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Index of
Free Frank: a Black Pioneer on the Antebellum Frontier

by
Juliet E.K. Walker

   Table of Contents   |  Catalog record and links to related information from the Library of Congress catalog

Index


A

Abernethy, Thomas, 18, 30
abolitionism, 96, 97, 111, 117, 120, 152.
  See also antislavery
Abzug, Robert, 10
aeroplane, 17
Africa, 7, 9, 98, 113, 114. See also Liberia
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 117,
  119, 154, 203 n.46
agriculture, frontier: Illinois, 81, 83, 84, 86-
  88, 103; Kentucky, 28, 29, 34; South
  Carolina, 17, 18
Albemarle County, Va., 13
Allen, Richard, 119
Alton, Ill., 74, 169, 170; AME church in,
  117, 154; black population of, 117, 155;
  as station in underground railroad, 111
American Colonization Society, 92, 98, 117,
  118; attitudes of, 85-86; Henry Clay's
  support of, 63-64; opposition of blacks
  to, 113-14; Pike County, Ill., branches
  of, 151; responses of blacks to, 63, 113-
  15, 151
American party, 153
American Revolution, 1, 14, 15, 16, 17
An Act to Change the Name of Free Frank,
  107, 143
Anglo-Cherokee wars, 13
antiblack sentiments, 62-63, 77, 85-86, 91,
  92
antislavery, 67, 111, 115, 117. See also
  abolitionism
Appalachian Mountains, 19
Aptheker, Herbert, 16, 27
Arden, Ill., 167
Atlas, Ill., 77, 88, 89, 152


B

Ball (agent for Baptist Colored Society), 151
Bancroft, Frederick, 34, 180 n.17
Baptists, 22, 85, 117-18, 134, 138, 153
"Barrens": (Ky.), 18, 21; (Ill.), 80, 95
Barry, Ill., 109, 123, 124, 127; abolitionist
  votes in, 152; competition with New
  Philadelphia, 108,123, 127-28;
  development of, 128; political parties
  in, 152; post office in, 167, 169;
  proprietors of, 108; roads from, 109,
  128
Bartlett, George, 123
Baylis, Ill., 167
bees, hunting of, 87-88
Bell, Howard, 113
Berlin, Ira, 27, 33, 37, 44, 58, 196 n.77
Berry, Mary Frances, 111, 177 n.13,
  184 n.82, 192 n.12
Bethel African Methodist Church
  (Philadelphia), 119
Big Cave (Rockcastle County, Ky.), 34, 35,
  36, 38
Bill, Arthur F., 140
Bird, R.W., 35
Birdsong, John E., 123
Black Hawk (chief of Sacs), 82-83
black market activities, 37, 47
black protest, antebellum, 154
black separatist philosophy, 48, 113-17
blacksmiths, 132, 133, 144, 167
Blassingame, John, 10, 11, 17
Bloomfield, Ill., 108
Bluegrass area (Ky.), 18
Blue Ridge Mountains, 15-16
Blue River Association (Baptist), 85
Bogue, Allan, 37, 182 n.42
Boley, Okla., 164
Brazos, Tex., 167
British troops, 14
Brown, Richard M., 14
Brown, William, 131
Buchanan, James, 153
Burdick (shoemaker), 134, 150
Burdick, Virgil, 198 n.11
Bureau County, Ill., 82
Burlend, Rebecca, 75, 83, 86, 189 n.12


