industry
Black Hairdressers. See Black Beauty Shops
Black Health Care Industry Enterprises, 110,
  246, 349, 355-56 435, 450, 451, 542, 624,
  625, 640
Black Heavy Industry Enterprises, 223. See
  Black Construction Industry; Extractive In-
  dustries
Black High-Technology Enterprises, 122, 165,
  309, 318, 533, 609. See also Black Com-
  puter Technology Firms; Black Telecommu-
  nications Enterprises
Black Hotels, 133-34, 218, 238, 245, 358,
  521, 522, 551, 606, 622, 629, 634, 638
Black Import Firms, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310,
  423
Black Industrial Metals and Mineral Firms,
  224-25; See also Fuci Metals, USA
Black Innovators, 131, 555
Black Insurance Enterprises, 262-63, 276;
  numbers, 298, 299, 633, 638; See also In-
  surance Companies; Markets, Protected, and
  Black Entrepreneurship
Black Internet Service Providers, 319. See also
  Internet, Black Businesses Online, World
  Wide Web
Black Interurban Transit Enterprises, 345, 566-
  67, 569. See also Black Bus/Trolley Lines
  Taxicab Enterprises
Black Investment Banking. See Investment
  Banking
Black Jazz Records, 468
Black Joint Ventures, 203, 277. See also Joint
  Ventures; Joint Venturting
Black, Joseph (Joe), 404
Black Labor, 139
Black Labor, White Wealth, 109
Black Laws of Illinois and a Few Reasons
  They Should be Repealed, 344
Black Laundry Enterprises, 578
Black Lawyers, 17, 49, 137, 361, 363, 418,
  540, 547, 550. See also Norris, James Aus-
  tin
Black, Leah, 498
"Black Like Me" (South Africa), 314
Black Livery Firms, 521
Black Lumber Enterprises, 304, 359. See also
  Extractive Industries, Enterprises
Black Mail Order Enterprises, 304, 305, 474,
  584, 607, 626
Black Managers, 148, 150, 192. See also Cor-
  porate America, Black Managers
"Black Man's Burden," 304
Black Manufacturers (USA), 306, 309-10,
  369, 424, 483, 533, 542, 627. See also Auto
  Parts Supply Industry, African Americans;
  Hair Care Products Industry
Black Manufacturers, Overseas Subsidiaries,
  105, 300, 312, 313, 314, 317, 346, 349
Black Market, 294. See also Illegal Black
  Businesses, Organized Crime Activities
Black Mayors, 323. See also Mayors, Black;
  Washington, Harold
Black Mergers, 174
Black MBA's, 115, 119-21, 151, 164, 418,
  610. See also National Black MBA Associa-
  tion
Black Mayoral Politics, and Construction In-
  dustry, 173
"Black Mecca," 375
Black Metropolis, 137
Black Metal Mining Firms (1992), 225
Black Middle Class, 103, 139, 163, 218, 376,
  445, 526
Black Middle Management, 120, 150. See also
  Corporate America, Black Managers
Black Millionaires, 253, 289. See Sports, Ath-
  lete Enterprises and Entrepreneurs
Black Mining Enterprises (1992), 224
Black Mortgage Companies, 634. See also
  Travis, Dempsey
Black Movie Theaters, 644. See also Magic
  Johnson/Sony Theaters
Black Multimedia Technologies, 335
Black Multinationals, 307-16
Black Musician Enterprises, 158. See also Re-
  cording Industry
Black Music Divisions, White Record Compa-
  nies, 469
Black Mutual Aid Societies. See Fraternal Or-
  ganizations
Black Nationalism, 76, 168
Black Nationalist Leaders, 380, 400
Black Newspapers, 1-2, 427, 525, 550, 552,
  582, 602, 642. See also Black Press
"Black on Black Love Campaign," 96
Black Nonmetallic Minerals Firms (1992), 225
Black Oil and Gas Extraction Firms (1992),
  225
Black Oil-Land Owners, 82, 223. See also Ex-
  tractive Industries
Black Oil-Coal Distribution Industries, 122
Black Opal Cosmetics and Skin Care, 607
Black Opal for Men, 607
Black Overseas Firms, 301, 306, 307, 308, 309
Black Overseas Subsidiaries, 309, 311, 314,
  474. See also TLC Beatrice International
  Holdings
Black Panther Oil Company, 223
Black Patentholders, 126-27, 310, 348, 349,
  371, 389-90, 567, 622, 623, 625; Women,
  604, 609, 623
Black Patty Records, 466
Black Personal Service Enterprises, 36. See
  also Personal Services Enterprises
Black Pharmacists, 55, 550
Black Pharmaceutical Enterprises, 349
Black Philanthropists. See Adams, William
  Lloyd; Binga, Jesse; Bronner, Nathaniel H.;
  Cottrell, Comer J., Jr.; Hair Care Products
  Industry; Herdon, Alonzo Franklin; Hern-
  don, Norris Bumstead; Johnson, George C.;
  Johnson, John Harold, Lewis, Reginald
  Francis; Philanthropysts, Black; Winfrey,
  Oprah
Black Plantation Owners, 337. See Durford,
  Andrew; Slaveholders, Large Black
Black Population, 113, 314
Black Power, Black Business, 1960s, 75-77;
  Symbols in advertising, 6
Black Press, 1-3, 83, 109, 137, 151, 287, 335,
  424, 538. See also Black Newspapers
Black Printers, 443
Black Professional Sports Team Owners, 535-
  36
Black Publicly Traded Companies. See Stock
  Market Listings
Black Publishing Industry, xxv-xxvi. See also
  Black Newspapers; Black Press; Book Pub-
  lishers, Commercial; Book Publishers, Insti-
  tutional and Religious
Black Railroad Enterprises, 181, 220, 565, 639
Black Real Estate Enterprises. See Adams,
  William Lloyd; Binga, Jesse; Church, Rob-
  ert J.; DePriest, Oscar Stanton; Herdon,
  Alonzo Franklin; Lawless, Theodore Ken-
  neth; Nail, John B; Payton, Philip A.; Perry,
  Herman; Thomas, James; Travis, Demp-
  sey J.
Black Real Estate Ventures (Organizations).
  See Father Divine; Nation of Islam-
  Enterprises; Universal Negro Improvement
  Association
Black Real Estate Ventures (Women). See Ma-
  son, Biddy; Pleasant, Mary Ellen; "Pig Foot
  Mary"
Black Resorts, 3-4, 230, 560, 606, 629
Black Restaurants, 134, 140; See also Cater-
  ing, Inns, Hotels; Food Services and Hotel
  Industries
Black Retail Merchants, 245, 274-76
Black Revolution, 84, 418
Black Saloons, 346. See also Church, Robert
  Jr.
Black Savings and Loans (S&L), 139-40, 269,
  642
Black Scientists, 349, 355. See also Carver,
  George Washington, Julian, Percy Lavon
Black Shipping Enterprises, 175-76, 179, 301,
  357. See also International Trade Enterprises
Black Soap Opera, 360
Black Sole Proprietorships, 386, 532, 640
Black Sports Apparel Manufacturers, 539, 640
Black Stars, 332
Black Star Line Steamship Corporation, 76,
  269, 270, 304
Black Steamboat Owners, 179, 625
Black Stockbrokers, 322. See also Investment
  Banking
Black Supermarket Chains, 363, 636, 642
Black Swan Records, 444, 466
Black Talent, 319
Black Talent News, 319
Black Technology Firms. See Black Computer
  Technology Firms; Black High-Technology
  Enterprises; Black Telecommunications En-
  terprises
Black Teenage World Scholarship Pageant,
  193
Black Telecommunications Enterprises, xxv,
  309, 315, 542, 644
Black Television Executives, 558
Black Television News Anchors, 559
Black Television Shows, 557
Black Television Station Owners, 558
Black Tennis, 560
Black Town Enterprises-Mound Bayou; Isa-
  iah T. Montgomery, Charles Banks, 77-81
Black Towns, 77-78, 80, 622, 624, 626
Black Transportation Enterprises, 369, 565-69.
  See also Black Railroad Enterprises
Black Union League Organization, 180
Black Union Solders, 59, 329
Black United Fund of Illinois, 411
Black Wall Street, 81-83, 202, 339. See also
  Durham, NC, Entrepreneurial Enclaves in
  the African American Experience; Tulsa,
  Oklahoma
Black Wealthholding, 103, 106, 108, 112-13,
  211, 223, 370, 517, 537
Black WebSites. See Internet, Black Business
  Online, World Wide Web
Black/White Business Partnerships, 172, 520.
  See also Joint Ventures
Black Wholesalers, 276, 310, 312, 329, 346
Black Women Business Enterprises: Corporate
  Management, 164, 610-11; Great Depres-
  sion, 605; Great Migration, 603-5; Post
  Civil Rights Era, 607-12; World War II
  Era, 605-7. See also Women, Business En-
  terprises
Black Women, Domestics and Laundresses,
  90, 602
Black Women, Philanthropists. See Couvent,
  Madame Bernard; Mason, Biddy; Pleasant,
  Mary Ellen; Walker, Sarah Breedlove; An-
  nie Turnrbo-Malone, Annie Minerva Pope;
  Washington, Sarah Spencer; Winfrey, Oprah
Black Women in the Labor Force, 587
Black Women School Founders, 451
Black Women Technology Enterprises, 609
Black Working Class, 292, 293, 326
The Black Worker, 290
Black World, 332
Black Yankees, 415
Black Yellow Pages, 430
Blackboard African American Bestsellers List,
  89
Blacks and Information Age, 335. See also In-
  ternet, Black Business Online, World Wide
  Web
Blacks and Race Tracks. See Race Tracks
Blair, Henry, 618
Blake, Wilton, 212
Blandin, A., 28
Blaxploitation Film Movement, 235-36
Blayton Business School, 550
Blayton, Jesse B., 464, 550
BLMIYA Corporation, 550
Blodgett, J. H., 624
Bloomington, Indiana, 86
BlockBuster, 643
Blue Seas Quick Service Dine-In/Carry Out
  Restaurant, 426
Blumrosen, Albert, 586
BML Associates, 535
B'nai B'rith Foundation, 356
Bogle, Robert, 129
Bolivia, 96
Bonacich, Edna, 201
Bond, Alan, 608
Bond, Procope Capital Management, 607
Bond, Ulysses S., 264
Bonneau, Thomas, 23
Bonnett, Aubrey W., 476, 477-78
Book of the Month, 357
Book Publishers, Commercial, 83-84
Book Publishers, Institututional and Religious,
  84-87
Book Stores, Commercial, 87-90, 618
Booker T. Washington Business College, 271
Booker T. Washington Broadcasting, 272
Booker T. Washington Insurance Company,
  271, 640
"Booker T. Washington of South Africa," 417
Boon, James, 171
Booth, Newton, 456
Bosley, Freeman, Jr., (Mayor), 374
Bosnia, 96, 214
Bostian Ken, 300, 493, 562
Boston, 7, 131
Boston [T. D.] Consulting Group, 185
Boston, Thomas D., 106, 111, 386
Bottner, Irving, J., 289
Boutte, Alvin, 55
Bowles, Barbara Landers, 610
Bowman, Emesta, 299. See also Procope, Er-
  nesta
Boxing, 352, 531, 532, 537-38
Boy Scouts of America, 278, 530
Boy's Club, 452
Boycotts, Economic, 90-93, 148, 217, 642
Boyd, Henry, 170
Boyd, Richard Henry, 94-95, 417
Boyd, Robert L., 36, 37, 255, 283, 284
Boyer International Laboratories, 253
Bracheer, Leo, 384
Bracken, James, 466
Bracken, Vivian Carter, 466
Bradley, Henrietta, 609
Bradley, Thomas (Mayor), 373
Brainstorm Advertising, 6
Bratsk Aluminum (Siberia), 313
Brazil, 96, 306, 308, 309, 314
Bread-Making Machine, 131
Bridenbaugh, Carl, 499
Brigantine Hotel, 606
Brimmer, Andrew, 173-74, 280, 367, 478
British Columbia, 302
British Guiana, 270
British Honduras (Belize), 269
Broadcast Enterprises Network, 324
Broadside Press, 84, 88
Broadway Financial, 542
Bronner Bros., 95
Bronner Bros. Inc., 95
Bronner, Arthur E., 95
Bronner, Nathaniel H., 95-96
Brooklyn, NY, 226
Bronx, 48
Bronze Peacock Club and Restaurant, 474
Bronzeville, 184
Bronzeman, 140
Brook, Albert, 564
Brooklyn Dodgers, 530
Brooklyn, IL, 78. See also Lovejoy, IL
Brooklyn Hip Hop Boutique (Japan), 310
Brooklyn Law School, 547
Brooks, Bill, 408. See National Black MBA
  Association
Brooks, Pauline, 609
Brooks Sausage, 310
Brotherhood Crusade, 410
Brown and Payton Realty Company, 445
Brown Belle Bottling Company, 271
Brown Bomber Baking Company, 531
Brown Boy Bottling Company, 550
Brown Bootz and Coddington, 185
Brown, Demetrius (Tony), 312, 533
Brown Fellowship Society, 25, 245, 395, 447
Brown, A. C., 630
Brown, Jim, 533
Brown, John, 343
Brown, Juanita, 407
Brown, Ronald Harmon, 96-97
Brown, Tony [William Anthony], 97-98
Brown v. Board of Education, 134, 173, 187,
  418, 434
Brown, Willa Beatrice Brown. See also Coffey
  School of Aeronautics
Brown, William H., III, 433
Brown, William Washington, 245, 296, 395
Brown, Winifred, 609
Brunson, Dorothy E., 464, 608
Bryant Stratton College (Chicago), 48
Buffalo Booking Agency, 472
Buffalo Livestock Exchange Board, 239
Buffalo, NY, 239
Bulls. See Chicago Bulls
Bunche, Ralph, 290, 633
Bundles, A'Lelia, 572, 582
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 150
Burger King Corporation, 243, 326, 361, 533,
  609, 644
Burnside, John, 492-93
Burroughs, Margaret, 393
Burnett, Edward C., 310
Burrell Advertising, 6, 334
Burrell Communications Group, 5, 98
Burrell, Thomas J., 5, 6, 98-99
Busby, Jheryl, 469, 538
Bush, George (President), 139
Bush, John Edward, 99-101
Business and Society Review, 120, 121
"Business As Public Service," 286
Business Graduates, 102, 105, 106, 114-15.
  See also Black MBA's
Business, Traditional and Emerging Lines,
  101-4
Business Development, Twentieth Century,
  104-8
Business Doctorates, Black, 120
Business Motivation, Guidelines for Twenty-
  First Century, 108-11
Business Ownership, Since 1969, 111-14
Business Schools, Black Faculty, 120, 418-19,
  550
Business Schools, Historically Black Colleges
  and Universities (HBCUs), 114-15, 512-
  513
Business Schools, New Professional Program,
  School of Business and Industry (SBI), Flor-
  ida A&M University, 115-18
Business Schools and Blacks, 41, 118-21, 418
Business Success Factors, 49
Business Trends, Post-1960's, 121-23, 513.
  See also Downsizing, Corporate; Affirmative
  Action, Retrenchment; Civil Rights Era,
  Post, Black Business
Business Venture Capital, 511
Business Week, 431, 535
Bustill, Cyrus, 128
Butcher, Henry, 380
Butler College, 287
Butler, Benjamin (General), 454
Butler, John Sibley, xvii, 35, 36, 82, 362
Butler, Lurany, 617
Butler, Stuart M, 206
"Buy Black," 181, 210, 526
Buy Black Network, 319, 430
"Buy Freedom" campaign, 97
Buxton, Iowa, 78
Bynoe, Peter, 535


C

C & S Records, 466
"C" Corporations, 386. See also Subchapter C
  Corporations
C. D. Moody Construction, 479
C. E. Ford Company, 239
C. H. James & Co. See James, Charles Howell
C. Itoh (Japan), 311
Cable News Network, 558
Cabin in the Sky (1943), 235
Cabinet Makers. See Antebellum Black Busi-
  ness Activities, Cabinet Makers
Cable Jazz Channel, 309
Cable Television Industry, 336, 364, 463, 548,
  558. See also Johnson, Robert L.
Cablinasian, 534
Cabrini Connection, 411
Cain, Herman, 641, 645
Cal Merchant Bank (Ghana), 311
Calabar, (Nigeria), 437
Caldwell, Henry, 469
"California Curl," 282
California Gold Rush of 1849, 221
California State University, 352
The Call, 457
Calloway, Cab, 551
Calvert New Africa Fund, 311
Cameroon, 309
Campbell, John 506
Campbell, Keith (Bill). See Mayors, Black,
  and Black Business
Canada, 302, 308, 311
Canada West, 302
Canary Islands, 312
"Capital of the Black Middle Class," 436
Capital Savings Bank, 104
Capitalism and Race Relations, 168
Capitalism and Slavery, 291
Capitol Cafe, 132
Caraco Pharmaceutical Labs, Ltd, 542
Care Free Curl, 268, 282. See also Gardner,
  Edward G.
Caribbean, 110, 166, 475
Caribbean American Chamber of Commerce
  and Industry, 477
Caribbean Economic Community, 308
Caricom, 308
Carnegie, Andrew, 223
Carnegie-Mellon, 120
Carolina Panthers, 535
Caroline Jones, Inc. (Advertising), 6
Carpenters. See Antebellum Black Business
  Activities, Carpenters
Carrie Steele Logan Orphanage for Black Chil-
  dren, 549
Carr's Beach (Maryland), 3
Carson, Inc., 331, 535, 542, 610, 646
Carter Presidential Center, 479
Carter, Calvin, 466
Carter, James [President], 17
Carter, Stephen, 214
Carver Federal Savings, 542
Carver, George Washington, 124-128
Carver Penol Company, 124, 127
Carver Products Company, 124, 126
Carver, Vivian, 466, 608
Carvoline Company, 124
Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, 601
Casenave, Pierre A. D., 28
Cassius Clay. See Muhammad Ali
Cassey, Joseph, 220
Caste, Class and Race, 168
Caste System and Black Business, 112. See
  also Separate Economy
Catering, Inns, Hotels, 129-134
Caterers Manufacturing and Supply Company,
  132
Catholic Church, 70, 230, 449
Catholic Institute for the Care of Orphans, 450
Catholic Orphan Asylum, 449
Catholic Priests, 449
Catskill Mountain Resort, 606
Cattle/Livestock Enterprises. See Black Cattle/
  Livestock Enterprises
Cayenne, British Guiana, 474
CBS, 182, 483, 557, 558
C-D Rom Products, 542
Cellular and Cordless Phones, xxv, 315. See
  also Black Telecommunications Enterprises
Central Africa, 309
Central America, 100, 306
Central Brooklyn Federal Credit Union, 476
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 586
Central Life Insurance, 603
Challenger Air Pilots Association, 472
Challenger Air Pilots Flying Field, 472
Chanute Air Field, 473
Charles, Ezzard, 532
Chapman, Nathan A., 646
Chapman Holdings, 646
Chappell, Emma, 608, 644
Chappelle, Thomas, 466
Charlotte, North Carolina, 85
Chase Manhattan Bank, 164, 278, 476
Chauffeurs' School, 231
Chaumette, Alexandre, 28
Chemical Bank of New York, 60, 476
Chenault, Kenneth I., 164, 431, 647
Cherokee Nation, 432
Cherry Deron, 535
Chesapeake and Liberia Trading Company,
  301, 619
Chesapeake Marine Railway and Dry Dock
  Company, 134-36
Chess Records, 466, 467, 472
Chevalier, Omar, 302
Chevis Products, Ltd., 52. See also National
  Association of Black Automobile Suppliers
Chevis-Johnson Controls venture, 53
Chevy Chase Federal Savaings Bank, 327
Cheyenne, WY, 239
Chez Jim (Malta), 306
Chicago Bears, 533
Chicago Bee, 439-40
Chicago Black Expo, 468
Chicago, Black Business History, 1, 5-6, 55-
  56, 132, 136-40, 183, 263, 343, 439. See
  also Binga, Jesse; DePriest, Oscar Stanton;
  Fuller, S. B.; Hair Care Products Industry;
  Overton, Anthony; Travis, Dempsey; Wash-
  ington, Harold
Chicago Board of Education, 183
Chicago Board of Trade and Commodities
  Exchange, 322
Chicago Bulls, 312, 533, 535
Chicago Defender, 1-3, 232, 348, 382-83
Chicago Defender Charities, 348
Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company,
  140-42, 298, 547
Chicago School of Music, 451
Chicago Teachers College, 267
Chicago Theological Seminary, 326
Chicago Tribune, 344
Chicago Urban Leaue, 139
Chicago Vietnam Veterans and Family Assis-
  tance, 411
Chicago Whip, 137
Child, Lydia Marie, 241
Chile, 96
China, 96, 309, 316
Chinese-Americans. See Asian/Black Entrepre-
  neurship, Comparison
Chocolate Chip Cookies. See Amos, Wallace
  Jr.
Chock Full O' Nuts Corporation, 532
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 146
Christian Ethics, 214
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 86
Christianity, 304
Chrysler, 46, 53, 112, 403, 555. See also Auto
  Dealers; Auto Parts Supply Industry, African
  Americans
Church of Christ, 380
Church of God in Christ (COGIC), 86, 144
Church of God in Christ Publishing Company,
  86
Church of God Movement, 379
Church of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Apos-
  tolic Faith, 433
Church, Robert Reed, Sr., 142-43
Church, Robert, Jr., 143
Churches, Black Independent (1890-1997),
  and Business, 32, 73, 143-47; 264. See also
  Black Churches and Business
Cigar Makers. See Black Cigarmakers
Cincinnati, Ohio, 133, 170
Cineplexes, 237
Citibank, 362
Citizens Bank of Louisianta, 321
Citizens and Southern Bank and Trust Com-
  pany, 613
Citizens Committee of Colored Creoles, 451
Citizens Federal Savings and Loan Associa-
  tion, 272
Citizens Savings Bank and Trust, 186
Citizens Railway Company, 345
Citizens Trust Bank of Atlanta, 549
Citizens Trust Company, 297
City Beverage Company, 479
City Lands Corporation, 57
City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. (1989),
  107, 114, 173, 174, 184, 481-82, 514, 641
Civil Aeronautics Authority, 151
Civil Libertarianism, 216
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 104
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 111, 148, 406
Civil Rights Era and Black Business, 46, 112,
  149-50, 532, 543. See also Affirmative Ac-
  tion
Civil Rights Era, Pre, Black Business, 112,
  120; Black Athletes, 531. See also Separate
  Economy
Civil Rights Era, Post, Black Business, 52,
  113, 139-40, 161-62, 327, 308, 416. See
  also Affirmative Action Retrenchment, Im-
  pact on Black Busines; Affirmative Action
  Retrenchment, Supreme Court Decisions;
  Business Ownership, Since 1969
Civil Rights Movement, 93, 543, 555
Civil Rights Movement and Black Business,
  93, 139, 139, 147-51, 543. See also Affir-
  mative Affirmative Action; Impact on Black
  Business
Civil Rights Movement Impact on Black Busi-
  ness: Auto Dealers, 46-47, 49, 51
Civil War, 59, 70, 78, 100, 104, 133, 188,
  302, 303, 329, 346, 454, 494
Civil War and Black Business, 516
Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP), 151
Claiborne, Liz, 312
Clara's House Shelter, 411
Clark-Atlanta University School of Business,
  115, 119, 184
Clark, Edward V., 130
Clark, Olivia, 473
Clark, Robert, 564
The Clansman, 233
Class and Race (Sports), 537
Class Resources and Black business, 37, 478
The Claverite, 231
Clay, David, 620
Clay, John, 321
Clemson University, 33
Cleveland Call, 390
Cleveland Call and Post, 2, 390, 538
Cleveland Association of Colored Men, 390
Cleveland, Ohio, 85
Clinton, William (President), 58, 96, 207-8,
  347, 647
Clio Award, 98
Clothes Cleaning and Repairing Rooms, 344
CME Publishing House, 86
CNN, 558
Coal Mining Firms (1992), 225
Coca Cola Company, 7, 99, 126-27, 148, 315,
  404
Coca Cola Bottling Company of New York,
  363
Coca Cola Enterprises, 191
Code of Conduct, 217. See The "Sullivan
  Principles"
Coethnic Consumer Markets, 280. See Mar-
  kets, Protected, and Black Entrepreneurship
Coffey, Cornelius Ribunson, 472. See also
  Coffey School of Aeronautics
Coffey School of Aeronautics (Cornelius Ri-
  bunson Coffey and Willa Beatrice Brown),
  151-52
Coffin, Levi, 576
Cognos Advertising, 6
Cohen, Lyon, 468
Coker, Daniel (Reverend), 301
Cole, Harry, 4
Cole, Johnetta, 452
Cole, Peter K., 303
Cole, Robert A., 140
Cole, Robert, 415
Cole Taylor, 55
Cole's American Giants, 415
Colgate-Palmolive, 361
College of Wiliam and Mary, 44
Collins Chicago Study. See Corporate Amer-
  ica, Black Managers
Colonial America, Black Business, 152-54;
  447; Black Musicians, 158; Women, 597-98
Colonial America, Slave Market Women, 155-
  57; 598
Colonial New England, African Economic Sur-
  vivalisms, 157-59; 597
Colonialism, Impact on African Business, 7-8,
  328,
Colonialism, Impact on African Property Own-
  ership, 9
Color, 287
The Color Purple, 596
Colorado Lincoln Hills Development Com-
  pany, 629
Colorado Statesman, 582
Colored American, 624
Colored American Institute for the Promotion
  of the Mechanic Arts And Science, 620
Colored American Magazine, 83
Colored Caulkers' Trades Union Society, 135
Colored Cooperative Publishing Company, 83
Colored Free Masons, 525
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, 73, 86,
  144
Colored Men's Physicians, Dentists and Phar-
  macists Club, 136
Colored Merchants Association (CMA), 399,
  512, 630, 631
Colored National Convention, 344. See also
  National Negro Convention Movement
Colored Players Film Corporation, 234
Colored State Fair, 345
Colored Men's Professional and Business Di-
  rectory (1885), 136
Colored People's Blue Book of Chicago
  (1905), 137
Columbia Bank (PA), 321, 510
Columbia Broadcasting Company, 380. See
  also CBS
Columbia Railroad, 565
Columbia University, 290, 355, 363, 407, 594
Cominsky Park, 416, 535
Colvis & Dumas, 28
Colvis, Joseph, 28
Commerical Bank and Trust Company, 580
Commision on Interracial Cooperation, 124
A Common Destiny: Blacks and American So-
  ciety, 112
Communist Party, 183, 227
Community Bank of Lawndale, 55
Community Law Project, 411
Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), 30, 56,
  102, 476. See also Banking, Chicago Com-
  munity Development, Community Reinvest-
  ment Act
"Compelling State Interest," 481
Competition. See Black Business/White Com-
  petition
Comprehensive Business Resource Center, 477
Comptroller of the Currency, 57, 61
Computer Technology. See Black Computer
  Technology Firms
Comstock Mining Boom, 457
Concord Baptist Church (Brooklyn), 145
Cone Corp. v. Hillsbrough County, 186
Confederates, 260, 346, 494
Congo. See Zaire
Congress of Racial Equality, 77, 144
Connecticut, 224
Conrad, Earl, 88
Conservative Black Economic Nationalism, 97
Consolidated Edison, 638
Consolidated Lasting Machine Company, 372
Consortium for Graduate Study in Manage-
  ment, 121
Construction Industry, 174, 185. See also
  Black Construction Industry
Construction/Contracting, 122; and Federal
  Government, 173
Consumer Market. See Black Consumer Mar-
  ket
Concessions International Corporation, 479
Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, 580,
  642
Consumer Expenditure Survey, 353
Continental Army, 128
Contract Set-Aside Program, 150. See also
  Federal Contracts; Set-Asides, Minority
  Business
"Contract With America," 278
Convenience Corporation of America, 645
Convention Industry, 376
Converse (Sports Shoes), 533
Conyers, John, Jr., 49
Conyers, Nathan G., 49
Conyers Riverside Ford, 49
Cook, Sarah, 29
Cooke, H. D., 252
Cooper, Edward Elder, 624
Cooper, Jack L., 463
"Cooperative Economics," 353, 354
"Cooperative Industry," 401
Cooperative Enterprises, 430, 476
Cooperative Financial Insitutions, 292
Coors Brewing, 177
Copper Romance, 332
CORE, 77, 144
Corley, Lester, 645
Cornelius, Charles H., 43
Cornell University, 120
Corn Planting Machine, 618
Comes & Co., Ltd (Japan), 310
Cornwell, W. Don, 541, 608, 641
Corporate America, Black Managers, 150, 159-
  64
Corporate America's Black Executives, 162,
  164-66, 642, 644
Corporation of Caterers (NY), 132
Correction Connection, Inc., 640
Cortisone, 349
Cosby, Camille, 452
Cosby, William "Bill,"Henry, Jr., 363, 452,
  535, 536, 557
Cosmetic Manufacturers. See Black Cosmetic
  Manufacturers
Cosmetology Schools. See Black Beauty Col-
  leges
Cosmopolitan Chamber of Commerce, 138
Costa Rica, 270, 583
Cotton Gin, 45, 170, 199, 518
Cotton Planting Machine, 618
Cotton Production, Black Farmers Pre-World
  War I, 12
Cottonwood Hot Springs Spa Motel, 96
Cottrell, Comer J., 166-67, 283, 535
Cottrell Foundation, 167
Couvent, Madame Bernard, 449
Coverall North America, 243
Cowles Business Media, 353
Cox Broadcasting, 548
Cox Brothers Funeral Home, 551
Cox, Charles and Allen, 551
Cox, Minnie, 603
Cox, Oliver Cromwell, 167-69
Craftsmen Aero-News, 459
Craftsmen of Black Wings, Inc., 459
Craftsmen Manufacturing, Construction, 169-
  74
Crain's Chicago Business, 268
Cramps Ship Building Company, 132
Crisis, 232, 289, 444
Creek Freedman, 223
Creek Nation, 223
Creek Negroes, 223
Creektown Trading Houses (Nigeria), 437
Crest Toothpaste, 533
Criminal Activities. See Illegal Black Busi-
  nesses, Organized Criminal Activities
Croatia, 96
Cromwell, Levi, 131
Croson. See City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson
  Co.
Cross Colours, 642
Crowell, W. R., 383
Crummell, Alexander, 303
Cuba, 270, 304, 306, 474
Cudahy and Company, 239
Cuffe, Paul, 175-76, 219, 240-41, 300, 307,
  448, 562
Cuffe & Howards, 175
Cullers, Marian, 177
Cullers, Vincent, 4, 177
Culture of Peace Programme (UNESCO), 545
Culver, Taylor, 33
Cunningham "Mama" Carrie, 551
Cunningham, Wendell T., 550
Curly Kit, 167
Currie, T. E., 565
Curry, Leonard, 251, 447
Curtis, Austin, 127
Curtom Record Company, 468
Czech Republic, 644


D

D & K Enterprises, 243
Dabney Publishing Company, 83
"Daddy" Grace, 381, 512
Dallas, TX, black business in 167
The Dancing Nig (1907), 233. See also Film
  Production
Daniels and Bell, 322, 637
Daniels, Billie, 556
Daniels-Carter, Valerie, 609
Daniels, John, 609
Dark & Lovely, 287, 314, 535. See also
  Carson, Inc.
Darrow, Clarence, 70, 183
Dartmouth, 120
Daughters of Tabor, 246
Davenport, Chester, 542
David's (Cookies), 19
Davis Bend Plantations, 388
Davis, Benjamin, 550
Davis, Ed, 46
Davis, Edward (Dr.), 184
Davis, Jefferson, 388
Davis (Jefferson/Joseph) Bend Plantations, 79
Davis, Joseph, 388
Davis, Walter A., 404
Davis, Willie D., 533
Davis, William W., 165, 646
Dawson, William L. (Congressman), 348
Day, Thomas, 170, 178-79, 516, 518
Day, Thomas, Jr., 179
Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute,
  451
Dearborn Real Estate Board, 571
DeBaptiste, George, 179-80
DeBow, J.B.D., 1850 Louisiana Census Black
  Businesses, 27
Decatur, Stephen, 240
Deerfield, Colorado, 78
Def Comedy Jam, 483, 557
Defender, Chicago, 1-3, 136
Defense Contracts. See Black Defense Con-
  tracts
Defense Data Network, 309
Def Jam Records, 431
Delany, Martin Robison, 130, 170, 180-82,
  210, 220, 248, 303, 448, 509, 562, 564-65
Delaware, 127
Dell Computers, 541
Delta Kappa Chi, 453
Delta Penny Savings Bank, 603
Delta Sigma Theta, 17
Democratic Party, 187, 348, 522, 590
Democratic Photoplay Corporation, 234. See
  also Film Production
Denmark, 311
Denver Colorado, 89, 131
Denver International Airport, 324
Denver Nuggets, 535
De Passe Entertainment, 182
DePasse, Suzanne, 182, 557, 608
DePauw University, 349
DePriest, Oscar Stanton (Congressman), 138,
  182-84
Dereef and Howard, 563
Dereef, Richard, 23, 220
Dermatologist, 356
Des Moines, Iowa, 83
Desara, David, 562
Desegregation, 101-2
Detroit, 6, 49, 51, 88, 179, 283
Detroit Lions, 535
Dial Corporation, 191
Diasporic Africans, 478
Dick Gidron Cadillac and Ford, Inc., 48
Dick Griffey Associates, 468
Dick Griffey Productions, 224, 309, 468
Dickerson, Earl B., 298
Diehl, Walter, 232
Digital Equipment Corporation, 112
Diggs, Charles, Jr. (Congressman), 61, 261
Diggs, Charles C., 261
Dime Savings Bank, 642
Dinkens, David (Mayor), 547
Dillard University, 73
"Dimensions of Soviet Economic Power,"
  586
Direct Selling Association, 193
Disadvantaged Theory of Ethnic Entrepreneur-
  ship, 34-35
Discrimination Disparities, 470
Discrimination, Remedies, 481
Disney Studios, 165, 236, 596
Disparity Studies, 184-86
Diton, Effie, 405
Dixon, Thomas, 233
DJMA, 185
D. J. Miller & Associates, 184
Dobbs, John Wesley, 186-87, 548
Dode, Peter, 21
Dodge Dealerships, 609
Doley, Harold, 322
Don King Productions, 352
Don King Sports Entertainment Network, 352
Doley Securities, 322, 637
Domestics, 583
"Don't Spend Your Money/Shop Where You
  Can't Work" Campaign, 137
Dootone Recording Company, 466
Dorsey, Hugh, 126
Douala, Cameroon, 309
Doubleday, 635
Douglas Broadcasting Inc., 465
Douglas, John, 464
Douglas, Stephen, 378
Douglass Bank (Kansas City, KS), 58, 61
Douglass, Frederick, 20, 60, 252
Douglass Life Insurance Company, 632
Douglass, N. John, 558
Douglass National Bank (Chicago), 55, 138,
  440
Downing, Thomas, 130
Downing, George Thomas, 130, 132, 188-89
Downsizing, Corporate, 118, 165, 189-92, 610
Doxey, Lewis, 516
Dozier, Lamont, 467
Drake, St. Clair and Horace Cayton, 138, 255,
  280, 281
Draper, Garrison, 21
Dreadlocks, 311
DreamWorks, 237
Drew Pearson Companies, 640
Drew, Timothy, 432. See also Noble Drew Ali
Drexel National Bank, 55, 635
Drug Trade. See Illegal Black Businesses, Or-
  ganized Criminal Activities
Drugstores, 55
Drum Major For Justice Award, 538
Dube, John Langalabele (Reverend), 417
DuBuclet, Antoine, 491, 492
Du Bois and Dill Publishing Company, 83
Du Bois, William E. B.(Edward Burghardt);
  Atlantic Slave Trade, 45; Black business
  philosophy, 291; Black business studies,
  111, 274, 395, 430, 453; Black business
  strategies, 418, 625; "Business as Public
  Service," 286; Critics of DuBois, 291; Cri-
  tique on Garvey's Pan/Africanism/Neocolo-
  nialism, 305; Critique on Booker T.
  Washington, 589; DuBois/Washington De-
  bate, economist assessment, 209-210; Eco-
  nomic Co-operation Among Negro
  Americans, 451; 1898 Fourth Atlanta Con-
  ference, 418; Misinterprets house slaves/ser-
  vants as origin of black business class, xiv;
  Moon Illustrated Weekly, 443; NAACP,
  204, 589; National Afro-American League,
  400; Negro in Business, 274, 430; Niagara
  Movement, 40, 400; Political Ideology, 94,
  216, 429-30; Promotion of black coopera-
  tives, 430; On South's Jim Crow Responses
  to black beneficial societies, 298; Souls of
  Black Folks, 589; "Talented Tenth," 40,
  418, 436
Duckworth, Margaret, 579
Ducrois, G. N., 28
Dudley Cosmetology University, 193
Dudley, Eunice, 193, 286
Dudley, Joe L., 192-94, 282, 286, 330
Dudley's Haircare Fact Book, 282-83
Dudley Products Inc., 193, 282
Dugger, Edward, III, 324
Duke Ellington, 551
Duke Label, 472
Dulan, Hurlon, 407. See also National Black
  MBA Association
Dumas, Alexander, 28
Dumas Hotel, 131
Dumas, Joseph, 28
Dumases, 302
Dun & Bradstreet, 305, 399, 439
Dun Mercantile Credit Company, 321
Dun Mercantile Credit Reports, 130, 170, 565.
  See also Free Black Entrepreneurs
Dunbar Film Company, 234
Du Pont Gunpowder Mills, 219
DuPuy, Edmond, 565
Duran, Roberto, 351
Durham, NC, 82, 202-3, 436. See also Black
  Wall Street
Durham Commerical and Security Company,
  203
Durham Committee on Negro Affairs (DCNA),
  436
Durham Human Relations Committee, 528
Durham Textile Mill, 82
Durnford, Andrew, 194-97. See also Durford,
  Thomas
Dumford, Thomas, 492
DuSable High School (Chicago), 569, 561
DuSable, Jean Baptiste Pointe, 136, 153
DuSable Museum of African American His-
  tory, 85, 393
"Dutchess" Quamino, 128, 154, 598
Dyke and Dryden (London), 308