C

cabinet-makers, 134, 144, 150. See also
  McWorter, Solomon
Camden, S.C., battle of, 16
Camp, Abraham, 114
Canada, 114, 118, 149, 151, 157
Carlson, Theodore L., 80, 81, 83, 84, 99,
  103
Carlyle, Ill., 74
Cass, Lewis, 153
cattle raising, 1, 17-18, 41, 86, 87, 88
Centre College of Kentucky, 63
Chapman, Charles C., 74, 79, 101, 103,
  111-12, 152, 169
Charleston, S.C., 16, 18, 175 n.3
Chatham, Ontario, 118
Cherokee Indians, 13, 16
Chicago, Ill., 117, 155
Christian Church, 153
churches, 117-18. See also specific
  denominations
Churchill, Chester, 110, 130, 133, 135
Cincinnati Landing, Ill., 125-26, 144,
  198 n.11
Civil War, 164, 165, 167
Clark, Alexander, 132, 134, 139
Clark, Kizie McWorter, 126
Clark, Monroe, 139
Clark, Simon, 127, 131, 132
Clark, Thomas D., 20, 31, 40
Clay, Henry, 63-64
Cold Water Creek (Ky.), 30
Cole, Arthur, 161
Coleman, Julia McWorter, 170
Coleman,J. Winston, 21, 27, 31, 32, 48,
  59, 67
Coles, Edward, 114
Collins, Lewis, 20, 34-35, 36
Colored American, 115
Columbia, Mo., 169, 170
Conger, John Leonard, 126
Congregational Church, 153
"Congress land," 96, 98, 101
Constitutional Convention (1787), 18
Cook County, Ill., 153, 155, 156
Cool Bank, Ill., 167
Cornish, Samuel, 115, 116
cotton production, 34, 44, 67
covered wagons, 71-72, 73
Cowpens, battle of, 15
Crab Orchard, Ky., 19
Crockett, Norman, 164, 165
crops, 86. See also specific kinds
Cuffe, Paul, 63
Cumberland County, Penn., 13
Cumberland Gap, 19
Cumberland River, 21, 38
Curry, Leonard, 113, 156


D

Dana, E., 80, 95-96, 100
Danville, Ky., 59, 60, 61, 63, 72, 118
Daviess, Maria T., 63
Davis, Jefferson, 83
Decatur, Ill., 169
Delany, Martin, 117
Democratic Party, 151-52, 153, 201-02 n.31
demurrer, 184 n.11
Denham, John, 62
Denham, Obediah: claim of, against Free
  Frank and Lucy, 49, 51, 52; owner of
  Free Frank's and Lucy's slave-born
  children, 106, 157, 158, 159; trading of
  Young Frank for Danville saltpeter
  manufactory, 61-62
Denham, William (father of Obediah):
  death of, intestate, 49, 50, 52; owner of
  Lucy, 23, 25, 41-42, 68
Denham, William (son of Obediah), 157,
  158, 159-60
depression of 1819, 44
depression of 1840s, 122, 123, 125, 128
Donaldson, J.B., 142
Douglas, John, 165
Douglas, Stephen, 153, 201 n.30
Douglass, Frederick, 26, 33, 117, 181 n.24
Douglasville, Texas, 165
Dred Scott decision (1857), 202 n.43
DuPont gunpowder mills, 38


E

Eastham, John, 89
Edwardsville, Ill., 74
Edwardsville colony (Ill.), 114
El Dara, Ill., 108, 167
Elliott, Galen R., 65-66
emancipation law (Ky.), 42
Emancipation Proclamation, 164
Engerman, Stanley, 30, 34, 40, 44
entrepreneurship, 1, 3, 4, 6, 36, 40, 47, 48,
  92, 118, 161, 162, 197 n.91, 203 n.54,
  207
Equality, Ill., 74