E

Earl Graves Associates, 278
Earl G. Graves, Ltd, 278
Earl G. Graves Publishing Company, 278
Early, Arthur, 433
East India Toilet goods Company, 624
Eastern Airlines, 637
Eastern Colored League, 414
Eastman Kodak, 361
Easton, Robert J., 403
Eatonville, Florida, 80
East Saginaw, Michigan, 222
East St. Louis, IL, 46, 78, 336, 372
East-West (All-Star) Game, 416
Ebony, 46, 177, 289, 611. See also Johnson,
  John Harold
Ebony Fashion Fair, 332, 452
Ebony-Jet Tours, 332
Ebony Jr!, 332
Ebony/Jet Showcase, 557
Ebony South Africa, 314-15, 334
Echo Records, 466
Eckstine, Billy, 4
Eckstine, Ed, 469
Economic Blueprint of the Nation of Islam,
  422
Economic Co-operation Among Negro Ameri-
  cans, 451, 453. See also DuBois, William
  E.B.
"Economic Detour," 36
Economic Development Administration, 61-62
"Economic Empowerment" Program, 545
Economics of Discrimination, 586
Economic Opportunity Act, 635
Edgar, Jacqueline L., 609
Edison, Thomas, 127
Editor and Publisher Year Book, 2
Edmonds Entertainment, 237
Edmonds, Kenneth "Babyface," 469
Education and Black Businesspeople, 112,
  159, 243. See also Literacy and Black Busi-
  nesspeople
Edward Burnett's Casual Fashions (Japan),
  310
Edwards, Junius, 7
EEC, 308
EEG Dallas Broadcasting Company, 278
EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity
  Commission
E. F. Young, Jr. Manufacturing Company, 285
E. G. Bowman Co., 299, 607, 638 
E. G. Gardner Beauty Products Inc., 267
Egoli Beverages, 315
Egypt, 305
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (President), 187, 357,
  380
Eldridge, Elleanor, 599
Electric Lights, 623
Elgin Settlement (Canada), 302
Elijah Muhammad Three Year Economic Plan,
  426
Elliot Department Store, xxi
Ellison, William, 169-70, 198-99, 492, 516,
  518
Ellsworth, Scott, 204
EM (Ebony Man), 332
Emancipation Proclamation, 498
Emancipator, 449
Embalming Fluid Manufactory, 264
Emerge, 315
Emergency Education Program, 459
EMI Records, 468
Employment, Blacks and Federal Government,
  149
Employment Discrimination, 409
Employment Patterns, Black Business, 75, 107,
  199-201
Employment Patterns, Minority Business, 480
Employment Training, 545
Enclaves, Entrepreneurial, 35-36, 201-5, 280,
  513
Enclaves, Ethnic, 526. See also Immigrant
  Merchants
Endorsements. See Sports, Athlete Enterprises
  and Enterpreneurs
England, 300, 302, 306, 308
Engineering Contractors v. Metropolitan Dade
  County, 186
Enterprise (South Africa), 315
Enterprise Zones, 205-8
Enterprise Zones: A Solution to the Urban
  Crisis, 206
Enterprise Zones: Pioneering in the Inner
  Cities, 206
Entertainment Enterprises, 3-4, 608; See also
  Film Production; Radio Enterprises; Record-
  ing Industry; Television Industry
Entreprenuer Models, Black Community Eco-
  nomic Development, 208-11
Entrepreneurial Enclaves in the African Amer-
  ican Experience, 413
Entrepreneurial Theories, 35-36, 293
Entrepreneurship and Self-Help Among Black
  Americans, 201
Envirotest Systems Corporation, 324, 542
Epic/Sony Records, 469
Epsilon Nu Delta Mortuary Fraternity, 265
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
  (EEOC), 148-49, 586
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
  Companies, 164
Equiano, Olaudah, 43
Equitable Life, 164
Equitable Life Assurance Building, 478
Equity Capital, 106
Erving, Julius" Dr. J." Winfield, II, 363, 533,
  535
Essence, 110, 289, 315, 430, 611
Essence Awards for Business, 182
Essence Communications, 611, 646
Esso Standard Oil, 404
Esther Laboratories, 285
Esusu, 247, 474
Eta Phi Beta, 633
Ethics, African Americans and Business, 211-
  15
Ethics and American Democratic Capitalism,
  215-19
Ethics, White Corporate America, 212-13
Ethiopia, 472
Ethiopian Clowns, 416
Ethnic Entrepreneurship, 35
Ethnic Entrepreneurship Class Resources, 37,
  514
European Economic Community (EEC), 308
Evanita Holding Company, 322
Exclusive Records, 466
Executive Order 11246, 199
Executive Order 11458, 65-66
Executive Order 11625, 66
Executive Order 12138, 66
Extractive Industries, Enterprises, 219-25, 378
"Eyes on the Street," 526


F

Faces at the Bottom of the Well, 213
Falwell, Jerry (Reverend), 146
Famous Amos Chocolate Chip Cookies. See
  Amos, Wallace, Jr.
Fard, W. D. (Wallace Drew), 422, 432
Far East, 306
Far Eastern Trade Association, 307
Farmers, 12-17
Farmers Home Administration (FmHA), 15-16
Farr, Mel (Sr.), 646
Fashion Fair Cosmetics, 308, 333, 607
Father Divine [George Baker], 226-29, 381,
  433, 512
"Father of Harlem," 445
"Father of the Curl," 393
Faustina Beach, 230
Faustina, Gilbert, 229-31
FCN Publishing Company, 86
Fedco Foods Corporation, 363, 636
FDIC. See Federal Deposit Insurance Corpora-
  tion
Federal Aviation Administration, 152
Federal Communications Commission (FCC),
  465, 644
Federal Contracts, 52, 149, 199-200, 609. See
  also. Equal Employment Opportunity Com-
  mission; Office of Federal Contract Compli-
  ance Program
Federal Courts and Black Business, 52
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,
  (FDIC), 56, 60, 62, 65, 66
Federal Depository Deregulation and Monetary
  Act (1980), 62
Federal Employment, 149. See also Equal Em-
  ployment Opportunity Commission; Office
  of Federal Contract Compliance Program
Federal Government and Minority Business,
  150, 173. See also Set-Asides, Minority
  Business
Federal Government Equal Opportunity Man-
  dates, 513. See also Affirmative Action;
  Civil Rights Era and Black Business
Federal Manuscipt Census/Black Business, 517
Federal Minority Business Plan, 643
Federal Reserve Bank, 65, 550
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corpora-
  tion, 65, 66
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 265, 288,
  330
Federation Aeronautique Internationale, 459
Feldman, Lynn, 272, 483, 582
Felton, William McDonald, 231-32
Female Trading Association, 601
Ferguson, Kathy, 598
Ferris, William H., 269
Fields, Michael, 165, 643
Fifty-Ninth Street Theater (Harlem), 231
Filipinos, 307
Film Production, 232-38, 277, 307, 310, 327,
  336, 459, 468, 483, 533, 640. See also Mi-
  cheaux, Oscar
Final Call, 425, 427
Finance Capitalism, xxviii
Financial Capital, 511
Financial Management Service, 66
Finland, 306
First American Woman Bank Founder. See
  Walker, Maggie Lena
First Artist Production, 235
First Black Actuary, 528
First Black Billion Dollar Business. See TLC
  Beatrice International Holdings
First Black Certified Public Accountant (CPA),
  549
First Chicago(Bank), 56
First Harlem Securities, 322
First National Bank (Chicago), 46
Fishing, Hunting, Trapping Firms 1992, 224
Fisk University, 71, 73, 452, 556, 610
Fisk University Press, 84
Fitzgerald, Richard Burton, 82
Fitzhugh, H. Naylor, 120, 405
Five Blackbirds, The, 459
Five Civilized Tribes, 204
501(c)3 Corporation, 407, 412
Flavor, 483
Flavor Unit Record, 608
Flemming, Adelaide, 405
Fletcher, Arthur (Dr.), 406
Flippen, Pearl, 405
Flori Roberts, 541
Florida, 41
Florida A & M University (FAMU), 115, 118
Florida A & M School of Business, 115-18
Folkes, Scott, 469
Folsom, Joseph Libby, 359
Foneal, J. V., 29
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 126
Food Services and Hotel Industries, 133-34.
  See also Catering, Inns, Hotels
Foot Cone & Belding, 98
Forbes, 475, 596, 608
Ford, Barney L., 238-39, 302
Ford, Cornelius Evarts, 239-40
Ford Dealership, 609
Ford Foundation, 476, 636
Ford, Gerald (President), 139
Ford, Henry, 50
Ford Motor Company, 7, 49, 50, 51, 140, 313,
  403. See also Auto Dealers; Auto Parts Sup-
  ply Industry
Ford Motor's Lincoln-Mercury Division, 361
Foreign Cars, 47, 122
Forestry Enterprises, 224
Forten, Charlotte, 242
Forten, James, 170, 176, 240-42, 248, 448
Forten, James, Jr., 242
Forten, Robert, 242
Fortune, Amos, 616
Fortune, 4, 113, 287, 535, 537, 552
Fortune Global 500 Industrials, 46
Fortune 500 Corporations, 51, 52, 119, 121,
  148, 340, 375, 609
Fortune 500 Black Managers/Executives in,
  150, 164-65
Fortune 500 Board Members, 166
Fortune 500 Industrial Companies, 162
Fortune Service 500 Companies, 162
Fortune Service 250 Companies, 162
Fortune, T. (Timothy) Thomas, 269, 400
Forty Acres and a Mule, 236. See also Film
  Production; Lee, Spike
Foster, Rube, 137, 414
Foster Photoplay Company, 233
Foster, W. F., 588
Foster, William 233
"40 Acres and a Mule," 12
Founders National Bank (Los Angeles), 538-
  39
400 Years without a Comb, 392
Fourteenth Amendment and American Busi-
  ness, xvi
Fourth (1898) Atlanta Conference, 418
Fox-TV, 539
France, 131, 249, 302, 306, 308, 347
Franchise Units, 122, 312, 243-44, 268, 533,
  609, 643. See also Auto Dealers; Black
  Franchise Owners; TLC Beatrice Interna-
  tional Holdings
Franklin, Benjamin, 499
Franklin, John Hope, xxiv
Franprix (France), 312
Fraser, George, 430
Fraternal Organizations, 99-100, 172, 217,
  255, 245-46, 264, 296, 420, 512, 525
Fraunces, Samuel, 129, 154
Fraunces Tavern and Restaurant, 129, 154, 616
Frazier, E. Franklin, 202, 255, 290, 436
Frederick Douglass, 270
Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and
  Training School, 625
Free African Society, 241, 247-48, 296, 394,
  435
Free Black Entrepreneurs, 248-52. See also
  Antebellum Black Business Activities
Free Frank. See McWorter, Free Frank
Free Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebel-
  lum Frontier, xix
Free Labor Bank, 621
Free Lance Press, 85
Free Masonry. See Fraternal Organizations
Free Men of Color, 23
Free People of Color, 27, 29, 515
Free Produce Movement, 601
Free Soil Journalist, 344
Free Speech (Memphis), 602
Free Will Baptist Seminary, 378
Freed, Allen, 464
Freedom National Bank (NY), 474, 532, 636,
  642
Freeman, Marcus, 560
Freedman's Aid Society, 73
Freedman's Bank, 59-60, 252-53
Freedmen Saving's and Trust Company, 59.
  See also Freedman's Bank
Freedmen, 70, 498
Freedmen's Bureau, 12, 71
Freedmen's Journal, 449
Freedmen's Hospital, 96
Freedom Bookstore, 88
Freedom's Journal, 1, 302
Fresh Prince of Bel Air, 557
Friendly Society of Sierra Leone, 176, 300
Frito-Lay, 165
From Slavery to Freedom, xxiv
Fuci Metals, USA, 312, 533, 609
Fudge, Ann, 164, 610
Fugitive Slave Law, 1850, 343-44
Fugitive Slaves, 220, 302, 429. See also Un-
  derground Railroad and Black Business
Fujita, Japan McDonald's, 310
Fuller Department Store and Office Building,
  253
Fuller Livestock Enterprise, 253
Fuller Guaranty Corporation, 253
Fuller Philco Home Appliance Center, 253
Fuller Products, 193, 330
Fuller, S. B., 193, 253-54, 282, 286
Fullilov v. Klutznick (1980), 481
Full-Line Insurance Company, 297
Funeral and Mortuary Enterprises, 254-56,
  551, 552
Funeral Business Firms, 256-59, 524
Funeral Business History, 25, 259-66, 616
Fur Trading, 131, 136
Fykes, James Samuel Lynch, 306
Fykes, Leroy, 407. See also National Black
  MBA Association


G

Gadhafi, Muammar, 427
Gaines, N. Walter, 558
Gall, Amelia, 599
Gallo Winery, 7
Gamble and Huff Enterprises, 468
Gamble, Kenneth, 467
G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Cream, 389
G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company, 389
G. A. Morgan Refining Company, 389
Gambling and Black Business, 131, 141, 142.
  See also Illegal Black Businesses, Organized
  Criminal Activities
Gantt, Harvey, 33
Garden, John, 461
Gardena, California, 166
Garden State Cable TV, 642
Gardner, Edward G., 267-68, 282, 286, 535,
  611
Gardner, Gary, 267, 268
Gardner, Newport, 616
Gardner, Terri, 611
Garnett, Henry Highland, 303
Garrison, William Lloyd, 175, 241, 448
Garvey, Amy Jacques, 269, 304
Garvey, Marcus, 76, 176, 210, 268-71, 304-5,
  430, 431, 444
Gas Heating Furnace Invention, 604
Gas Mask Invention, 389. See also Morgan,
  Garrett Augustus
Gaston, Arthur George, 261, 263, 271-73, 452
Gaston, Minnie, 270
Gate City Drug Store, 549
Gate City Free Kindergarten, 40
Gateway National Bank, 55, 635
Gatorade, 533
Gaye, Marvin, 18
GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 208
Gender Equality, 327
General Education Board, 74
General Electric, 433, 623, 630
General Foods, 148, 164, 326, 333, 610
General Mills, 533
General Motors (GM), 46, 112, 140, 313, 317,
  403, 408. See also Auto Dealers; Auto Parts
  Supply Industry
Gender Discrimination, 156, 585
"Genius With the Midas Touch," 606
Genovese, Eugene, 489
George Washington Carver Foundation, 127
Georgia, Black Business, 1890-1915, 273-77
Georgia Democratic White Primary, 187
Georgia Institute of Technology, 319
Georgia Pacific Building, 479
Georgia Prince Hall Masons, 186
German-Jewish Slaveholder, 28
Germany, 304, 306, 311, 644
Ghana, 307, 311, 312
Gibbs, Mifflin W., 302
Gibson, Althea, 559
Gibson, Josh, 414
Gibson, Kenneth (Mayor). See also Mayors,
  Black, and Black Business
Gibson, Truman, 298
Gidron, Richard, 48-49
Gilbert, Jarobin, 557-58
Gillespie, Frank L., 546, 629
Gillette Co., 7, 288
Gillette, Frankie Jacobs, 406
Giraud, Stephen, 248
Giuliani, Rudolph, 477
Glass, Carter (Senator), 60
Glass Ceiling, 118, 217, 610
Glenn, Mildred, 639
Glidden Paint Company, 349
Global Political Economy, 10, 110, 189, 313-
  317, 478. See also Population (1995)
GM. See General Motors
Godfather's Pizza, 641, 645
Godwin, John, 515
Goings, Russell, 322
Gold Coast (West Africa), 417
Gold Forever Music (Records), 467
Gold Mines, 307. See also Extractive Indus-
  tries, Enterprises
Gold Mining, 221, 620
Gold Strike, 302
Gold Rush, 455
Golden State Insurance Company, 630
Golf, 4, 531, 534, 606, 625
"Good Faith Agreements," 592
Good Times, 557
Goode, Wilson (Mayor). See also Mayors,
  Black, and Black Business
Goodrich (Goodridge), William, 170-71, 249,
  564-65, 576
GOP. See Republican Party
Gordon, Robert, 221
Gordy, Berry, Jr., 182, 277, 467
Gordy Company, 277
Gospel Music, 110, 269, 472, 557
Gospel Spreading Church of God, 381
Gospel Spreading Tabernacle Building Associ-
  ation, 380
Government Contracts and Minority Business,
  150, 481. See also Set-Asides, Minority
  Business
Government Loans, 102. See also Small Busi-
  ness Administration
Grambling State University, 115
Grameen Bank (Bangladesh), 477
Grand Fountain of the United Order of True
  Reformers. See True Reformers
Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, 245
Granite Broadcasting, 318, 541-42, 643
Granito, Lori, 311
Grant and Stone Store, 301
Grant Company, W. T., 529
Grant, George F., 625
Grants, 474
Grant, Ulysses S. (President), 238, 252
Grassroots Alternatives for Public Policy, 412
Grassroots Initiatives for Economic Develop-
  ment, 412
Graves, Earl Gilbert, 111, 277-78, 331, 430,
  431, 535. See also Black Enterprise
Gray, Cecil, 490
Gray, Simon, 278-79. See also Slave Entrepre-
  neurs and Intrapreneurs
Gray, William H., 115
Great Britain, 9. See also England
Great Chicago Fire, 344
Great Depression, 168, 191, 210
Great Depression and Nation's Banks, 55, 60,
  291, 580
Great Depression and Black Business failures,
  280-81, 339, 464; Numbers of (1930-1940),
  555
Great Depression, effects on: Black Aviation
  Enterprise, 459; Black Banks, 138, 440, 631;
  Black business districts, 339, 527, 552;
  Black Film Production, 235; C. H. James &
  Co., 329; Construction Industry, 172; Farm-
  ers, 13, 183; Father Divine, 227-28; Frater-
  nal Organizations, 246; Illegal activities and
  venture capital, 140, 293, 415; Insurance
  Companies, 298, 436, 440; International en-
  terprises, 306; Madam C. J. Walker Manu-
  facturing Company, 584; Manufacturing
  Enterprises, 105; Poro Hair Products, 574;
  Protest activities, 92-93; Self Help Activi-
  ties, 380
Great Depression and Black Business Survi-
  vors, Funeral and Mortuary Industry, 261;
  Sarah Spencer Washington (Apex), 305;
  Murray Cosmetic Company, 306; North
  Carolina Mutural, 436; Hobart Taylor Cabs,
  555; Consolidated Bank and Trust Com-
  pany, 580; Citizens Trust Bank of Atlanta,
  549. See also Atlanta Life Insurance Com-
  pany; Booker T. Washington Insurance
  Company; Golden State Insurance Company;
  Mechanics and Farmers Bank; Universal
  Life Insurance Company
Great Migration, Black Entrepreneurship, 2,
  68, 183, 279-81, 255, 261, 390, 445, 546;
  European Immigrants, 280; Women Enter-
  prises, 603-4
Great Philadelphia Trading Company, 468
Great Plains, 381
Green Bay Packers, 533
Green, Clifford Scott, 433
Green, Joseph, 29
Green, Kim, 165
Green, Thomas, 22
Greenbrier, Mr., 576
Greene, Lorenzo, 171
Greenlee Field, 415; Newspapers, black, 1-3
Greenlee, William August "Gus," 415, 416
Greensboro (NC) Sit-In, 326
Greenwood District. See Black Wall Street;
  Enclaves, Entrepreneurial; Tulsa, Oklahoma
Greer, Prince, 260
Gregory, Dick, 640
Greyhound Corporation, 404
Grice, Hezekiah, 301
Griffey, Dick, 224, 308, 467
Griffith, Mark Winston, 476
Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 586
Griggs, Sutton E. Reverend, 84
Grigsby Brandford and Co., 311, 322
Grigsby, Calvin, 311, 644
Grimes Oil Company, 224
Grimes, William, 158
Grisham, Daryl, 140
Grog shops, 131
Groves, Junius G., 565
Gryzwinski, Ronald, 57
G-III Apparel Group, 337
Guarantee Bank and Trust Company. See Na-
  tion of Islam Enterprises
Guide Publishing Company, 83
Guaranty Bank and Trust, 55
Gulf-Western Complex, 467
Gumbillotte, Oscar, 28
Gundles, John H., 322
Gurin, Patricia, 586
Guthrie, Carlton, 402
Guyana, 312
Guyanese-American, 568


H

Hagler, H. A., 551
Haile Selassie (Emperor), 4721
Haines Institute, 443, 451
Hair Care Products Industry, 282-90, 309,
  483, 624, 646
Hairdressers. See Black Beauty Shops
Hair Pullers, 572
Haiti, 270, 300, 302, 304
Haitian Imports, 306
Haitian Revolution, 23
Half-Century, 441
Hall, Don Carlos, 21
Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo, 27
Hall-Jordan (Funerals), 258
Hall, Peter, 205
Hall, William F., 433
Halliburton, R., 494
Hallmark (Cards), 354
Hamilton, Forest, 467
Hamilton, Samuel, 553
Hamilton, Thomas, Sr., 83
Hammond, James, 499-500
Hampton Conference, 625
Hampton, Gladys, 466, 608
Hampton Institute, 32, 284
Hampton Institute Press, 84
Hampton, Lionel, 466, 608
Hampton Records, 608
Hampton-Tuskegee Model of Industrial Educa-
  tion, 71
Hampton University Association of New York,
  306
Handy, William C., 443, 466
Hanover Direct, 146
Hansberry, Carl A. and N. Louise, 452
Hansberry Foundation, 452
Hansberry, Lorraine, 452
Happy News, 380
Happy News Cafe, 380
Harambee House, 638
Hargrave, Alfred, 518
Harlem, 87, 88, 226, 264, 271, 285, 399, 445
Harlem Airport (IL), 151
Harlem Broadcasting Corporation, 464
Harlem Globetrotters, 535
Harlem Renaissance, 143, 269
Harlem Textile Works, 354
Harleston, David, 468
Haney, R. H., 220
Harold: The Peoples Mayor, 571
Harper, Francis Ellen Watkins, 90
Harpo Productions, 557, 608. See also Win-
  frey, Oprah
Harrell, Andre, 468
Harris, Abram Lincoln, Jr., 137, 138, 210, 290-
  92
Harris, Charles F., 635
Harris, Doris Mae, 433
Harris, George S., 141
Harris, Lillian, 603
Harris, Margaret Mitchell, 621
Harris, Samuel, 519
Harris, Thomas P., 141
Harrison, Herbert H., 269
Harrison, William Henry (President), 179
Hastick, Roy, Sr., 477
Hatcher, Richard (Mayor). See Mayors, Black,
  and Black Business
Hartford Avenue Baptist Church (Detroit), 145
Harvard Business Review, 148
Harvard College, 310
Harvard University, 41, 44, 61, 119, 120, 121,
  310, 349, 355, 361, 407, 476, 535, 638
Harvest Manor Restaurant, 145
Harvey, Iris, 310
Haugabrooks Funeral Home, 551
Haubarbrooks, Geneva, 551
Hawaii, 19, 303, 633
Hawkins, William H., 568
Haymon, Alan, 468
Hayti, 339. See also Black Wall Street; Dur-
  ham, NC
HBCU. See Historically Black Colleges and
  Universities
Health and Beauty Aids Manufacturing Enter-
  prises, 426, 512. See also Hair Care Prod-
  ucts Industry
Health Care Industry Enterprises. See Black
  Health Care Industry Enterprises
HEED, 405
Heinz "57 Varieties," 24
Heisman Trophy Winner, 533
Helicopter, 567
Henderson, Alexa Benson, xvii
Henderson, Fletcher, 444
Henry Clay Frick Coal Company, 222
Henry Harper, James Ransom, & Co., 520
Henry, Ragan, 324
Herb-Juice-Penol Company, 127
Herb Sportswear, 310
Heritage Foundation, 206
Herdon, Alonzo Franklin, 38-43, 276, 296,
  297, 549
Herndon, Norris Bumstead, 38-43
Hertz-Rent-a Car, 533
Heywood, John, 369
H. F. Henderson Industries, 309, 466
Higgs, Robert, 276
Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr., 433
High Brown Face Powder, 439, 606
High Grade Union Made Cigars Co., 229
Highland Community Bank, 55
Hightower, Dennis, 644
Hill, Jesse, 42-43
Hip Hop, 249, 310-11, 483, 608, 641, 642
Hispanic Businesses, 62-63, 465. See also
  Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
  (HBCUs), 114-15, 118
History of Black Business in America, Capital-
  ism, Race, Entrepreneurship, xvii
Hitsville USA, 277
HIV, 257, 427, 539
H. J. Russell & Company., 174, 478
H. J.Russell Construction Company, 478
Holiday, Billie, 551
Holland, Jerome H., 637
Holland, Robert, 165, 644
Hollis, Michael, 568
Holloway, Richard, 23
Hollowell, Louise W., 551
Holman Brothers, 300
Holmes, FLorence, 406
Holocaust, 214
Holsey, Albon, 104
Holyfield, Evander, 537
Home for Destitute Colored Children, 449
Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Persons,
  449
Homer Phillips Hospital, 46
The Homesteader (1919). See Film Production;
  Micheaux, Oscar
Honda Dealership, 609
Hong Kong, 205, 307, 310, 311
Honolulu, 306
Hooks, Benjamin, 408
Hoover, J. Edgar, 380
Hope, John, 418
Hopewell, VA, 379
Horace Trumbauer and Associates, 33
Horatio Alger, 194, 344
Hord, Noel, 164
Hot Comb, 572, 582
Hotel Industry and Blacks, 398
Hotel Theresa, 96
House of Bonny (Niger Delta), 328
House of Refuge, 449
House of Willis (Funeral), 263
House Party (1990), 237
Household of Ruth, 245
Houston, TX, 61
Houston, Whitney, 469
Howard, Oliver Otis (General), 252
Howard, Robert, 23, 220
Howard University, 32, 98, 115, 119, 120,
  290, 291, 349, 638
Howard University Press, 84, 85
Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 205
Howell, Fitzherbert, 629
Hucksters, 227
HUD. See United States Department of Hous-
  ing and Urban Development
Hudlin Brothers, 237
Hue, 332
Hue-Man Bookstore, 89
Huff, Leon, 467
Hughes Brothers (Albert/Allen), 236
Hughes Radio One Inc., 608
Hughes, Cathy, 465, 608
Human Capital in Business, 37, 251, 368-69,
  409, 511, 539
Human Rights, 539
Humane Brotherhood, 25-26
Hunter, Herbert, 168
Hyde Park Bank and Trust, 56
Hygienic Pet Baking Powder, 439
Hyman, John (Congressman), 522
Hyman, Mark, 84


I

IBM, 608
Ibo, 203
Illegal Black Businesses, Organized Criminal
  Activities, xxvii; 3, 68, 293-95, 351, 415,
  476
Illinois Beauty Culture Law, 348
Illinois Civil Rights Law, 452
Illinois Council for College Attendance, 411
Illinois Federal Savings and Loan, 138, 139-
  40
Illlinois Neighborhood Development Corpora-
  tion, 57
Immigrant Merchants, 276, 280, 339, 387. See
  also "Middleman Minorities"
Imperial Music Records, 466
Income Inequalities, 210, 370
Indecorp Bank, 55, 56, 641
Independence Bank, 55, 139, 331
Independent Black Economy, 291. See also
  Separate Economy
Independent Black Funeral Directors Associa-
  tion, 265, 630
Independent Order of St. Luke, 245, 296, 579.
  See also Fraternal Organizations; Walker,
  Maggie Lena
Independent Order of St. Luke Insurance De-
  partment, 603
India, 96, 305, 312, 316
Indian Territory, 223
Indiana, 305
Indiana Business School, 111
Indianapolis Clowns, 416
Indonesia, 96, 119, 316
Industrial City, 553
Industrial Education, 71
Industrial Relations Research Association, 587
Industrial Restructuring, 372, 373
Industrial Revolution, 43. See also Industriali-
  zation
Industrial School for Colored Girls, 580
Industrialization, 171, 222-23, 224
Industry Network Solutions (INS), 309
Informal Economy, 54
Information Age, 335. See also Internet, Black
  Business Online, World Wide Web
Information Superhighway, 97. See also Inter-
  net, Black Business Online, World Wide
  Web
Information Technology, 587
Ingham, Germaine, 433
Ingham, John, 272, 483, 582
Inglis, Thomas, 23, 321
Initial Public Offering (IPO), 337, 541
In Living Color, 557
Inner-City Black businesses, 103, 205, 339
Inner City Broadcasting, 309, 464, 548
Inner-City Communities, 150, 293, 645
Inner-City Crime. See Illegal Black Busi-
  nesses, Organized Criminal Activities
Inner City Ethnic Entrepreneurs, 477
Inner-City Film Audiences, 235
Inner City Foods, 139
Inner City Franchisees, 244
Innis, Roy, 77
Input-Output Computer Service (IOCS), Inc.,
  309
Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 453
Insurance Companies, 142, 295-99, 512, 525,
  633. See also names of specific companies
Integrity, 214
Inter-American Development Bank, 67
Internal Labor Markets, 587
Inter-Ocean Hotel, 238
Internal Revenue Service, 48
International Air Association (IAA) Airlines,
  568
International Aircraft Trading Inc. (IAT), 312,
  568
International Bank for Reconstruction and De-
  velopment, 67
International Beauty and Trade Show, 95
International Council of Women of Darker
  Races, 580
International Foundation for Education and Self-
  Help, 545
International Free and Accepted Masons, 558
International Merchandising Corporation, 307
International Talent Management Inc., 277
International Television, 558
International Trade Enterprises, 110, 176, 300-
  317. See also Brown, Ronald Harmon
Internet, Black Business Online, World Wide
  Web, xxv; 87, 309, 317-21
Interracial Council for Business Opportunity,
  113
Investment Banking, 165, 311, 321-24, 610,
  645
Invictus Records, 467
IOCS, 309
IOCS/African Informatics, 309
Iowa State Bystander Publishing Company, 83
Iowa State Bystander, 83
Iowa State College, 124
IPO, 337, 541
Iron Chest Cincinnati Real Estate and Con-
  struction, 619
Irons, Edward D. (Dr.), 61
Irvin, Monte, 416
Irvine, Moses, 26
Irving, Washington, 561
Islam, 432
ISOPLUS, 346
I Spy, 557
Italo-Ethiopian War, 472
Italy, 31
IVAX Corporation, 268, 286, 331, 643, 646
Ivey, Waverly, 466
Ivory Coast, 166, 307, 308


J

Jackson, Alonzo, 498
Jackson, Booker, 564
Jackson, James A. "Billboard," 404
Jackson, Janet, 538
Jackson, Jesse Louis, 93, 97, 217, 289, 325-
  28, 408, 646, 647
Jackson, Luther Porter, 564
Jackson, Mannie, 535
Jackson, Maynard (Mayor), 173, 187, 548. See
  also Mayors, Black, and Black Business
Jackson, Michael, 469
Jackson, Reggie, 533
Jackson, Rufus, 414
Jackson State University, 115, 118
Jackson, TN, 86
Jacksonville, FL, 566
Jacksonville Jaguars, 535
Jaja of Opobo, 328-29
Jakes, Henry, 22
Jamaica, 247, 270, 308
Jamaican Canadian Association, 476
James, Charles Howell, 329-30, 643
James, Charles II, 329
James, Clinton, 131
James, Edward, 329
James Hotel, 551
James M. Wilkerson's Undertaking Company,
  260
James Produce Company, 643
James, Thomas S., 345
Jamestown, VA, 615
Japan, 96, 304, 309, 310
Japan Watch, 310, 609
Japanese-Americans. See Asian/Black Entre-
  preneurship, Comparison
Japanese Auto Manufactures. See Auto Dealers
Jarrett, Richard, 563
J. A. Rogers Publications, 84
Jaynes, Gerald David, 112
J. C. McBrady and Company, 253
JCPenney, 311
Jefferson, Thomas, 616
The Jeffersons, 557
Jeffries, LeRoy, 404
Jenkins, Philip M., 322
Jenkins, Joseph Roberts, 301
Jennings, Thomas, 618
Jet, 289
Jet Engine Containers, 533
Jewel Food Stores, 7
Jewelers. See Antebellum Black Business Ac-
  tivities, Jewelry/Silverware Store
Jewish-Americans, 356, 520, 526
"Jewish Conspiracy," 168
"Jewish Influence," 272
Jheri Curl, 640
J. H. Heinz Company, 24
J. H. Zedricks & Co., 304
Jihad, 88
Jim Crow Era, Business Impact: Architects, 32-
  33; Barbers, 283-84; Catering, 132-33, 274;
  Construction, 171-72; Financial Institutions,
  436, 549. See also Georgia, Black Business,
  1890-1915; South, Black Business, 1880-
  1930; "Sweet Auburn" Avenue
Jim Crow Iniquities, 400, 456, 530, 544
Jim Crow Laws, 91, 100, 187, 204, 230, 271,
  380, 395, 417, 554, 555, 565-66
Jitneys. See Taxicab Enterprises
J. J. Sulton and Sons, 222, 565
J. M. Products Co., 286, 346
Jobete, 277
"Jobs for Negroes" Campaigns, 93
Joe Louis Distilling Company, 531
Joe Louis Enterprise, 532
Joe Louis Milk Company, 531
Joe Louis Punch Company, 271, 531
Johannesburg, 593
Johannesburg Stock Exchange, 542, 610
John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry, 458
John C. Robinson National Air Collete, 472
John C. Robinson School of Automotive Engi-
  neers, 472
John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance, 164
Johnson, Albert W., 46-47
Johnson Cadillac, 139. See also Johnson, Al-
  bert W.
Johnson Cadillac-Saab, 47
Johnson, Anthony, 493, 615
Johnson, Camillia, 599
Johnson, Cato, 576
Johnson, Charles, 201
Johnson, Charlie W., 646
Johnson Controls, 52
Johnson Development Group, 538. See John-
  son, Magic
Johnson, Earvin, Jr. See Johnson, Magic
Johnson, Eric, 331
Johnson, Eudora, 68
Johnson, Eunice, 607, 611
Johnson, Evelyn, 472
Johnson, George P., 233, 382
Johnson, George E., 55, 139, 253, 282, 286,
  330-31
Johnson, Joan, 331
Johnson, John Harold, 253, 298, 331-35, 366,
  452, 547. See also Johnson Publications;
  Johnson Publishing Company
Johnson, Lyndon Baines (President), 635
Johnson, Magic, 277, 452, 535
Johnson, Noble, 233-34
Johnson Products, 55, 139, 140, 268, 283, 308,
  313, 541, 643, 646. See also Hair Care
  Products Industry; Johnson, George E.
Johnson Products of Nigeria, 330
Johnson Publications, 1947 Advertising Film,
  4; Auto Advertising Accounts, 46, 405
Johnson Publishing Company, 46, 83, 138,
  308, 314-315, 318
Johnson-Rice, Linda, 611
Johnson, Robert L., 309, 335-37. See also
  BET; Black Entertainment Television Inter-
  national
Johnson, Roy, 165
Johnson, Walter, 138
Johnson, William Hamilton, 304
Johnson, William Julius "Judy," 415
Johnson, William Tiler, 249, 250, 321, 337-
  38, 565
Joint Ventures, 52-53, 174, 277, 317, 318,
  333, 336, 337, 340, 479, 538, 644
Joint Ventures International, 308-9, 310, 314,
  315, 317, 330, 334, 640
Joint Venturing, 338-43
Joliet State Penitentiary, 69
Jones, Absalom, 296, 616, 617
Jones Brothers, 306, 632
Jones Brothers Ben Franklin Store, 632
Jones, Caroline, 4, 6
Jones, Carl, 642
Jones, Dan (Rev. Dr.), 406
Jones, George C., 260
Jones, Herbert H., Jr., 568
Jones Hotel/Inn, 131
Jones, Jehu, 24, 26, 131
Jones, John, 137, 343-44
Jones, John Jay, 263
Jones, Kate, 599
Jones, Quincy, 431, 469
Jones Street Railway and Equipment Com-
  pany, 345
Jones, Theresa, 609
Jones, Thomas W., 164
Jones, Wiley, 345-46, 566
Jordan, B. L., 296, 297
Jordan, John, 21
"Jordan Effect," 537
"Jordan Fundamentals," 539
Jordan, Michael, 312, 452, 533-34, 535, 536,
  537
Joseph, Charles, 582
Joshua, Ernest, 286, 346-47
Joshua, Michael, 347
J & S (Records), 466
Joubert, L. J., 451
Joyner, Marjorie Stewart, 285, 347-48
Julian Laboratories, 349
Julien, Max, 235
Julian, Percy Lavon, 349-50
Julian Richardson Associates, 88
Julius Rosenwald Fund, 72, 74
"Junk Bond King," 362


K

Kalamazoo, Michigan, 88
Kani, Karl, 249, 312, 644
Kansas, 41, 61
Kansas City, Kansas, 61, 603
Kansas City Monarchs, 414
Karenga, Maulana, 352
Karl Kani Infinity Company, 644
Kean, Edmund, 564
Keckley, Elizabeth, 486, 601
Keen, Josephine B., 405
Keith, Leroy, 313, 535
Kellogg Company, 177
Kellogg Foundation, 412
Kemp, Jack (Congressman), 206
Kendrick, Moss H., 404
Kennedy, Edward (Senator), 96
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (President), 17, 392
Kennedy, Robert, (Attorney General), 278
Kent-Barry-Eaton Connection Railroad Com-
  pany, 639
Kent School of Law, 570
Kentucky, 41
Kentucky Fried Chicken. See KFC
Kentucky State University, 115
Kenwood Commercial Furniture, 638
Kenwood Group, Inc., 610
Kenya, 166
Kerford Caves, 223-24
Kerford, George, 223
Kerford, George W., 223
Kerford, Lloyd, 223
Kerford Quarry Stone Mining Company, 223
Kerner Commission Report, 51, 148, 528
Kernersville, NC, 193, 646
Keys, Brady, 533
KFC, 7, 243, 533
Kiblah, Arkansas, 263
King Brothers Construction Company, 487
King, Don (Donald Ferrin), 351-52, 537-38
King, Horace, 487, 515
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (Dr.), 93, 187, 217,
  264, 269, 326, 555, 570
King, Martin Luther III, 406
King Training Camp, 352
King World, 596
Kingston, Jamaica, 308, 474
Kinshasa, Zaire, 351
Kirk, Ronald (Mayor), 374
Kizell, John, 300
KLMG-TV, 558
K-Mart, 99, 112, 311, 534, 607
Knight, Henry, 564
Knights of Peter Claver, 230-31
Knights of Pythias, 217, 296, 429, 441, 525.
  See also Fraternal Organizations
Knowles, Matthew, 289
Koch, Ed (Mayor), 547
Koger, Larry, 491, 494
Kohlberg, Kravis and Roberts, 362
Korean-Americans Business, 37, 289, 293. See
  also Asian/Black Entrepreneurship, Compar-
  ison
Kostner, Kevin, 536
KPMG Peat Marwick Foundation, 120
Kraft Foods, 7, 333, 361, 610
Ku Klux Klan, 1, 233, 380
Kung Fu Action Films, 236
Kwanzaa, Commercialism of, 352-54


L

Lacroix, Francois, 29, 249, 250, 516, 617
Lacroix, Julien, 248, 250, 565
Lacroix (Francois and Julien) Brothers, 302
LaFace Records, 469
Lafon, Thory, xxiv, 28, 449-50
Lagos, Nigeria, 304
Laird, Roland, 641
Landry, Bart, 280
Lane, Lunsford, 220, 564
Langston University, 115
Lankford, John, 32
Lanoise, J. B., 29
La Noue, George, 185
Larkin, Thomas O., 358
Las Vegas, 531
Lauderback, Brenda, 164, 610
Lauderdale, Jack, 455
Latin America, 308
Lawless, Theodore Kenneth, 355-56
Lawrence, Fenda, 155
Lawyer's Committee on Civil Rights, 17
Lawson State Community College, 115
LeaderPrice Stores (France), 312. See also
  TLC Beatrice International Holdings
Leary Group, Inc., 310, 609
Leary, Kathryn D., 310, 609
LeBlanc, P., 28
LeBlanc, B., 29
Lee, Bertram, 535
Lee, Eliza Seymour, 24, 131, 516
Lee, George Washington, 356-57
Lee, John, 24, 131
Lee, Joseph, 131
Lee, Kathie, 312
Lee, Spike, 110, 640
Lee, Walter, L., 138
  The Left, 168, 183-84, 227
Legal Reserve Life Insurance Companies, 41,
  436
Legoasters Brothers (also LeGoaster), 28
Legoaster, Erasme, 28
Legoaster, Philipe Aime, 28, 29
Leidesdorff, William Alexander, 131, 220,
  248, 250, 357-60, 509, 562
Le International Imports, 311
Lelia Beauty College, 585
Lena Hore Cosmetic company, 607
Leo Burnette, 98
Leveraged Buyout, 121, 311, 361, 362, 636,
  641. See also Lewis, Reginald Francis
Lewis, Byron Eugene, 6, 360-61
Lewis, Edward, 646
Lewis, James, 450
Lewis, John Whitelaw, 628
Lewis-Kemp, Jacqueline, 610
Lewis, Kirk, 402
Lewis, Lawrence, 322
Lewis, Loida, 362, 611. See also TLC Beatrice
  International Holdings
Lewis, Margie, 609
Lewis Metal Stamping Company, 610
Lewis, Reginald Francis, 311, 431, 361-63,
  541. See also TLC Beatrice International
  Holdings
Lewis, Steve, 408
Lewis, William, 165
LGT Asset Management, 165
Libby Company, 127
Liberator, The, 242, 448
Liberation Bookstore, 88
Liberia, 270, 300, 301, 303, 304, 307, 419
Liberian Plantations, 301
Liberty Life Insurance Company, 546, 629
Liberty Media Group, 646
Libya, 427
Life, Reggie, 310, 557
Light, Ivan, 35, 365
Light of the World Christian Church (Indian-
  apolis), 145
The Light and Heebie Jeebies, 572
Light-Skin African Americans, 25-26, 233,
  280, 382-83, 444, 583. See also Brown Fel-
  lowship Society; Mulattos
Ligon, Alfred and Bernice, 88
Lily White Security Benefit Association, 246
Limestone Caves, 219, 223
Lincoln, Abraham, 59, 188, 252, 378
Lincoln, C. Eric, 144
Lincoln Hospital, 529
Lincoln League, 143
Lincoln, Lillian, 120
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 486
Lincoln Motion Picture Company, 233, 382
Lincoln University (MO), 168, 443
Lindbergh Charles, 458
Lion Publishing Company, 472
Liquid Gold Manufacturing Company, 426
Lister Brothers, 126
Literacy and Black Businesspeople, 153, 522
Literacy Volunteers of America, 20
Little Rock, Arkansas, 99, 260
Little Sisters of the Poor, 450
Liverpool (ENG), 301, 303
Livestock Enterprises. See Black Cattle/Live-
  stock Enterprises
Livingstone College, 401
Llewellyn, James Bruce, 363-64, 535
Lloyds of London, 302
Locke, Alain, 290
Lockhart & Pettus, Inc., 6
Lockhart, Keith, 6
Locks Funeral Parlor, 260
Loewen Group, Inc. (Canada), 257, 258, 266
Lomax, Charles, 351
London, 308, 312. See also England
Longview, TX, 558
Lone Star Motion Picture Company, 234
Lonesome Dove, 182, 557
L'Oreal (France), 268
Lorillard Corporation, 177
Los Angeles, 18, 88
Los Angeles Lakers, 535
Los Angeles Parachute Company, 632
Los Angeles Riot (1992), 193 287
Los Angeles Sentinel, 2
Lottery, 4, 26, 247
Louis, Errol T., 476
Louis, Joe, 474, 531-32
Louisianna Association for the Benefit of Col-
  ored Orphans, 449
Louisiana Native Guards, 454
Louisiana Volunteer Infantry, 454
Louisville National Medical College, 265
Lovejoy, IL, 284, 572. See also Black Town
  Enterprises; Brooklyn, Illinois
Lower/Upper South Black Business Rates. See
  South, Black Business, 1790-1880; South
  Black Business, 1860-1880
Lumber Merchants. See Extractive Industries,
  Enterprises
Lundy, Larry, 643
Lundy Enterprises, 643
Luster, Fred, Sr., xxvii
Luster, Jory, 646
Luster Products Company, 286, 313, 347
Lustrasilk, 288
Lyons, Henry (Reverend Dr.), 146, 265-66
Lyons, Sidney and Mary, 624