F

Farris, Ephraim, 54, 55, 58, 185-86 n.24
femme couverture, 50, 51, 52
Fillmore, Millard, 153
Fishing Creek (Ky.), 20, 30, 31, 32, 35, 41
Fisk University, 170
Flat Lick, Ky., 20
flax, 44, 86
Florence, Ill., 32
Fogel, Robert, 30, 34, 40
Ford's Ferry, 73
Forten, James, 119-20
Fox, Will, 91
Frederick, Francis, 23
Fremont, John C., 153
Frank, as surname of McWorters, 106
Frank, Free. See McWorter, Frank
Frank McWorter v. C.S. Luce and
  D.C. Topping, 138-43
Free African Society (Philadelphia), 119
free blacks: anti-immigration laws
  restricting, 59, 63, 76, 92, 187 n.38,
  202-03 n.43; communal efforts of, 115,
  118; emigration of, to Africa, proposed,
  63, 151; free papers, 59, 73, 77;
  kidnapping of, 59, 72, 74, 76; legal
  restrictions on, 96, 98, 113-14, 135-36,
  143-44, 147, 148, 190 n.16; legal rights
  of, 21, 50, 52, 53, 58; migration of, 98,
  113-14, 117, 118, 164; population of, in
  Ill., 77, 78, 147, 156; property rights of,
  53, 96, 100, 155, 156, 185 n.21,
  202 n.39; reform thought of, 113, 115;
  schooling of children of, 64, 136, 152;
  security bond for, 67, 68, 77, 99;
  urbanization of, 113, 119-20; women,
  44
Free Church, 153
Free Frank and Lucy v. Denham's
  Administrators, 49-51
Free Frank Papers, 5, 125, 172, 210-11. See
  also McWorter, Frank
Free Lucy and Frank v. Denham's
  Administrators, 50-51
"free papers," 59, 73, 77
Free Soil Party, 153
Free Will Baptists, 138
Free Will Baptist Seminary (New
  Philadelphia), 134, 136, 137, 138-43,
  154
freemasonry, black, 120
frontier: black land occupancy patterns of,
  114-16; business on, 103; definition,
  188 n.56; history of, 2, 4, 6: land claims
  on, 58, 100, 101, 113; slaveholders on,
  15, 17, 21, 27, 28, 31, 76; slave
  participation in development of, 11, 17,
  20, 21, 22, 28, 30; women on, 88. See
  also Pennyroyal frontier (Ky.)
frontier towns, 13, 38, 59, 60, 73;
  description of, 123, 124, 145; spatial
  distribution of, 194 n.38. See also
  Illinois; towns, black
fugitive slaves, 15, 16, 81-82, 150, 151,
  196 n.77; advertisements for, 73,
  191 n.42; Canada as destination of, 149,
  157; capture of, 148-49. See also slave
  catchers


G

Galena (Ill.) lead mines, 155
Gates, Paul W., 95, 156
Genovese, Eugene, 17, 181 n.23
Gibson, Galen, 157-59
Goggin, Bourne, 58
Greene County, Ill., 74
Green River, 18, 21
Griggsville, Ill., 108, 109, 123, 124, 127,
  128, 131, 133; American Colonization
  Society branch in, 151; industries in,
  167; population of, 130; violence at
  antislavery meeting in, 111-12
gunpowder, 35, 37, 38
Gutman, Robert G., 106, 158, 184 n.82


H

Hadley township, Ill., 76, 79, 92, 125, 150,
  170; 1840 occupational distribution in,
  125; McWorter landholdings in, 81, 95-
  97, 101, 129, 190 n.29; population
  decline of, 169; population origins of,
  201-02 n.31; population settlement of,
  103, 108, 117, 130-31, 132; towns in,
  108
Hadley Village (Hadley Station), Ill., 167
Hadsell, Adam, 126, 131
Hampton, Henry, 15
Hannibal, Mo., 169
Harris, James, 54, 55, 86
Harrison, William Henry, 152
Hawkins, John, 168
Hay,John, 201 n.30
Hayse, Esq., 131
Hazel Patch, Ky., 20
helicopter, 170
hemp, 18
Henderson County, Ill., 82
Higbee, C.L., 142
hog raising, 87, 88
Hooper, William, 123
horse raising, 87
household manufacturing, 42, 44
Hovey, Horace, 35, 36, 38