M

Macao, 312
Macmillan, Terry, 89
Macy's, 19
Madam C. J. Walker. See Walker, Sarah
  Breedlove
Madam C. J. Walker Hair Culturists Union of
  America, 451, 583
Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company,
  283, 347, 583
Madam Walker Spirit Awards, 585
Madam Walker Theatre Center, 585
Madhabuti, Haki, 84
Madison, Arkansas, 264
Maggie Lena Walker National Historic Site,
  581
Maggie Lena Walker Foundation, 581
The Magic Hour, 539
Magic Johnson Enterprises, 535
Magic Johnson Foundation, 539
Magic Johnson/Sony Theaters, 110, 319, 538.
  See also Johnson, Earvin
Mahalia Jackson Show, 557
Mahogany Travel Co., 332
Mail Order Enterprises. See Black Mail Order
  Enterprises
Major League Baseball, 530
Make the Connection, 597
Malcolm X, 88
Malcolm X, 640
Malone, Aaron, 573
Malone, Annie, 284. See also Turnbo-Malone,
  Annie Minerva Pope
Malone, Deadric, 467
Malta, 306, 308
Malveaux, Julianne, 406
Malvin, John, 562
Mamiya, Lawrence H., 144
Management Technology, 609
Mancelona Manufacturing, 402
Mandela, Nelson, 314
Manhattan Borough President, 547
Manley, Abe, 415
Manley, Effa, 415, 416
Manpower Training, 149
Manufacturers' Record, 126
Marciano, Rocky, 532
Marcus Books, 88
Marguerita Ward Cosmetics Company, 607
Markets, Black Consumer, 4-5, 101, 105, 150,
  306, 332, 466, 604, 609
Markets, Protected, and Black Entrepreneur-
  ship, 365-68
Market Structure Barriers, Black-Owned Busi-
  ness, 368-71
Marriott Corporation, 404, 643
Mars Contract Company, 404
Mars, Inc., 5, 361
Marshall & Associates, 7
Marshall Fields, 19
Marshall, Thurgood, 187
Martha's Vineyard Racquet and Fitness Club,
  560
Martin, Elsa Ramsey, 551
Martin Luther King Community Center, 479
Martini, Herbert A., 330
Marxist-Influenced, 168
Mary, Aristide, 29, 449, 451
Mary Bethune, 568
Maryland Haytian Company, 302
Mason, Biddy, 450
Mason Tillman, 185
Masons, 186, 187, 217, 296, 558. See Frater-
  nal Organizations
Massiah, Frederick, 172
Masters Championship, 534
Matthews, Butch, 522
Matthews, Eugene, 310
Matthews, George, 558
Matthew House of Champaign, 411
Matthew, Issac, 564
Matthews, Jennie, 522
Matthews Livery Stable, 564
Mattis, James, 472
Matzeliger, Jan Earnst, 371-72
Mayfield, Curtis, 468
Mayors, Black, and Black Business, 372-77.
  See also Washington, Harold
Maytag, 165
Maxell House Coffee, 164, 610
Maxima Corporation, 318, 639, 647
MBAs on the Fast Track, 585
MBDA, 66
MBDP, 64, 65
MBELDEF, 185
MCA Music Entertainment Group, 468, 643
MCA Records, 277, 467, 469
MCI, 541
McArthur (Douglas) General, 307
McCabe, E. P., 624
McCall Pattern Co., 362
McCarty (Macarty), Madame Cecee (Eulalie),
  28, 248, 250, 462, 599-600
McCarty, Drauzin Barthelemely (also Drosin),
  29
McCartys, 302
McClennan, Alonzo (Dr.), 450
McClarty, Homer W., 402
McCoy, Elijah, 622
McDaniels, E. E., 565
McDaniels, Gene, 469
McDonald, Hattie, 262
McDonalds, 7, 99, 243, 310, 533, 643
McDonogh, John, 194
McGhee, Norman L., 322, 634
McGhee & Co. Investment Securities, 322,
  634
McGill Brothers, 302
McGill, George, 301
McKinley, William (President), 100
McKissick Brothers Construction Company,
  173
McLaughlin, Clara, 558
McLaurin, Dunbar, 307
McPherson, Christopher, 300, 562, 563, 616
McSween, Cirilo A., 634
McWorter, Free Frank, 219, 377-79, 429
McWorter, John, 567
Meachum, John, 516, 562
Mechanics and Farmers Bank, 291, 296, 436,
  529
Mechanics Savings Bank, 297
Medill, Joseph, 344
Medina, Bobby, 469
Meharry Medical Collete, 73, 265
Meier, August, 401
Melbourne, Julius, 302
Mel Farr Automotive Group, 646
Memphis Drama, 212
Memphis State Bank, 61
Memphis, Tennessee, 86, 142-43
Menace II Society (1993), 236
Mercantile Agency Reference Book, 518
Mercedes Benz, 643
Mercury Records, 467, 469
Merrick, John, 40, 82, 246, 436, 529
Merrill Lynch, 165, 323
Messenger, The, 444
Messenger of Peace Citation (UN), 539
Metal Mining Enterprises 1992, 225
Metoyers, 461, 492, 493
Metoyer, Augustin., 492, 493
Metoyer, Coincoin (Marie Therez), 493, 494,
  600
Metoyer, Dominique, 619
Metropolis, IL, 571
Metropolitan Applied Research Center, 586
Metropolitan Atlanta Council for Economic
  Development, 375
Metropolitan Life, 297
Metropolitan Mutual Assurance Company,
  138, 141
Metropolitan Funeral Home, 263
Metropolitan Funeral Systems Association
  (MFSA), 140
Metropolitan Realty and Investment Company,
  627
Meullion, Jean Baptiste, 451
Meullion, Suzanne, 321, 620
Mexico, 302, 306
Mexico City, 306, 349
Mfume, Kweisi, 398
MGM, 235. See Film Production
MGT of America, 185
Michael Jordan Foundation, 452
Michaux, Lewis H., 87
Michaux, Lightfoot Solomon [Elder], 379-81
Micheaux, Oscar, 234, 381-84
Micheaux Film and Book Company, 382
Micheaux Pictures, 234. See also Micheaux,
  Oscar
Micheaux, Swan, 383
Michigan Institute Technology, 32
Microlending Associations, 476
Microsoft, 318, 337, 541
Middle Class. See Black Middle Class
Middle East, 306, 308
Middle Easterners, 36
Middle Passage. See Atlantic Slave Trade Prof-
  its
Middlebury College, 96
"Middleman Minorities," 36, 294
Midway Television Institute, 550
Military Contracts. 390. See Leidesdorff
Military Savings Banks, 59, 621
Milken, Michael, 362
Millman, Joel, 475, 478
Mills, Gary, 493
Milton, Lorimer D., 549-550
Milton, NC, 178
Milwaukee County Pavers Assn v. Fiedler, 186
Mingo, Frank, 5
Mingo Group, 4, 5
Mingo-Jones Advertising, 6
Mings Chinese Restaurant, 550
Minnie Lee Pie Company, 605
Minor, Raymond, 469
Minor's Moralist Society, 25
Minority Bank Deposit Program (MBDP), 64,
  65
Minority Business Development Agency
  (MBDA), 66
Minority Business Enterprise Legal Defense
  and Education Fund, 185
Minority Business Set-Asides, 480-482
Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment
  Company (MESBIC), 636
Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey, 384-
  88
Minority-Owned Business Formation Rates,
  370
Minority-Owned Businesses Venture Capital,
  387
Minton, Henry, 130, 131
Mission Impossible, 557
Mississippi Life Insurance, 41, 297, 356, 357,
  603
Mississippi River Packet Company, 454
Missouri, 41, 46
Mitchell, Arthur W. (Congressman), 183
Mitchell, Parren (Congressman), 481
Mitsubishi, 310, 327
MJJ Productions, 469
Mobile, AL, 229
Mobley, Sybil, 116, 408
Modell, John, 201
Moesha, 557
Mogul, Artie, 18
Mohammad, Warith Deen, 425
Mollenkopf, John, 374
M-l Tank Transmission Containers, 533
Mon Luis Island, 230
Monarch Productions, 234
Monrovia, 301, 474
Montel Williams Show, 557
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 93
Montgomery, Benjamin T., 78, 388
Montgomery, Isaiah T. See Black Town Enter-
  prises
Montgomery, Mary, 78
Moon Illustrated Weekly, 443
Moore, Aaron McDuffie (Dr.), 436, 529
Moorish Science Temple, 431
Moral Covenants, 148
More, Willis P., 522
Morehouse College, 73, 95, 115, 119, 187,
  288, 313, 418
Morgan, Delphine W., 567
Morgan, Garrett Augustus, 388-91
Morgan, Henry M., 284, 287, 391-92
Morgan National Safey Hood, 390
Morgan Stanley, 165, 362
Morgan State University, 32, 73, 115, 278
Morial, Ernest N. (Mayor), 374
Morial, Marc H. (Mayor), 374
Morin, William J., 190
Morlan International, 257
Morril Fund, 71
Morris Brown College, 42, 73
Morris, John P. Sr., 568
Morrison, Toni, 596
Morrow, Willie L., 286, 392-93
Morrow's Curly Hair Products," 392
Morrow's Unlimited, 392
Morter, Isaiah, 269
Mosaic Templars, 99-100
Mosely-Braun, Carol (U.S. Senator), 268
Moskowitz, Milton, 120
Moss H. Kendrix Public Relations Company,
  404. See National Association of Market
  Developers
Moton, Robert Russa, 203
Motown, 139, 467. See Gordy, Berry
Motown Productions, 182, 277, 557
Motion Picture Industry. See Film Production
Moulin Rouge Hotel, 531-32
Moultrie, Francis J., 132
Mound Bayou. See Black Town Enterprises
Mound Bayou Loan and Investment Company,
  80
Mound Bayou Oil and Manufacturing Com-
  pany, 79
Mound Bayou Cotton Mill, 417
Mouyiaris, Carol Jackson, 607
Movie Theaters, 644
Moy, Sylvia, 469
Mrs. Fields (cookies), 19
Mt. Zion Baptist Church (Indianapolis), 145
Muhammad Al, 351, 532
Muhammad, Elijah, 77, 351, 432
Muhammad, Herbert, 351
Muhammad Speaks, 424
Muhammad, Wallace, 425
Muhammad's Temple No. 2 Publications De-
  partment, 86
Mulattos, 23, 25, 28, 280, 460, 461, 520, 521,
  524, 620
Multicultural Markets and Media, Summit on,
  647
Multiethnic Radio, 465
Multiplex Theater, 538
Mulzac, Hugh, 632
Municipal Bankruptcies, 374
Municipal Bond Industry, 322
Municipal Contracts, 375
Murphy, Eddie, 236
Murphy, John H., Jr., 1
Murray, Arthur, 345
Murray, Charles D., Sr., 306
Murray, Lili, 306
Murray Cosmetic Company, 306
Murray's Hair Pomade, 306
Museum of Fine Arts Nubian Gallery (Bos-
  ton), 587
Museums, 393-94
Musician's Protective Union, 136
Muskogee, (Oklama), 80, 260
Muslim Fish House, 423
"Mutual," 435. See also North Carolina Mu-
  tual Life Insurance Company
Mutual Aid/Insurance Enterprises, South, 395-
  96
Mutual Aid and Banking Company, 512
Mutual Aid Societies, 474
Mutual Assessment Organizations, 39
Mutual Federal Savings and Loan Association,
  186, 552
Mutual Savings and Loan Association, 436,
  529
Myers, Issac, 135
Myrdal, Gunnar, 2, 171, 255, 261
Myriad International, 542
Mystery, 180


N

NAACP Antilynching Fund, 585
NAACP Commerce and Trade Council (CTC),
  398
NAACP Economic Development Initiatives,
  397-99
NAACP Legal Defense And Educational Fund,
  187, 411
NAACP Operation Fair Share, 639
NAACP Reciprocity Initiative, 398
NABAS. See National Association of Black
  Automotive Suppliers
Nail & Parker, 399
Nail, Edward, 133
Nail, John B., 133, 399-400, 622
Namibia, 317
Nanette Candy Company, 605
Nantucket, 455
Nanula, Richard, 165
Naomi Sims Beauty Products, Limited, 483
Naomi Sims Collection, 282, 483
Napier, James, 417, 566
Napier, William, 517
NASA, 453, 481
NASDAQ. See Stock Market Listings
Nashville Globe, 94
Nashville, TN, 84, 86, 94, 173, 566
Nat King Cole, 551, 557
Nat Turner, 500
Natchez, Mississippi, 249, 337
Natchez Race Course, 337
Natchez Railroad, 321
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
  tion, 453, 481
National Afro-American League, 400-402
National Alliance of Postal Employees, 186
National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People (NAACP), 30, 85, 93, 147,
  151, 187, 233, 270, 349, 390, 397, 399,
  431, 444, 570, 589
National Association of [Negro] Bankers, 512
National Association of Black Automotive
  Suppliers (NABAS), 402-3
National Association of Black Accountants,
  636
National Association of Black Owned Broad-
  casters (NABOB), 645
National Association of Black Women Entre-
  preneurs, 611
National Association of Colored Women, 143
National Association of Funeral Directors, 265
National Association of Market Developers
  (NAMD), 403-5
National Association of Minority Automobile
  Dealers (NAMAD), 47-48
National Association of Minority Contractors,
  113
National Association of Negro Business and
  Professional Women's Clubs, Incorporated,
  405-6, 611
National Association of Resident Management
  Corporations, 413
National Association of Securities Dealers Au-
  tomatic Quotations. See Stock Market List-
  ings
National Association of Tonsorial Artists, 391
National Association of Urban Bankers, 638
National Bankers Association (NBA), 61, 113,
  612
National Baptist Church Supply Company, 94
National Baptist Convention, 94, 143, 265,
  433, 529
National Baptist Convention of America, 86,
  146
National Baptist Publishing Board, 86. See
  Boyd, Richard Henry
National Baptist Publishing House, 94
National Bar Association, 525
National Basketball Association, 535
National Beauty Culturalist League, 285, 346,
  633
National Benefit Life, 40, 41, 246
National Black Business Council, 514
National Black Chamber of Commerce, 406-7,
  514
National Black College Alumni Hall of Fame,
  194
National Black MBA Association, 121, 191,
  319-20, 407-10
National Black Media Coalition, 320
National Black Network, 638
National Black United Fund [NBUF], 410-11
National Black United Fund, Inc. v. Alan K.
  Campbell and United Way of America, 410-
  11
National Builders Association, 630
National Bureau of Economic Research
  (NBER), 586
National Business League. See National Negro
  Business League
National Cable Television Association
  (NCTA), 336
National Center for Educational Statistics, 120
National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise
  (NCNE), 411-14, 514
National Clothing Factory, 424
National Conference on Constitutional Rights
  and American Freedom, 392
National Council of African American
  Churches, 265
National Council of Negro Women, 348, 539
National Credit Union Administration, 66
National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund,
  65
National Design Model and Dressmakers' As-
  sociation, 629
National Economic Association Westerfield
  Award, 587
National Economic Research Associates, 185
National Educational Association, 453
National Fez Factory, 424
National Freedmen Savings and Trust Com-
  pany. See Freedman's Bank
National Funeral Directors and Morticians As-
  sociation (NFDMA), 262, 264, 266
National Group Television, 558
National Headquarters of the Nation of Islam,
  426
National Hockey League, 536
National Institute of Science, 453
National Leader Publishing Company, 433
National Memorial Bookstore, 87, 88
National Merchant Bank of Zimbabwe, 311
National Minority Business Council, 113
National Minority Supplier Development
  Council, 113, 430
National Negro Airmen's Association, 151
National Negro Bankers Association, 417, 525,
  613, 630
National Negro Bar Association, 417
National Negro Baseball League, 414-16
National Negro Business League (NNBL), 5,
  40, 69, 76, 80, 94, 99, 222, 399, 401, 447,
  416-19, 512, 589
National Negro Congress, 632
National Negro Convention Movement, 90,
  181, 419-20, 618
National Negro Doll Company, 94
National Negro Finance Corporation (NNFC),
  203, 529, 630
National Negro Funeral Directors and Morti-
  cians Association (NFDMA), 265, 525
National Negro Insurance Association (NNIA),
  298, 356, 512, 525
National Negro Labor Union, 135, 188
National Negro Press Association, 512
National Negro Retail Merchants Association,
  525, 526
National Negro Undertakers Association, 417
National Organization of Minority Architects
  (NOMA), 34
National Rainbow Coalition, 327. See PUSH
National Recovery Act, 183
National Recovery Administration, 530
National Register of Historic Places, See
  McWorter, Free Frank; Walker, Sarah Breed-
  love
National Safety Device Company, 390
National Small Business United, 113
National Society of Black Engineers, 319
National Steamboat Company, 625
National Telecommunications and Information
  Administration, 465
National Trucking System, 424
National Urban League, 85, 96, 113, 206, 430,
  431, 472, 530
National Urban League Black Executive
  Exchange Program, 420-21
National Youth Administration (NYA), 287,
  473, 594
Nation of Islam Enterprises, Elijah Muhammad
  and Louis Farrakhan, 77, 210, 310, 381, 421-
  28, 432, 532
Native Americans, 175, 204, 223. See also
  Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Navcom Systems Group, 568
NBA. See National Bankers Association
NBC, 558-59
NBUF. See National Black United Fund, Inc.
NCNE. See National Center for Neighborhood
  Enterprise
NDI Video, Inc., 643
Neal, Mansfield, 433
Needham Harper & Steers, 99
"Negro Appeal," 464
Negro as Capitalist, The, 137, 290-91. See
  also Harris, Abram Lincoln, Jr.
"Negro Bar," 221, 359. See also Extractive
  Industries, Enterprises
Negro Brokerage House, 322
Negro Business and Business Education, 453,
  554, 555-56
The Negro College Graduate, 201
Negro Digest, 331-32
Negro Division of U.S. Department of Com-
  merce, 269
Negro Factories Corporation, 268. See also
  Garvey, Marcus
"Negro Grounds," 501
Negro in Business, 274, 430. See also Du
  Bois, William E. B.
Negro Labor Relations League, 139
"Negro Market" Specialists, 403
Negro Motion Picture Players Association, 459
"Negro Potato King," 565
Negro Press. See Black Press
"Negro Removal," 570. See also Urban Re-
  newal
Negro Wall Street, 204. See also Black Wall
  Street; Durham, NC; Enclaves, Entrepreneu-
  rial; "Sweet Auburn" Avenue; Tulsa,
  Oklahoma
Negro World, 268, 269
Neighborhood Enterprise Associations, 207
Neighborhood Institute, 57
Neighborhood Leadership Development Insti-
  tute (NLDI), 412
Neiman-Marcus, 19
Neisner, 474
Nelson, Orville, 330
Neoconservatives and Black Business, 422,
  478
Netherlands, 311
Netnoir, 319, 644
Networks, Black Business, 285-86, 428-31,
  526. See Rotating Credit Associations; So-
  cial Capital
New Africa Advisers, 311
Newark Eagles, 415; Newspapers, black, 1-3
New Black Middle Class, 218, 430
New Day, 227
New Deal, 183, 380, 459
New Jersey, 19
New Jersey Jets, 536
New Negro Alliance boycott, 93
New Orleans, 88
New Orleans City Railroad Company, 565
New Orleans Freedmen's Aid Association, 622
New Orleans Gas Light Company, 321
New Orleans Louisanian, 454
New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western
  Railroad, 321
New Philadelphia, IL, 78. See also McWorter,
  Free Frank
Newport News, Virginia, Black Business in,
  304
New South, 216
New South Africa, 311
Newspapers, black, 1-3, 427. See also Black
  Press
New World National Bank, 639
New York African Society for Mutual Relief,
  321
New York Age, 231, 400, 401
New York Amsterdam News, 2
New York, Black Business, xxii-xxiii, 48,
  553, 628. See also Harlem
New York Black Real Estate Enterprises. See
  Payton, Philip; Nail, John B.
New York Central Railroad, 239
New York Colored Business Men's Associa-
  tion, 628
New York City, 7, 48
New York Cubans, 415
New York Curb Exchange, 322
New York Life Insurance, 634
New York Slave Conspiracy (1741), 499
New York State Urban Development Corpora-
  tion, 477
New York Stock Exchange, 321, 322, 337,
  535, 637. See also Stock Market Listings
New York Times, 473
New York University, 473
New York West Indian Businesses. See Rotat-
  ing Credit Associations, Caribbean Ameri-
  can Chamber of Conference
NFDMA. See National Funeral Directors and
  Morticians Association
Nibby, Inc., 469
Niagara Movement, 40, 400
Nicaragua, 302
Nickel Savings Bank, 296
Nicodemus, KN, 78
Niger Delta, 247
Niger River Palm Oil Trade, 328
Nigeria, 166, 303, 304, 307, 308, 313
Nigerian-American Tapes and Recordings As-
  sociates (NATRAL), 309
Nine West, 164, 610
"Nigger Company," 619
"Nigger Work," 490
Nike, Inc., 312, 534, 539, 642
99th Pursuit Squadron, 151, 173
Nissin Foods, 311
Nixon, E. D., 93
Nixon, Richard (President), 65, 77, 139, 210
Nkrumah, Kwame, 88
NNBL "War-Time Clinic," 269
Noble Drew Ali (Timothy Drew) 431-32
Noer, David M., 190
Nonmetallic Minerals Firms 1992, 225
Nonminority (White) Employers, 200
Nonminority Markets, 102
Non-Segregating Seating, 567
Norfolk State University, 115
Norman Film Manufacturing Company, 234
Norris International Boxing Club, 532
Norris, James Austin, 432-35
Norris, Schmidt, Green, Harris, Higginbotham,
  and Associates, 432
North Beach & Mission Railroad Law Suit,
  456
North Carolina A&T University, 115, 193,
  287, 326
North Carolina Central University, 115
North Carolina College, 528, 529. See also
North Carolina Central University
North Carolina Mutual Life and Provident As-
  sociation, 435
North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Com-
  pany, 17, 41, 82, 296, 297, 395, 435-37,
  512
North Jacksonville Street Railway Company,
  566
Northeastern Life Insurance Company, 546
"Northern Campaign." See Abbott, Robert
Northwest Airlines, 541
Northwest Frontier, Old, 378
Northwestern University, 46, 151, 167, 267,
  355, 591
Nossiter, Adam, 475
"Note Shaver," 510
Nova Scotia, 573
Nsa, Eyo Honesty II, 437-38
Nuclear Engineering Firm, 609
Nujoma, Sam (President Namibia), 317
Numbers Game. See Illegal Black Businesses,
  Organized Criminal Activities; Policy/Num-
  bers Game
Numbers Kings, 415
Numery, Lee, 408
NYA. See National Youth Administration
NYA Resident Training Program, 473