I

Iles, Elijah, 28, 180 n.2
Illinois, 2, 80, 99-100, 109, 127; black
  churches, 117-18; Black Codes, 77, 96,
  98, 100, 101, 113, 128, 142; Black
  Exclusion Act, 147, 148; black
  landownership in, 155-56; black
  population in, 79; exclusion of black
  children from public schools, 136, 152;
  farm commodities in, 88; farm
  development costs in, 83; General
  Assembly, support of American
  Colonization Society, 85, 98; impact of
  Panic of 1837, 122, 123, 125, 128;
  impediments to black settlement in, 98-
  101, 147-49; town founding in, 103,
  146; Town Incorporation Act, 143, 144;
  Town Platting Act, 105, 106, 143,
  205 n.15; as undeveloped frontier, 99,
  100
Illinois Advocate, 85
Illinois-Michigan Canal, 103, 110, 118, 165
Illinois-Mississippi Valley, 2, 103, 108
Illinois Rapids, 82
Illinois River, 74, 87, 103, 127
Imlay, Gilbert, 29
indentured servitude, 76, 189 n.14
Indians, 20, 21, 82-83. See also specific
  tribes
Indian territory (S.C.), 15-16


J

Jackson, Andrew, 16
Jackson County, Ohio, 116
Jacksonville, Ill., 117, 169
Jo Daviess County, 11., 155, 156
Johnson, Charles Beneulyn, 145, 146
Johnson, Charles S., 172
Johnston, Joseph E., 83
Johnston, P. (surveyor), 105
Jones, Absolom, 119
Jonesville, S.C., 13
Jordan, Winthrop, 9
Joseph, Geane, 105
Juda (mother of Free Frank), 7, 9, 11, 24,
  179 n.52


K

Kentucky, 2, 29, 31; abolition society, 63,
  96; Black Code, 22, 32, 64; black
  population of, 29; Comprehensive Act
  (1798), allowing blacks to bear arms, 21;
  emancipation law, 42; Head Rights
  Claim system, 19, 54, 55, 57; Land
  Treasury Warrant system, 54, 57. See
  also Pennyroyal frontier
Kentucky Court of Appeals: Free Lucy case
  (1824; right of free blacks to marry), 49-
  52; second determination in favor of
  Free Frank and Free Lucy (1827), 51-53,
  61; Lapsley case (1823), 51
Kentucky River, 60
Kinderhook, Ill., 123, 124, 127, 128, 133;
  founding of, 110; industries in, 167
King's Mountain, battle of, 15
Kirkpatrick, Allen James, 168
Kirkpatrick, David, 168
Kirkpatrick, Marye, 168
Kittle, D.A., 126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134
Knox County, Ky., 60


L

Lamb, R., 17, 178 n.15
Land Acts (federal), 93, 94, 95, 100, 101,
  156
Langston, Okla., 164
LeDuc, Thomas, 99, 100, 193 n.14
Lexington, Ky., 38
Leyburn, James, 13-14
Liberia, 63, 85-86, 98, 113, 151, 196 n.77
Lincoln, Abraham, 82-83, 153, 201 n.30
Lincoln County, Ky., 18, 19, 20, 23, 60
Lincoln County, Tenn., 32
Litwack, Leon, 154
log cabins, 81
Louisville, Ky., 38, 72, 73
Love, Joseph, 54, 55
Lovejoy, Elijah, 111, 117
Luce, Christopher, 132, 133, 134, 140, 146,
  150; litigation with Free Frank, 138-43,
  144, 145; sale of lots to, 126, 127


M

McLain, Jennie Coleman, 206 n.27
McLaughlin, Tom L., 152, 153
McWhorter, Abner, 39
McWhorter, Eleanor, 13
McWhorter, Frank. See McWorter, Frank
McWhorter, George: family background,
  13, 15; land holdings, 18-19, 20-21, 23,
  29-30, 32, 181 n.21; as owner of Free
  Frank, 28, 31, 32, 34, 38-40, 65, 68;
  possible paternity of Free Frank, 7, 19,
  106-07; as slaveholder, 20, 23, 41
McWhorter, John, 13, 18, 23
McWorter, Arthur, 7, 10, 19, 168, 170,
  175 n.1; photograph of, 171
McWorter, Bernice (Mrs. John Hawkins),
  168, 180 n.55
McWorter, Calvin, 162, 168
McWorter, Charlotte, 157, 158, 159-60,
  162, 168
McWorter, Commodore, 24, 68, 71, 84,
  139, 168; death of, 164, 169; farming
  and land development by, 94, 154-55,
  160; Free Frank's purchase of, 162;
  travel to Canada, 149
McWorter, Ellen (Mrs. James Yates), 149-
  50, 168, 180 n.55
McWorter, Eunice, 168, 170
McWorter, Frances Jane (Coleman), 164,
  168, 170, 173
McWorter, Francis, 168, 170
McWorter, Frank (Free Frank): assistance to
  fugitive slaves, 81, 149-51; birth and
  childhood, 1, 7, 15, 17, 24, 151,
  175 n.2; business activities, 49, 86, 91,
  151, 154-55, 161; business character of,
  3, 4, 6, 33, 36, 37, 47-48, 53, 60, 61,
  116; cattle raising, 86; certificates of
  good character, 69, 77, 107, 110, 121;
  children and purchase of family
  members, 1, 24, 25, 61-62, 89, 112,
  122, 159-62, 168 (see also family
  members by name); description of, 26;
  death, 2, 24, 41-42, 147, 159; as estray
  "taker-up," 87; farming, 1, 4, 40-42,
  49, 93, 109-10, 116, 125; founding of
  New Philadelphia, 1, 4, 93, 105, 109-
  10, 112, 116-19, 122-24, 126, 144, 165;
  hiring self out, 1, 28, 30-31, 33-34;
  illiteracy, 54, 61; land dealings in Ill.,
  1, 4, 65-66, 71, 80-81, 88-89, 92-95,
  97, 101-02, 129, 155-56, 185-86 n.24,
  190 n.29, 200 n.10; land dealings in
  Ky., 19, 33, 49, 53-59, 62, 64-68, 70;
  litigation involving, 49-53, 106, 138-43;
  manumission, 38, 39, 44-46, 48-50,
  162; marriage, 23, 25, 121, 173;
  migration to Illinois, 71-75; names, 48,
  65, 106-07, 175 n.2; personality, 11, 25,
  26, 33, 37, 40, 45, 67, 68, 91, 121,
  142, 164; plans to build school, 136,
  138, 154; property rights, 128; property
  taxes, 99, 122, 145-46, 155; question of
  paternity, 7, 19, 106-07, 175 n.2;
  religious activities, 85, 120, 140; road-
  building, 89; saltpeter manufacturing,
  1, 4, 35-38, 47, 49, 58-62, 64; as survey
  marker, 56, 57
McWorter, Frank, Jr. (Young Frank), 24,
  53, 62, 71, 73, 84, 168; death of, 164,
  169; farming and land development of,
  93, 94, 154-55; as fugitive slave, 53, 61-
  62, 149; manumission of, 61-62, 70,
  162
McWorter, George, 168
McWorter, John, 7-8, 149, 168, 170, 172
McWorter, Juda (Mrs. William Armstead),
  24, 25, 42, 67, 139, 158; children of,
  157, 168; death of, 173: Free Frank's
  purchase of, 157, 162; as heir of Free
  Frank's estate, 169
McWorter, Louisa (Clark), 157, 162, 168
McWorter, Lucy (wife of Free Frank), 42,
  65, 68, 87, 106, 168; age and birthplace