O

Oahu, 303, 633
Obrok (Russian), 487-88
Occidental Petroleum, 165
Ocola Textile Mill, 627
O'Connor, Sandra Day (Justice), 481
Odanes, A., 383
Odd Fellows, 245, 296, 525. See Fraternal Or-
  ganizations
Odd Fellows Building, 550
Odum, Howard W., 245
OFCCP. See Office of Federal Contract Com-
  pliance Program
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Pro-
  gram (OFCCP), 148, 149
Office of Resident Initiatives, 413
O'Hare, William P., 35
OIC. See Opportunities Industrialization Cen-
  ters of American, Inc.
Oil-Coal Distribution Industries, 122
Oil and Gas Extraction Firms 1992, 225, 556
Oil Pipelines, 569
Oklahoma, 203-4, 223
Oklahoma City Bombing, 214
Oklahoma Oil Boom, 204, 223
Okpaku, Joseph, 84
Oliver Cromwell Cox Award for Distinguished
  Anti-Racist Scholarship, 169
Oliver, Melvin, 106
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 494
Olympics, 552, 558
Omaha, Nebraska, 382
Omni Group, 536
O'Neal, Shaquille, 533
One Cent Savings and Bank Trust, 94
Ontario (Canada), 302, 476
O.P.E.N. Cleaning Systems, 243
Open Heart Surgery, 284
Open Vision Technologies, 165, 318, 643
Operation Breadbasket, 139, 148, 326
Operation Fair Shares, 397-98
Operation PUSH. See PUSH
Opportunities Industrialization Corporation,
  217
Opportunities Industrialization Centers (OIC)
  of American, Inc., 544-45
Opportunities Industrialization Centers Interna-
  tional (OICI), 545
Oprah Book Club, 596
Oprah Winfrey Show, The, 557, 596
Oracle Company, 165
Order of the Eastern Star, 558
Order of Emancipation, 180
Order of Twelve Knights, 246
Order of the Men of Oppression, 180
Organization Industrial Center, 435
Organization Resource Counselors, 192
Organized Labor, 171
Oriental, 526. See Asian-Americans
Oriental Picture Exchange, 307
Orion Publishing Company, 84
othe Ombudsmeno, 405
Otis, Clyde, 469
Otis, James, 44
Ottley, Roi, 2
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Market, 540
Overton, Anthony, 55, 69, 183, 253, 305, 439-
  41
Overton Hygienic Manufacturing Company,
  137, 305, 439
Owl Cab Company, 555
Oxford Colored Orphanage, 529
Oyster Cellar, 301
Oystser Company, 249
Oyster House Restaurant, 188
Oystering, Chesapeake Bay, 441-42


P

Pace and Handy Music, 443, 466
Pace, Harry Herbert, 298, 443-45, 466, 546
Pace Phonograph Corporation, 466
Pacific Appeal, 456
Pacific Rim, 110, 303
Pacifist, 532
Pagers, 537
Paige, Satchel, 415
Palmer Institute, 451
Palm Oil Trade (West Africa), 437
Palmer, Ransford, 478
Panama, 100, 303, 304, 305
Panic of 1857, 130, 135, 179
Panic of 1873, 252, 521
Panic of 1893, 447, 561
Panis, Marie Louis, 321
Parachutes, 632
Parallax, 609
Paramount Race Artist Series, 466
Paramount Records, 444, 466
Parham, Bettie Esther, 285
Paris, 302
Paris Import and Export Corporation, 304, 629
Parker, Alice H., 604
Parker, Deannie, 467
Parker House Sausage Company, 138, 139,
  140
Parks, Henry, 4, 636
Parks Sausage Company, 3, 541, 636, 637. See
  also Parks, Henry
Parkway Ballroom (Chicago), 141
Parsons, Richard D., 431, 642, 644
Partnerships, 386
"Passing" and Black Businesspeople, 182,
  358-59, 390, 444, 509
Pastin, Mark, 214
"Patent Bedstead Factory," 170
Patent Holders. See Black Patentholders
Path Press, 84
Patricia Stevens Cosmetic Company, 253
Patterson, Charles and Frederick. See Automo-
  bile, Patterson-Greenfield
Patterson, Sons and Company, 566
Patton, Boggs and Blow, 96
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison,
  361
Pavageau, Adele, 29
Payne, Daniel Alexander, 25
Payne, Evans (Rev.), 296
Payola Scandals, 464
Payton Apartment Corporation, 445
Payton, Philip A., 445-46
Peabody Education Fund, 70, 73
Peabody, George, 70, 73
Peace Mission Enterprises, 227-228
Peace Mission Movement. See Father Divine
Peace Mission Real Estate Holdings, 227
Peace Movement, 327
Peacock (Records), 467, 472
Peanut Manufacturers. See George Washington
  Carver
Pearson, Mrs. C. M., 551
Pendulum Records, 468
Penny Savings Bank of St. Luke, 245
Pentecostals, 144
People United to Save Humanity. See PUSH
People's Insurance Company, 296
Peoples Involvement Corporation, 638
People's Republic of China, 96, 309
People's Restaurant, 238
People's Tabernacle, 551
Peoples, James, 370
Pepsi Cola, 165, 404, 405, 633
Pepsi Cola New Age Beverages, 315
Pepsi Cola of Washington, DC, 277, 535
Pequot Indians, 175
Percy Sutton Intercontinental, 308
Percy Sutton International, 224, 548
Perry, Christopher James, Sr., 1, 623
Perry, Herman, 172, 297, 526, 549
Perry, Mae (Bryant) Walker, 584
Personal Achievement Radio, 465
Personal Communications Services (PCS), xxv,
  324, 644. See also Black Telecommunica-
  tions Enterprises
Personal Services Enterprises, 36, 105, 106,
  217, 254, 273-74, 294
Pet Milk, 404
Peters, William H., 553
Petersburg, VA, 260
Pettiford, William Reuben, 446-47
Pettus, Theodore, 6
Phat Farm (Clothing), 483
Philadelphi American, 434
Philadelphia Afro-American, 382
Philadelphia, Black Lawyers, 17. See also
  Norris, James Austin
Philadelphia Common Pleas Court Judge, 433
Philadelphia Coca Cola Bottling Company,
  363, 535
Philadelphia Female Antislavery Society, 242
Philadelphian Independent, 434
Philadelphia Institute For Colored Youth, 449
The Philadelphia Negro, 434. See also Du-
  Bois, William E. B.
Philadelphia Registration Commission, 433
Philadelphia Tribune, 1, 623
Philadelphia's Caterers Association, 132
Philander Smith College, 115
Philanthropic Society of Pittsburgh, 448
Philanthropy, Black, 447-53. See also Adams,
  William Lloyd; Antebellum Black Philan-
  thropy; Binga, Jesse; Bronner, Nathaniel H.;
  Cottrell, Comer J., Jr.; Hair Care Products
  Industry; Herdon, Alonzo Franklin; Hem-
  don, Norris Bumstead; Johnson, John Harold;
  Lewis, Reginald Francis; Winfrey, Oprah
Philip Morris, 164
Phillips, Dewey, 464
Phillips, Ulrich B., 486
Philippines, 305, 307, 538
Philips Petroleum, 308
Plinton, James O., Jr., 637
Phoenix Bookstore, 90
Phoenix Color and Chemical Company, 306,
  630
Phyllis Wheatley, 270
The Pickaninnies Doing a Dance (1904), 233.
  See also Film Production
Pierce, Joseph (Reverend), 565
Pierce, Joseph A., 105, 111, 453, 555
Pierre, Harve, 469
"Pig Foot Mary," 603
Pillsbury, 326, 641
Pinchback, Pickney Benton Stewart, 451, 454-
  55
Pine Bluff (Arkansas) City Council, 345
Pine Bluff Press Eagle, 345
Pittsburgh Courier, 2, 253, 306
Pittsburgh Crawfords, 415
Pittsburgh Keystones, 414
Pizza Hut, 177, 243, 643
Plato, 211
Platt, William, 220
Plessy, Homere, 451
Plessy v. Ferguson, 73, 91, 104, 134, 273,
  451, 565-66
Pleasant, Mary Ellen, 455-58
Po Boy Production, 235
Poitier, Sidney, 235
Poland, 306, 316
Policy Kings, 306, 632
Policy/Numbers game, 3. See also Illegal
  Black Businesses, Organized Criminal Ac-
  tivities
Polio, 127, 167
Polygram, 467, 468, 483, 608, 643
Polygram Films, 483
Pompez, Alex, 415
Pontiac-GMC Division, 165
Poole, Elijah Poole. See Nation of Islam Enter-
  prises
Population (1995): Africa, 314; Asia, 315;
  Brazil, 314; China, 315; Europe, 314; India,
  315; Nigeria, 314; South America and Ca-
  ribbean, 314; USA, 1995, 314
Population, African Americans, 1995, 113, 314
Population, Blacks in South Africa, 314
Poro Beauty School, 551
Poro College, Chicago, 472, 574
Poro College, St. Louis, 573
Poro Company, 283, 288, 304, 305, 582. See
  also Turnbo-Malone, Annie Minerva Pope
Port-of-Spain (Trinidad), 167
Porter, Ollie Chinn, 405, 406
Portugal, 311
Posey, Cumberlan Willis, 414
Postal Employees, 100, 522, 551
Postro Inc., 641
Pottier, Honore, 28
Powell, Adam Clayton Reverend (Congress-
  man), 92-93, 544
Powell, Clilan B., 2
Powell, Colin (General), 89-90
Powell, Lucylle, 459
Powell, William Jenifer, 458-60
POWER, 426
Prairie View A&M University, 115, 547
Pre-Civil Rights Era black business, 105. See
  also Jim Crow Era, Business Impact; Sepa-
  rate Economy; South, Black Business, 1880-
  1930
Preferential Treatment, 482
Pressing Comb, 572, 582
Price, G. N., 66, 67
Price, Hugh B., 97
Price, J. D., 410
Price, Ramon, 393
Prince, Abijah, 616
Prince Hall, 245
Prince Hall Masons, 186, 187, 245
Prince, Mary Gardner, 300, 601
Princeton University, 44, 336
Principles of Cutting and Styling Negro Hair,
  392
Procope, Eresta, 431. See also Bowman, Er-
  nesta
Procope, John, 607
Procter & Gamble, 7, 99
Proctor, Barbara Gardner, 6, 609
Proctor and Gardner Advertising, Inc., 6, 7,
  334, 609
Proctor, Henry Hugh, Reverend, 40
Proctor, Virginia, 602
Procurement Contract Programs, 122, 150,
  309. See also Affirmative Action; SBA-8(a);
  Disparity Studies; Set-Asides, Minority
  Business
Progress Plaze, 636
Progressive Land Development Company, 424
Progressive National Baptist Convention, 146
Prohibition, 270
Pro-Line Corporation, 166, 308, 314, 331
Property Ownership African, 8-9
Property Owners, South (1790-1880), 22, 23,
  25, 26, 29, 460-62, 517, 518. See also Slave-
  holders, Large Black
Property Owners, South, Women, 1790-1880,
  462. See also Antebellum Black Slavehold-
  ers, Women
Proposition 209 (California), 114. See also Af-
  firmative Action Retrenchment, Impact on
  Black Businesses; Affirmative Action Re-
  trenchment, Supreme Court Decisions
Prosser, Gabriel, 500
Prostitution, 131, 456, 516
"Protected Markets," 36, 105. See also Mar-
  kets, Protected, and Black Entrepreneurship
Prothro, Charles, 550
Prothro, Louise, 404
"Proud Lady" Logo, 288
Prout, Mary, 579, 602
Provident Hospital, 624
Provincial Freeman (Canada), 601
Pryor, McClendon Counts & Co. (PMC), 311,
  323. See also Investment Banking
Pryor, Richard, 236
Public Money, 67
Public Waiters Association, 132, 133
Public Works Employment Act (1977), 481
Publishers Weekly, 88
Puerto Rican, banks, 63
Puerto Rico, 307, 474
Pulaski County, KY, 219
The Pullman Porter (1910), 233. See also
  Film Production
Pulsar Data Systems, 165, 318
Pure Food and Drug Act, 126
Puritans. See Atlantic Slave Trade Profits
Purvis, Robert, 242
Purvis, William B., 623, 624
PUSH, 93, 139, 148, 217, 326, 468, 548, 642
Pyrocap, 310, 542
Pyrocap B-136, 310. See also Black Pantent-
  holders
Pyrocap International Bermuda, Ltd., 310


Q

QBR: The Black Book Review, 89
Quakers, 176, 455. See also Alantic Slave
  Trade Profits
Quaker Oats, 7, 361, 533
Quarry Stone Mining, 223
Quartz Mill, 221
Queen Charlotte Island Coal Company (Can-
  ada), 302
Queens Inner Unity Cable Systems, 548
Queen Litafah, 608
Qwest Records, 469


R

R. B. Fitzgerald Brickyard, 82
R. G. Dun Mercantile Credit Reports, 181,
  248, 509. See also Dun Mercantile Credit
  Reports
R. J. Dale Advertising, 6
R. L. Dukes Oldsmobile, 139
Race Conscious Procurement Programs. See
  Procurement Contract Programs
"Race Men," 183, 436, 530
Race Relations, 168
Race Riots and American Business: Atlanta
  Race Riot (1906), 549; Chicago Race Riot
  (1919), 183, 441; Civil Rights Era Race Ri-
  ots (1960s), 51, 148; Los Angeles Riot
  1992, 193, 287; Tulsa Riot (1921), 204. See
  also Antebellum Race Riots
Race Tracks, 249, 269, 337, 365
Racial Employment Patterns, 586. See also
  Corporate America, Black Managers
Racial Monopoly," 30
"Racial Overconcentration," 30
Racism and Corporate Culture, 213-14
Racism and Jim Crow. See Jim Crow Era,
  Business Impact; Jim Crow Inquities; Jim
  Crow Laws
Radical Republicans, 216
Radio Enterprises, 269, 278, 309, 333, 334,
  360, 393, 433, 463-65, 468, 483, 548, 550,
  638, 645
Radio One, Inc., 465, 608
Ragsdale Mortuary, 260
Railroad Employees, 68, 100, 186, 551
The Railroad Porter (1912), 233. See also
  Film Production
Rainbow/Push Wall Street Project Conference,
  645, 646, 647
Ralston-Purina, 126
Rancho Acalanes, 358
Rancho Rio de los Americanos, 358
Rand, A. Barry, 164
Randall, Dudley, 84
Randolph, A. Philip, 632
Random House, 90
Rap Music, 110, 483. See also Hip Hop
Rare, Ripe Gold and Silver Mining Company,
  221
Rasta Group, 289
Rayfield, Wallace, 32
RCA Records, 469
Reading University (GB), 205
Reagan, Ronald (President), 6, 139, 206-7,
  347
Reagan Era, 139, 161, 257, 591
Real Estate Board of New York, 399
Real Estate Enterprises. See Black Real Estate
  Enterprises; Black Real Estate Ventures (Or-
  ganizations)
The Realization of a Negro's Ambition (1917),
  233. See also Film Production
Recognized Insurance Coverage (RIC), 65
Reconstruction, 72, 73, 104, 171, 216, 441,
  454, 498, 588
Reconstruction Black Business, 171, 517. See
  also South, Black Business, 1860-1880
Recording Industry, 309, 466-69, 608, 642
Rector, Sarah, 223
Red Label Series, 466
"Redlining," 570
Red River Shipping, 568
Redding, Wesley C., 549
Reddy, Helen, 18
Redevelopment Authority of the City of Phila-
  delphia v. Irwin Lieberman, 433
Redistribution, Land and Capital, 209
Reebok Corporaion, 537
Regal Theater, 253
Reggio August and Octave, 492
Regulation "Q," 62, 64
Reid, Elizabeth, 29
Reinders, Robert C., 27
Remond, Nancy Lenox, 598
Remond Sisters (Cecilia, Maritcha, Caroline),
  602
Rene, Leon, 466
Renfroe, Robert, 51-52
Renmuth, Inc., 51
Renousard, August, 265
Reol Motion Picture Corporation, 234
Reparations and African American Business,
  469-71
Republic Bank (NYC), 476
Republican Business Men's Club of New
  York, 399
Republican Party, 97, 139, 143, 183, 187, 278,
  344, 434, 477; Missouri Colored Division,
  573; Virginia Lily Black Republican Party,
  580
Republican National Conventions, 100, 357,
  570
Resource One Computer Systems, 318
Responsibility, 406
"Restitution Principle," 471
"Resurrection to Beauty Fund," 193, 287
Revelation Corporation, 146
Revere, Paul, 499
Revlon, 288, 289, 330, 367, 483
Reynolds Aluminum, 313
Reynolds, Mel, 536
Revolutionary War, 44-45, 129, 175, 240,
  300, 447, 448, 563
Revolving Credit Institutions, 293
Rey, B., 29
Rhodes, Bertha Perry, 405
Rhone, Sylvia, 469
Rhythm and Blues Concerts, 468
Rice, Norman (Mayor). See Mayors, Black and
  Black Business
Rice Threshing Machine, 595
Richardson, Julian and Raye, 88
Richest African American. See Winfrey, Oprah
"Richest Negro Street in the World," 552
Richmond, 104, 297
Richmond Council of Colored Women, 580
Richmond v. Croson. See City of Richmond v.
  J. A. Croson Co.
Ricquet, Nicol, 28
Rillieux, Norbert, 28, 195, 619
Riverside Bank, 61
RMS Technologies, 318, 642
"Robber Barons," 222, 451, 458
Robbins, IL, 78, 472
Roberts Automobile Company (MO), 567
Roberts, Colson, and Company, 301
Roberts, Herman, 554
Roberts, Homor, 567
Roberts, Joann, 90
Roberts, Joseph Jenkins, 301, 563
Roberts, Roy, 165
Robey, Don, 471-72
Robinson, Jack, 560
Robinson, Jackie, 416, 530, 532
Robinson, John Charles, 472-73
Robinson, Louie, Jr., 556
Robinson, Sylvia, 469
Roche, Joyce, 165, 610
Rockefeller, John D., 74, 222
Rocky Mountain News, 238
Rodgers, Moses, 222
Rogers, John W., Jr., xxv
Rollins, William, 220
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 348
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 60, 183, 187, 381
Roosevelt, Theodore, 603
Roosevelt University, 98, 570, 591
Roots, 557
Rosebud Reservation (SD), 381
Rose Meta House of Beauty-Rose Morgan,
  285, 473-74, 607
Rosenwald, Julius, 74
Ross, Victoria, 604
Rotating Credit Associations, 247, 474-75
Rotating Credit Associations, Caribbean Amer-
  ican Chamber of Commerce and United
  States Commerical Banks, 474-78
Rothchild, Charles, 520
Roundanez, Louis Chares, 28
Royal Crown Bottling Company, 404
Royal Hotel, 551
Royal Knights of King David, 246, 395, 435
Royal Life Insurance Company, 546
Royal Peacock Club, 551
Royster, Don, M., Sr., 43
R. T. Bess Company, 322
Rubber Recyling Plant, 637
Rubin, Rick, 483
Ruggles, David, 618
"Rule of Two" Program, 52
"Rumble in the Jungle," 351, 531
Rush Associated Labels, 468
Rush Communications, 468, 483, 642
Rush Management, 468
Rush Philanthropic Arts, 483
Russell-Rowe Communications, 479
Russell, Alice, 383
Russell, Harvey C., 404. See National Associa-
  tion of Market Developers
Russell, Herman Jerome, 174, 478-79
Russell, J. Jerome, 479
Russell, Michael, 479
Russia, 96, 300, 313
Russian Serfs, 488
Russian Silicon, 313
Russwurm, John, 302
Rutger, Antoinette, 560-61
Rutgers University, 363, 586
Rutherford, Samuel Wilson, 40, 246