  of, 179 n.48; business activities, 44, 87,
  88, 141; death of, 172; dower rights,
  121; litigation involving, 49-53, 65,
  184-85 n.14; manumission of, 5, 40, 41,
  42, 50, 162, 163; marriage of, 23, 25,
  121, 173; personality, 44, 75; portrait
  of, 43; purchase of by Free Frank, 41-42
McWorter, Lucy (daughter of Frank, Jr.),
  168
McWorter, Lucy (daughter of Solomon),
  168
McWorter, Lucy Ann (Mrs. Ansel Vond),
  24, 68, 71, 167, 168, 169
McWorter, Lucy Ann (daughter of Sally),
  158, 162, 168
McWorter, Lucy Ann (daughter of Squire),
  168
McWorter, Lucy Jane, 168
McWorter, Mary (daughter of Frank, Jr.),
  168
McWorter, Mary (Mrs. Washington), 168
McWorter, Mary Ann (wife of Frank, Jr.),
  168
McWorter, Ophelia Elise (Walker), 168, 170
McWorter, Permilia, 162, 168
McWorter, Reuben, 168, 170
McWorter, Sally, 67, 148, 169; children of,
  157, 158, 159-60, 162, 168;
  manumission of, 122, 156, 162
McWorter, Solomon, 24, 65, 67, 117, 151;
  birth of, 41, 175 n.1; as cabinet maker,
  125, 131, 150; correspondence of, 157-
  59, 159-60; death of, 169; as executor of
  Free Frank's will, 159, 164; farming and
  land development of, 131, 154, 155,
  160, 169; manumission of, 42, 89, 91,
  93, 112, 147-48, 156, 162; marriage and
  children of, 164, 168, 170, 173;
  photograph of, 90; underground
  railroad connection of, 149
McWorter, Squire, 24, 68, 71, 84, 139;
  birth of, 41; death of, 164, 169;
  farming and land development by, 94,
  126, 131, 139, 155; marriage and
  children of, 157, 168; travel to Canada,
  149, 157
McWorter, Squire (son of Squire), 118, 164,
  167, 168
McWorter, Thelma. See Wheaton, Thelma
  McWorter Kirkpatrick
McWorter family, 39, 53, 141, 156, 162;
  genealogical table of, 168; household
  possessions of, 71, 75, 81; surname of,
  48, 65, 106-07, 175 n.2
Madison County, Ill., 155
maize, 84, 88
Mammoth Cave, Ky., 34, 36, 38
manumission, 38-39, 42. See also
  McWorter, Frank
manumission settlements, 114-15, 118-19
Marion, Francis, 16
Marion County, Mo., 148
maroon communities, 15, 177 n.8,
  196 n.77
Marshall County, Ill., 82
Martin, Asa, 63
Martinsburg, Ill., 132
Massacre of Bad Axe, 83
Massie, Melville, 81, 84, 150
Meier, August, 45
Mercer County, Ill., 82
Mercer County, Ky., 60
merchants, 61, 134
Meredosia, Ill., 124
Methodists, 117, 119, 153, 154
Michaux, Francois, 28, 29, 41
Middlesboro, Ky., 41
military land bounties, 79, 80, 98, 103
military services of blacks: in Civil War,
  164; in frontier defense, 21, 82; in
  Revolutionary War, 16; in War of 1812,
  96, 98
Military Tract (Ill.), 95, 96, 98, 101;
  assessment of lands of, 99; Indian threat
  to, 82; settlement of, 79, 81, 83, 87
militia, 16, 82
Miller, Floyd J., 118
Mississippi River, 38, 82, 148, 165;
  proximity of Free Frank's land to, 76,
  77, 89, 125; steamboat trade on, 126,
  165; towns located on, 103, 127, 133
Mitchell, Samuel Augustus, 83, 86, 87-88,
  124
Montezuma township, Ill., 76
Mormons, 152, 197 n.90
Mount Vernon, Ill., 74
mulattoes, 8-9, 107
Murrell, John, 73-74, 111
"Mystic Confederacy," 111