S

Sabre Foundation, 206
Safe Bus Company, 567, 630
Saffice (Records), 467
St. John University Law School, 96
St. John's Baptist Church (Miami, FL), 145
St. John's Community Development Corpora-
  tion, 145
St. Louis, MO, 46
St. Louis Argus, 83, 573
St. Louis Argus Publishing Company, 83
"St. Louis Blues," 444
St. Louis Post Office, 304
St. Louis Trust Company, 345
St. Luke Association, 580
St. Luke Herald, 579
St. Luke Emporium, 245, 580. See also Frater-
  nal Organizations; Walker, Maggie Lena
St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, 296, 580, 603
St. Petersburg (Russia), 300, 601
Salaam Restaurants, 423
Salaam Restaurant of Islam, 426
Salomon Brothers, 534
Saltpeter, 219, 378
Samuel Whiteman and Associates, 404
San Bernardino, CA, 90
San Diego, CA, 262
San Francisco Athenaeum Building, 456
San Francisco, 88, 302
San Francisco's First City Treasurer. See Lei-
  desdorff, William Alexander
San Franciso Giants, 326
San Franciso Town Journal, 359
Sanctions, Antiapartheid, 315
Sanders, Zell, 466
Santo Domingo, 29. See also West Indies, Im-
  migrants; West Indies, Immigrants, Post-
  Civil War
Satellite Programming, 309
Saundersville, GA, 261
Saudi Arabia, 166, 308, 310
Saudi Pyrotech, 310
Saundersville, GA, 261
Savoy Hotel, 551
Saxon, James, 61
Sayers, Gale, 533
SBA. See Small Business Administration
SBA-8(a) Federal Contracting Firms, 107, 309
Scalia, Antonin (Justice), 471
Scheiffman, Frank, 384
Schlitz Breweries, 326
Schmeling, Max, 532
Schmidt, Harvey M., 433
Schmoke, Kurt L. (Mayor). See Mayors, Black
  and Black Business
Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis, 433
Schoen, Sterling, 121
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 116
Schuyler, George, 306
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 536
Schweich, Anderson, M., 142
Schweninger, Loren, 171, 251, 517
SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership
  Conference
SCOR. See Small Corporate Offering Registra-
  tion
Scott, Darin, 237
Scott, Emmett J., 126
Scott, Hazel, 556
Scott, Portia, 552
Scott-Reeves, Alexis, 552
Scott, William Alexander, 550
Scott, William Alexander, II, 2, 551
Sea Girt Hotel, 130, 188
Sea Island (GA), 520
Sears, Roebuck & Company, 7, 177, 191
Seattle, Washington, 633
Seaway National Bank, 55, 139, 140, 571, 635
Second Street Bank, 580
Secretary of Commerce. See Ronald Harmon
  Brown
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),
  253, 541
Securities Discount Co. (Ghana), 311
Seghal, R. K., 479
Segregation Laws. See Jim Crow Laws
Segregated Economy, 137, 149-50, 512. See
  also Separate Economy
Segregated Markets, 10, 133-34, 210, 276,
  436. See also Separate Economy; Markets,
  Protected, and Black Entrepreneurship
Self-Determination, 210
Self-Employment, 105
Self-Help, 39, 137, 259, 270, 366, 401-2, 418,
  429, 436, 446, 476, 527, 544; Black
  Women, 579
Selma March, 326
Semi-Weekly Louisianian, 454
Semler, Ed, 415
Sentel Corporation, 568
Seoul, South Korea, 312
"Separate Coach" laws, 100
Separate Economy, 33, 104, 254, 260-61, 270,
  276, 280, 441. See also Jim Crow Era,
  Business Impact; South Black Business
  (1880-1930); "Sweet Auburn" Avenue
Service Company, 549
Service Corporation International (SCI), 257-
  258
Service Engineering & Construction, 172
Service Federal Savings and Loan Association,
  356
Service Pharmacies, 550
Service Realty, 172
Set-Asides, Minority Business, 52, 112, 122,
  148, 480-82. See also Mayors, Black and
  Black Business; Washington, Harold
7-Eleven. See Southland
Seven-Up, 148
Sexton, Kyle, 310
Sexism, 213, 572, 604-5
Seymour, Sally, 24, 599
Shangahi, 307
Shapiro, Thomas, 106
Sharecroppers, 12, 125
Shark Products, 289
Sharps and Dohme Pharmaceutical Laboratory,
  127
Sharpton, Al (Reverend), 647
Shakespeare House, 133
Shaw University, 529
Shaw, Warren C., 165
Shaw, Yvonne, 192
She's Gotta Have It (1986), 236, 640
Sherman (Antitrust) Act, 31
The Shield, 231
Shipyards, 134
Shoe Industry. See Matzeliger, Jan Earnst
Shorebank, 57. See also South Shore National
  Bank
Shorebank Neighborhood Institute, 411
Shrine of the Black Madonna bookstore, 88
Sierra Leone, 176, 241, 270, 300, 448
Sigma Pi Phi, 441
Sigma XI, 453
Signares, 155
Silent Sabotage, 190-91
Simmons, Jake, 223, 307
Simmons Royalty Company, 307-8
Simmons, Russell, 468, 483
Simms, Magaret, 107
Sims, Billy, 535
Sims, Naomi, 283, 483, 607
Simpson, O. J.(Orenthal James), 533
Sister Sister, 182, 557
Sivart Mortgage Company, 569, 570
Sixou City, Iowa, 382
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, 446
Skin Color and Black Business. See Light-Skin
  African-Americans; Mulattos
Sklarek, Norma, 33
Slater (John H.) Fund, 70, 72, 73, 530
Slave Business Activities Critique, 505, 508
Slave Consumers, 504
Slave Craftsmen and Construction, 32, 171,
  486, 499; Numbers of, 499
Slave Drivers, Plantation Managers, Intrapre-
  neurs, 388, 483-85
Slave Entrepreneurs and Intrapreneurs, 142,
  518, 485-88, 556, 621
Slave Hiring Out Own Time, 24-25, 378, 518,
  488-90, 495, 594
Slaveholders, Large Black, 23, 26, 490-95.
  See also Antebellum Black Slaveholders;
  Antebellum Black Slaveholders, Women
Slave Informal Economy, 54
Slave Internal Economy. See Slaves, Indepen-
  dent Economic Production
Slave Laws, Economic Constraints, 24, 155-
  56, 394-95, 486, 495-97
Slave Maximunm-Wage Laws, 496
Slave Money Incentives, 485, 502
Slave-Owned Property, 24, 461, 495, 506, 507,
  508, 509
Slave-Owned Property, Civil War Confisca-
  tions, 497-99
Slave Plantation Credit Accounts, 504
Slave Plantation Gang System, Economic Ac-
  tivities, 24, 507
Slave Plantation Managers, 94. See also Slave
  Drivers, Plantation Managers, Intrapreneurs
Slave Plantation Task System, Economic Ac-
  tivities, 24, 507
Slave Population, 490, 491, 496
Slave Postmaster, 388
Slave Punishments for Economic Activities,
  See Slave Laws, Economic Constraints
Slave Revolts and Black Craftsmen, 499-501
Slave Self-Purchase, 462, 486, 487, 490, 507,
  510, 564
Slaves Independent Economic Activities, 24,
  496
Slaves, Independent Economic Production,
  Louisiana Sugar Plantations, 501-5
Slave Trade. See Atlantic Slave Trade Profits
Slave Traders, Black, 23, 25, 300
Slave Women Enterprises, 157, 395, 486, 560,
  597-98
Slaves, Plantation Market-Related Activities,
  505-9
Slavery, Reparations for, 469
Slavery, White Benefits, 210, 470. See also
  White Slaveholders, 1860
Sloan Financial Group, 311
Sloan, Maceo, K., xxv, 324
Sloan School of Business (MIT), 585
Slocum, Cuffe, 448
Small Business Administration (SBA), 6, 47,
  51, 173, 210-11, 224, 363, 433, 634, 639
Small Business Investment Company (SBIC)
  Act, 635
Small Corporate Offering Registration, 541
Small, Thomas, 23
Smalls, Robert (Congressman), 563
Smiley, Charles H., 132
Smith Barney, 165, 610
Smith, Bessie, 444
Smith, Charles, 522
Smith, Chuck, 404
Smith, Clarence, 646
Smith, H. C., 191
Smith, Jim, 560
Smith, James, 455
Smith, John H., 135
Smith, Joshua I., 639, 647
Smith-Jones and Associates, 408
Smith Kline, & French, 349
Smith, Marconi C., 261-62
Smith, Payton, 203
Smith Samuel, 466
Smith, Stephen, 180, 220, 248, 250, 321, 437,
  449, 509-11, 565, 576
Smith Harlem Dispensary, 633
Smithsonian, 18, 347
SMOBE. See Survey of Minority-Owned Busi-
  ness Enterprises
SMOBE Black Business Venture Capital, 569
SMOBE, 1992 Black Air Transportation
  Firms, 569
SMOBE, 1992 Black Construction Industries
  Firms, 174
SMOBE, 1992 Black Eating and Drinking
  Places, 134
SMOBE, 1992 Black Extractive Industries
  Firms, 224-25
SMOBE, 1992 Black Farm Owners, 16
SMOBE, 1992 Black Hotels/Lodging Places,
  134
SMOBE, 1992 Black Local and Interurban
  Transportation Firms, 569
SMOBE, 1992 Black Metal Mining Firms
  1992, 225
SMOBE, 1992 Black Transportation Firms,
  569
SMOBE, 1992 Black Trucking and Warehous-
  ing Firms, 568-69
SMOBE, 1992 Black Water Transportation
  Firms, 569
SMOBE on 1992 African American-Owned
  Firms, 113, 384, 611
SMOBE on 1992 API/AIAN-Owned Firms,
  384, 611
SMOBE on 1992 Hispanic-Owned Firms, 225,
  611
SMOBE on 1992 Minority Business Receipts,
  113, 385, 387, 611
SMOBE on 1992 Minority Women Business
  Owners, 611
SMOBE, 1972,1982 Black Funeral and Mortu-
  ary Enterprises, 256
SNCC. See Student Non-Violent Coordinating
  Committee
Snider, Jill, 567
Snow, Beverly, 618
Snow Riot (1834), 618
Social Capital, Black Business Owners, 511-
  15
Societe des Artisans, 27
Society of Friends, 176
Socrates, 211
Soft Sheen Products, Inc., 267, 308, 331, 646.
  See Gardner, Edward G.
Sojourner Truth Award, 406
Sole Proprietorships. See Black Sole Proprie-
  torships
SOLAR Records (Sounds of Los Angeles Rec-
  ords), 309
Solvent Savings Bank and Trust Company,
  143
Solvent Savings Bank of Memphis, 443
Songbird Record Label, 472
Sons and Daughers of Peace, Penny, Nickle
  and Dime Savings Bank, 379
Sony Theaters, 538
Sony Retail Entertainment, 538
Soul Food (1997). See Film Production
"Soul" Format, 464
Soul Train, 330, 557, 558
Souls of Black Folks, 589. See also DuBois,
  William E. B.
Soulie, Albin, 248, 250
Soulie, Bernard, 248, 250
The Soulies, 302
"Sounds of the City," 360
Sourcebook on Enterprise Zones, 206
South Africa, 8, 11, 110, 213, 217, 289, 306,
  312, 313, 314, 417, 542
South America, 304, 306
South, Black Business, 1790-1880, 515-17.
  See also Antebellum Baltimore; Antebellum
  Charleston; Antebellum New Orleans
South, Black Business, 1860-1880, 517-23.
  See also Reconstruction
South, Black Business, 1880-1930, 523-28.
  See also Black Wall Street; Enclaves, Entre-
  preneurial; Georgia, Black Business, 1890-
  1915; "Sweet Auburn" Avenue
South Carolina, 54
South Carolina State University, 115, 119
South Korea, 312, 316
South Pacific, 309
South Shore National Bank, 56
South Shore, 57
South Side Bank, 55
South Side Help Center, 411
Southern Aid Society, 296, 297, 512
Southeastern Asia, 309
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
  (SCLC), 139, 147, 272, 326, 538
Southern Claims Commission, 498
Southern Education Foundation, 530
Southern Fidelity and Surety Company, 436
Southern Mercantile Company, 346
Southern University, 454
Southern University at New Orleans, 115
Southland (7-Eleven), 243, 645
Southview Cemetery Association, 40
Soviet Union, 11, 586
Soy Bean Research, 349
Space Jam, 537
Space Stations, 481
Spain, 311, 312
Spanish-American War, 229
Spaulding, Asa Timothy, 528-29
Spaulding, Charles Clinton, 82, 203, 291, 296,
  297, 349, 436, 529-30
Spaulding, Washington, 248, 250
Spear, Allan H., 137
Special Markets, Inc., 322
Special Olympics, 452
Spelman College, 73, 452
Spencer, Moses, 517
Spero, Sterling, 290
Spikes, Johnny and Reb, 466
Spingarn Medal (NAACP), 440
Spinks, Leon, 351
Spivey, Donald, 74
Split Images: African Americans in the Mass
  Media, 4
Sports, Athlete Enterprises and Entrepreneurs,
  530-40
Sports Fans, 537
Sports Pyramid of Wealth, 539
Sportmen's Tennis Club, 560
Spotlight on Harlem in New York, 557
Spraggins, Marianne, 165, 431, 610
Stamp Act, 45
Standard Catalog, 50
Standard Life Insurance, 41, 297, 443
Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies, 7
Standard Oil, 222
Standard Technology, 609
Stanford University, 120, 407
Stanley, John, 617
Starbucks Coffee Company, 538
Starobin, Robert S., 485
Star Trek, 557
State Departments of Transportation, 481
State Street Bank (Boston), 587
"Statism." See Africa, Indigenous Capitalism
  Development
Stax Records, 467
Steam Engine Lubricators, 622
Steel Fabricating Manufacturing Company, 533
Steel Processing and Metal Distribution Manu-
  facturing, 533
Steelton, PA, 231
Stereotyping, 4, 6, 233, 534, 539, 587. See
  also Film Production
Still, William, 221, 565, 575
Stills, William Grant, 444
Stinnette, Juanita, 466
Stock Market Listings (Black-Controlled Pub-
  licly Traded Companies), 139, 165, 540-43,
  646
Stone Merchant Company, 312
Stone, Toni, 416
Stop and Shop Stores, 587
Stop Shop and Save, 642
Stormy Weather (1943), 235
The Story of My Life and Work, 283. See also
  Washington, Booker T.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 485
Straight University. See Dillard University
"Strict Scrutiny," 481
Strong, Nat, 414
Strong and Jones (Funeral), 263
Struggle and Success: The African American
  Experience in Japan, 310
Stuart, Mary, 468
Stuart, M. S., 254, 255
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
  (SNCC), 147
Sub-Saharan Africa, 110, 308, 437
Subchapter C Corporations, 107, 111, 386
Subchapter S Corporations, 107, 111, 386
Submarine Torpedo Discharge Mechanism,
  609
Suburbanization and Black Business, 140, 265,
  373, 527
Success Runs in Our Race, 430
Successful Salesmanship, 441
Sugar Act of 1764, 44
Sugar Cultivation, 194-95, 301
Sugar Cane Plantation, 538
Sugar Ray Leonard, 351
Sullivan, Leon, 112, 217, 435, 543-46, 636
The "Sullivan Principles," 217, 545
Sultan Airways Ltd (Ethiopia), 473
Sulton-Campbell and Associates, 639
Sumitomo (Japan), 310
Sumner, Charles (Senator), 188
Sumner, General J., 520
Sunday School Publishing Board, 86
Sunderland, VT, 616
Sunshine Label, 466
Superconducting Super Collider Federal Con-
  tracts, 481
Supreme Beauty Products Co., 333
Supreme Court, 93, 434, 471
Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company,
  138, 298, 332, 356, 444, 546-47
Supreme Life and Casualty Company, 546
The Supremes, 277
Surinam, 371
Surplus U.S. Military Equipment, 307
Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enter-
  prises, 107, 110, 111. See also Minority-
  Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Susquehanna Steam Company, 135
Sussex Records, 468
SUSUs. See also Rotating Credit Associations
Susu, 293. See also Esusu
Sutter's Mill, 359
Sutton, Percy Ellis, 224, 308, 309, 431, 464,
  547-48
Sutton, Pierre (Pepe), 548
Sutton, Scottie B., 551
Swanson Frozen Foods, 99
"Sweet Auburn" Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia,
  42, 186, 548-52
Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971),
  235
Sweet Vengeance Mine Company, 221
Swimming, 539
Swing Time Recording Company, 466
Switzerland, 308
Sykes, Catherine, 406


T

Tabu Records, 468
Taco Bell, 537
Tagalog Films, 307
Tailors, antebellum black, 21, 24
Taiwan, 166, 316
"Talented Tenth," 40, 418, 436. See also Du
  Bois, William E. B.
Talladega University, 355
Tallahassee, FL, 263
Tan Confession, 332
Tandy, Vertner, 32
Tanner, Henry O., 17
Tappan, Arthur, 321
Target Market News, 4, 89
Taverns and Saloons, 143
Taxicab Enterprises, 91, 138, 307, 524, 553-
  55
Taylor, Andrew, 556
Taylor, B., 521
Taylor, Francis, 301
Taylor, Hobart, 554, 555-56
Taylor, Hobart, Jr., 556
Taylor House, 131
Taylor, Maria, 521
Taylor, Richard, 131
Taylor, Robert R., 32
Taylor, Susan L., 611
Tea Act, 45
TCB, 288
Technology Revolution, 109
Teitel, Robert, 237
Telecommunications Act, 1996, 465
Telecommunications Industry. See Black Tele-
  communications Enterprises
Telephone Transmitter, 623
Television Industry, 277, 364, 464, 479, 483,
  556-59, 641
Temple, Lewis, 620
Tenant Farmers, 125. See also Agribusiness,
  Virginia's Black Farmers
Tennessee, 41
Tennessee State University, 115, 118, 405,
  468, 595
Tennis, 559-60, 606
Tennis in the Hood, Inc., 560
Terrell, Mary Church, 143
Texaco, 165, 308, 327, 361
Texas, 41, 61
Texas College, 392, 453
Texas Progressive Voter's League, 391
Texas Rangers, 167, 283, 535
Texas Southern University, 61, 115, 453
Thatcher Engineering, Inc., 174, 273
Therapeutic Light Company, 138
Think Laboratory (TL) Ltd., Japan, 310
Think Laboratory America (TLA) Ltd., 310
Third World Books, 88
Third World Press, 84
Third World Societies, 477
Thirteenth Amendment (1865), 602
Thomas and Thomas, Inc., 304, 629
Thomas Distributors, 139
Thomas, Franklin, 476, 477
Thomas, Isaiah, 110, 535
Thomas, J. L., 133
Thomas, James, 560-61
Thomas, Sally, 560
Thompson, Charles, 290
Thompson, Ernest, 126
Thompson, Warren M., 643
Thompson Hospitality, 643
Threads 4 Life (Cross Colours), 642
"Three Musketeers (candy bar)," 5
TIAA-CREEF, 164
Tier One Suppliers, 53
Tillman, Edward, 61
Tillman, George, Jr., 237
Time-Warner Inc., 164, 644
TLC Beatrice International Holdings, 121, 311-
  12, 537, 645. See also Lewis, Reginald
  Francis
Tokyo, 310
Tolliver, Tiffany, 383
Tony Brown's Journal, 97
Top Hat Night Club, 550, 551
Toronto, 302
Toronto Raptors, 110, 535
Toussainte, Pierre, 448
"Track System," 149. See also Equal Em-
  ployment Opportunity Commission
Tracy Hotel, 435
Trademark Infringement, 289
Traffic Signal Invention, 390, 630
Trail of Tears, 204
TransAfrica, 548
Transportation Enterprises, History, 175-76,
  179, 454, 561-69, 618, 619
Travelers Group, 646
Travis, Dempsey J., 55, 569-71
Travis Realty, 569
Treasury Tax and Loan Accounts (TTL), 64-
  65
Triangular Slave Trade, 437. See also Atlantic
  Slave Trade Profits
Tribute (South Africa), 315
Trice, Sandy, 137
Trim-Away Figure Contouring, 474
Trinidad and Tobago, 247, 291, 629
Tri-State Bank, 356, 633
The Trooper of Company K (1917), 233. See
  also Film Production
Trotman, W. Fred, 322
Trotter, William Monroe, 400
Trower, John S., 132
True Reformers, 104, 172, 245, 296
True Reformers Savings Bank, 296
Truman, Harry S. (President), 17
Trumark, 402
Trump, Donald, 645
Tubman, Harriett, 429, 575
Tuesday, 360
Tulsa, Oklahoma, 81, 203, 552. See also Black
  Wall Street; Enclaves, Entrepreneurial
Tulsa Black Millionaires, 81
Tulsa Race Riot (1921), 204
Turkey, 312, 316
Turnbo-Malone, Annie Minerva Pope, 282,
  284, 305, 571-74, 604, 606
Turner, Aletha, 598
Turner, Benjamin (Congressman), 522
Turner, Henry McNeal, Bishop (AME), 551
Turner, Kathryn C., 609
Turpentine Industry, 220
Tuskegee Institute, 32, 74, 88, 124, 151, 168,
  284, 473; Founding of, 588
Tuskegee University, 118
Tyler Barber College, 284, 391
Tyson, Mike, 351, 531, 538


U

Udom, E. U. Essien, 422-23
"Ultra Sheen," 282
UNC Ventures, 324
Uncle Noname Cookie Company. See Amos,
  Wallace, Jr.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 485
The Uncommmon Wisdom of Oprah Winfrey,
  597
Underground Railroad and Black Business,
  180, 329, 344, 449, 575-77
"Unemployment, the Negro and Aviation,"
  459
UNIA, 76, 273
Union, 83
Union Blacking Shop, 21
Union Pacific Railroad, 565
Union Springs, Alabama, 133
Union Theological Seminary (NY), 544
Union Transportation and Trolley Company,
  94, 417, 626
Unions, Professional Athletes, 530
United Arab Emirates, 308
United Artist Records, 18
United Bank of Philadelphia, 324, 608
United Beauty School Owners and Teachers
  Association, 286, 348
United Insurance Company of America, 547
United Kingdom, 308, 478
United Mortgage Bankers of America, 570
United Nations, 539
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
  Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 545
United Negro College Fund (UNCF), 7, 42,
  320, 452, 530, 538
United Order of Friendship, 246
United Order of True Reformers, 60, 395, 435
United Record Corporation, 466
United Service Organization. See USO Center
United Shoe Machinery Corporation, 372
United States Black-On-Line (USBOL), 319
United States Colored Troops (USCT), 188,
  563
United States Department of Agriculture, 126
United States Department of Commerce, 47,
  61, 150, 151, 243, 272, 477
United States Department of Commerce Inter-
  national Trade Development Center, 308
United States Department of Housing and Ur-
  ban Development, 413, 478
United States Department of Justice, 31, 53
United States Department of Treasury, 66, 177
United States EEOC, Chair of, 433
United States Federal Trade Commision, 31
United States General Accounting Office, 207
United States Import-Export Bank, 553
United States Naval Academy, 188
United States Postal Employees and Black
  Business, 100, 522, 551
United States Postal Stamps, xiii, 372
United States Supreme Court. See Supreme
  Court
United States Tennis Association, 559
United Way of America, 410
Universal Life Insurance Company, 356
Universal Negro Improvement Association, 76.
  See also Garvey, Marcus
Universal Pictures, 469
Universal Publishing House, 85. See also Gar-
  vey, Marcus
Universal (Studio), 233
Universal Television, 469
University of Chicago, 120, 168, 177, 267,
  290, 332, 407, 451, 533, 610
University of Freiburg, 355
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 46,
  326, 336, 411,459
University of Iowa, 172, 307
University of Islam Educational Centers, 424.
  See also Nation of Islam Enterprises
University of Kansas, 439
University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 115
University of Michigan, 42, 453
University of Michigan MBA Program, 121
University of Missouri, 99
University of North Carolina, 170
University of Paris, 355
University of Pennsylvania, 17, 33
University of Pittsburgh, 116, 120, 290
University of Southern California, 33
University of Vienna, 349, 355
University of Virginia, 44
Uniworld Group, 6
Uniworld, Inc., 334. See also Lewis, Byron
  Eugene
Updike, John, 563
Upper South/Lower South, 251, 460, 515, 516,
  518
"Upper Ten," 251
Upscale, 96
Uptown Entertainment, 468
Uptown Saturday Night (1974). See Film Pro-
  duction
Urban Communications, 644
Urban Development Policies. See Mayors,
  Black, and Black Business
Urban Institute, 185
Urban League. See National Urban League;
  National Urban League Black Executive
  Exchange Program
Urban Rebellions, 1960s, 210. See also Race
  Riots and American Business
Urban Renewal, 339, 418, 551-52, 570
Urban Revitalization, 376
Urbanite Magazine, 360
USA Today, 534
USO Center, 569
U.S. Steel, 223
Utendahl, John, 165, 323
Utendahl Capital Partners, 165, 323


V

V&J Foods, 609
Vancouver (Canada), 302, 621
Vanette, Etienne, 29
Vann, Robert Lee, 1-2
Vashon, John, 618
Vaudeville, 466
Vee Jay Records, 277, 466, 608
Vendors, Street, 155
Venezuela, 307, 311
Venture Capital. See Black Business Venture
  Capital
Verdun Theater, 383
Vertical Integration Business Strategies, 109
Vesey, Denmark, 26, 500
Vibe, 319
Victor, Franois, 29
Victory Life Insurance, 138, 440
Victory Mutual Life Insurance Company, 440
VideoCasettes, 537
Vietnam, 532
Vigilance Committee, 344, 575
Vigilant Committee, 242
Villa Lewaro, 584
Villarosa, Clara, 89
Vince Cullers Advertising, Inc., 6, 177, 334
Virgin Islands, 308
Virginia Confederation of Colored Women,
  580
Virginia, Farmers, 12-16
Virginia Interracial Council, 580
Virginia State College, 361
Virginia State University, 115
Virginia Union University, 115, 290, 580
Vogue Record Company (France), 309
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 326
Vomack Advertising, 7
Vulcan Realty and Investment Corporation,
  173, 271. See also Gaston, Arthur George


W

Wainer, Paul, 240
Waiting to Exhale, 89
Wade Advertising, 98
Wade, Melvin R., 637
Wade, Richard C., 488
Wage Earner's Savings Bank, 628
Wald, Jeff, 18
Wall Street, 607
Walker, A'Leila. See Walker, Sarah Breedlove
Walker, Antonio M. (Maceo), 633
Walker, Armstead, 579
Walker Beauty School, 348
Walker, Herschel, 533
Walker, Joseph, 633
Walker, Juliet E. K., xvii, 180, 490
Walker, Maggie Lena (Mitchell), 245, 578-81
Walker Manufacturing Company, 305. See
  also Walker, Sarah Breedlove
"Walker Method," 582
Walker, Sally, 606
Walker, Sarah Breedlove (Madam C. J.), 282,
  285, 305, 366, 451, 581-85, 572, 604
Walker, T. (Reverend), 222
Walker, William 0., 2
Wall Street, 299, 610, 638
Wall Street Journal, 191
Wallace & Wallace Chemical and Oil Corpo-
  ration, 224
Wallace, Phyllis Ann, 585-87
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 168-69
Wal-Mart, 311, 607
Walrond, Eric, 269
Walt Disney Television and Telecommunica-
  tions, 644. See also Disney Studios
Walters, Alexander (Bishop), 410
Wampanoag Indians, 175
Wamuru-Wilson, Jinaki, 560
Warbourg, Daniel, 28
Warbourg, Eugene, 28
War Food Administration (WFA), 223
War of 1812, 240, 448
War on Poverty, 206
Ware, Lloyd, 165
Warner Brothers (Records), 469
Warren, C. A., 467
Warren School of Aeronautics, 459
Waring, Colston, 301
Waseda University (Japan), 310
Washburn College, 439
Washington, Booker T. (Taliaferro), 587-90;
  Accomodationist Philosophy, 400, 401, 527,
  588-89; Atlanta "Compromise," 1895 Ex-
  position Speech, 588-89; George Washing-
  ton Carver, 125; Business Philosophy, 76,
  94, 99, 153, 183, 216, 269, 272, 381, 418,
  428, 527; Black barbers, 283-84; Black
  banks, 446; Black churches, 143; Black
  towns, 78, 79; DuBois critique of, 589; Edu-
  cational philosophy, 418, 589; DuBois-
  Washington Debate, economists'
  assessments, 209-10, 291; Extractive Indus-
  tries, 222; Funds, "clandestinely," Court
  Cases challenging Jim Crow laws, 401; Im-
  migrant entrepreneurs, 590; Industrial educa-
  tion and black colleges, 71, 589; National
  Afro-American League, 400; Negro Press
  support, 401; "Neo-Washingtonians," 418,
  530; On black business, 202, 565; Patronage
  power, 530; Political Philosophy, 76, 400,
  401, 589; Poor whites, 590; Race Relations,
  589; Supporters, 40, 76, 94, 99, 401, 430;
  Madame C. J. Walker, 581. See also Na-
  tional Negro Business League; Tuskegee In-
  stitute
Washington, D.C., 133, 260, 618
Washington, D.C. National Airport, 568
Washington, George (President), 129
Washington, George J., 634
Washington, Harold, 26, 590-93. See also
  Mayors, Black, and Black Business
Washington Homestead Grays, 414
Washington, Leon, Jr., 2
Washington National Bank, 55
Washington Post, 545
Washington, Sarah [Sara] Spencer, 285, 305-6,
  593-94, 606
Washington Shirt Manufacturing Company,
  634
WATCH, 430
Waters, Enoch P., 84
Waters, Ethel, 444
Watson, John, 46
Wattstax, 467
Wayne State University, 98, 168
Wealthy Citizens of Philadelphia, 248
Wealthholding, Blacks. See Black Wealthhold-
  ing
Wealthholding Inequalities, 103
Weare, Walter, xvii
Weatherup, Craig E., 277
Weaver, Robert, 164
Webcrawler, 320
Weekly Louisianan, 454
"We Do Chicken Right," 7
Weems, Robert E., Jr., xvii
Weil, Stanford, 646
Welfare Rights Organization, 148
Wells Fargo, 643
Wells Fargo Bank, 30
Wells, Ida B., 400, 602
Wells, Nelson, 22
Wells School, 449
Wells, William, 449
Weisbrot, Robert, 227
WERD-Radio, 550
West Angels Church of God In Christ (Los
  Angeles), 145
West Africa, 155, 304, 475
West Indian-Owned Businesses. See Rotating
  Credit Associations, Caribbean American
  Chamber of Commerce
West Indies, 300, 304, 306
West Indies, Immigrants, 22, 23, 29, 129, 157,
  358
West Indies, Immigrants, Post-Civil War, 76,
  306, 363, 474-75, 476, 515, 629
West Indies Imports, 304
West Virginia State College, 290, 349
Western Book and Supply Company, 382
Western Europe, 308
Western Frontiers, 131
Westin Hotel, 407
Westinghouse, 623
Weston, Anthony, 24-25, 170, 486, 494, 515,
  516, 594-95
Weston, Jacob, 23
Weston, Maria, 516, 595
Weston, Samuel, 23
Westport Society of Friends, 448
WGPR-TV, 558
Whaling Vessels, 303
Wharton, Clifton, Jr., 164, 641
Wharton School of Business, 120, 329, 556
Wheeler Airlines Flight Services, 568
Wheeler, Warren H., 568
Whipper, William, 449, 510
White Apprentices, Antebellum Black Busi-
  ness, 178
White Employees/Antebellum Black Business,
  70, 240, 338
WhiteEmployees/Black Business, 203, 223,
  253, 322, 390
White Competition/Black Business, 2-3, 7, 14,
  43, 140, 257-58, 265-66, 288, 367, 635
White Competition/Black Business, Racial ex-
  clusion, 30-31. See also Markets, Protected
  and Black Entrepreneurship
White Corporate America, 112, 119, 120, 140,
  642. See also Fortune 500 Corporations
White Corporate America Employment Dis-
  crimination, 327
White Corporate America, Ethics, 212
White Corporate America Racialized Jobs. See
  Corporate America, Black Managers
White Corporate Culture and Blacks, 213-14
White, Herbert H., 404
White House, 129, 179
White MBAs, 162, 585. See also MBAs on the
  Fast Track, 585
"White Man's Burden," 303
White, Michael (Mayor). See Mayors, Black
  and Black Business
White Purchases of Large Black Businesses,
  140; Barden Cablevision, 644; Johnson
  Products, 287; Motown, 277, 641; Soft
  Sheen, 268
White Slaveholders, 1860, 490-91, 492-93
White Sox, 177, 535
White Sulphur Springs, 345
White Sulphur Springs Land and Improvement
  Company, 345
Whitelaw Apartment House Corporation, 628
Whitelaw Hotel, 628
Whiteman, Samuel, 404
"Whites Only," 325
Whitten, David, xvii, 492
Wigs, 283. See also Hair Care Products Indus-
  try; Sims, Naomi
Wilco Products Caskets, 263
Wiley College, 168
Wiley Jones Race Track, 345
Wilkerson, J. L. 414
Wilkerson, James M., II, 260
Wilkerson, Samuel, 260
William Morris Talent Agency, 18
Williams, Daniel H. (Hale), 284, 624
Williams, Dootsie, 466
Williams, Eric, 291
Williams, Hardy, 433
Williams, J. Mayo, 466
Williams, Paul R., 33, 306
Williams, Peter, Jr., Reverend, 176
Williams, Robin, 114
Williams-Russell and Johnson, 479
Williams, Thomas M., 630
Williams, William S., 521
Williamson, Fred, 235, 533
Williamson, Karen, 407
Willie Davis Distributing Company, 533
Willis, Bruce, 536
Wilson Junior College (Chicago), 570
Wilson, Tom, 415, 416
Wilson, Woodrow (President), 100
Wimbley Group, The, 6
Wimby, Marcus, 552
Windham Brothers Construction Company,
  172
Windham, Thomas C., 172
Windhoek (Namibia), 317
"Wine and Cheese" Spectators, 537
Winfrey, Oprah, 452, 483, 595-97, 608
Winks Panorama, 629
Winners Food (Hong Kong), 311
Winston-Derek Publishers, 84
Winston Salem, NC, 567
Women, Business Enterprises, 597-612
Women in the Workplace, 587
Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimi-
  nation, 585
Women of Brewster Place, 567, 596
Women's Union (Insurance), 579
Wonder, Stevie, 469
Wonderful Hair Grower, 572
Wood, Thomas, 164
Woods, George, 433
Woods, Granville, 623
Woods, Tiger, 531
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and Inter-
  national Affairs, 336
Woodruff, Robert, 126
Woodson, Carter G., 171, 221, 491, 494
Woodson, Lewis, 618
"Wooing and Wedding of a Coon," 233. See
  also Film Production
Woolman Benevolent Society, 447
Woolworth, 227
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 329
World Community of Islam in the West, 425
World War I era, 205, 232, 272, 304, 357,
  379, 390, 459, 546, 628; Black Women En-
  terprises, 603-5
World War II and Blacks, 210, 269, 306, 307,
  349, 532, 542, 555, 568
World War II, Black Businesses: Black Avia-
  tion Enterprises, 151; Black Chemical Com-
  panies, 630; Black Construction Industry,
  172-73; Black Extractive Industry
  Enterprises, 223-24; Black Women Enter-
  prises, 605-6
World War II Veterans, Businesspeople, 177,
  568
World's Fair, 572, 594
Wormley's Hotel, 133
Wormley, James, 133
Wormley, William, 564, 618
Wright, Alonzo, 567
Wright, Lillian, 613
Wright, Millie (Taylor), 556
Wright, Richard Robert, Jr., 613
Wright, Richard Robert, Sr. [R.R], 306, 550,
  612-14
Wrigley Field, 415
W. R. Laard, 165, 610


X

Xavier University, 452
Xavier University Press, 84
Xerox, 164


Y

Yahoo, 321
Yale University, 44, 434, 476, 585
Yancy Minerals, Inc., 224
Yankees, Black, 415
Yates, Clayton R., 550
Yates, Richard (IL Governor), 344
Yell, James (Confederate General), 346
Yellow Cab Company, 555
Yellow Fever Epidemic, 616
Yemen, 308
Yerba Buena, 358-59
YMCA, 40, 42, 451
Yoruba, 247, 474
Young Men's Christian Association, 40, 42,
  451
Young, Andrew (Mayor). See Mayors, Black
  and Black Business
Young, Coleman (Mayor). See Mayors, Black
  and Black Business
Young, E. F., Jr., 285
Young, Emma Odessa, 405
Your Cab Company, 138
Youth Enterprises: Race and Economic Oppor-
  tunity, 413


Z

Zaire, 308, 312, 351, 531
Zimbabwe, 193, 311
Zedrick, John H. 626
Zedricks & Co., 304
Zenith, 333
Zennith Books, 635
Zion Baptist Church, 544
Zoeller, Fuzzy, 534
Zulu Christian Industrial School, 417

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