N

Nance v. Howard, 189
Nash, A.E. Keir, 52
National Negro Convention movement,
  113, 116
Nat Turner Revolt, 111
New Bedford, Ill., 132
New Canton, Ill., 109
New Hartford, Ill., 152
New Orleans, La., 38, 60, 86, 126
New Philadelphia, Ill., 93-146; black
  population, 153, 164-68; business and
  trade, 128, 133, 134, 144-45, 150;
  demise of, 128, 165, 167, 169;
  description of, 107, 123, 132, 145;
  effect of railroad on, 165, 167, 169;
  founding and development, 2, 93, 101,
  107-08, 110, 122-27, 145-46, 164-65;
  general description of, 123-24, 145;
  impediments to black settlement in,
  147-49; location of, 97, 107-08, 110,
  129, 166; name of, 119-20; occupational
  distribution in, 132, 133; plat of, 93,
  103, 104, 105-06, 155, 193 n.29; post-
  Civil War period, 165, 167; post office,
  134, 135-36, 144; and Rockport road,
  109, 128, 144; sale and value of land,
  110, 123-27, 145-46, 160-61; schools,
  134, 145, 169; stagecoach stop, 133,
  144; white settlement in, 131, 144. See
  also Hadley township; Pike County
New Salem, Ill., 108, 123, 132, 133
newspapers, 117. See also individual titles
Nicodemus, Kan., 164
Nicolay, John G., 201 n.30
niter, 35, 36, 38, 47, 62, 181-82 n.30
Nixon, H.C., 61
North, Lucy McWorter, 170


O

occupational distribution of frontier towns:
  in Kentucky, 60, 61; in Illinois, 125,
  130-32
Ohio River, 38, 60, 73
Old Ninety-Six district (S.C.), 7, 16
Old Northwest Territory, 2, 114, 117
Olive Branch (Danville, Ky.), 60, 61, 63,
  165
oral history, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 25, 26, 37, 40,
  44, 107, 149, 189 n.3, 209
Organized Negro Communities Movement,
  113, 114, 116, 196 n.77
outlaws, 14, 16, 21, 73-74


P

Pacolet River, 7, 13
Parrish, Randall, 76
patrollers, 59
Pease, Jane H., 114, 118-19
Pease, William H., 114, 118-19
Peck, John M., 80, 91, 99, 124
Pennyroyal frontier (Ky.), 18-23, 28, 118,
  120; closing of frontier in, 64; George
  McWhorter's land holdings on, 18-19,
  29; slaves on, 23, 27; threat of Indians
  and renegades, 21; towns in, 59, 60
Perrin, W.H., 21
Perry, Ill., 124, 130, 149; 151, 167
Philadelphia, Penn., 60, 119-20
Phillips Ferry, Ill., 74-75, 76, 89
Phoebe v. William Jay, 189
Piedmont (S.C.), 1, 7, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19
Pike County, Ill., 2, 170; abolitionist
  sentiments in, 201 n.26; agriculture,
  126, 167; American Colonization Society
  branches in, 151; black settlers, 96, 112,
  154, 156; census records, 124-25, 130,
  165, 198 n.9, 202 n.31; courts, 64-65,
  160, 164; farm commodity prices in, 88;
  farm trade in, 86, 103, 125-26, 165;
  fugitive slaves, 148-51; frontier, 84-85,
  101; history, 23, 74, 84 (see also
  Chapman, Charles C.; Thompson, Jess.
  M.); land claims in, 101; location, 108,
  118; occupational distribution in, 130,
  132; origins of settlers, 79; political
  parties, 152-53; racial attitudes, 79, 85,
  151, 153; racial conflict, 110, 111, 121;
  record books, 77, 105, 165, 176-78;
  religion, 85, 91-92, 153, 197 n.90; river
  landings in, 125, 126; road building,
  89, 109-110, 126-28, 166; settlement,
  71, 74, 75, 103, 123, 125; town origins,
  103; towns, 93, 106, 108, 122, 166,
  194 n.30; trade advantages, 103
Pike County Atlas, 44, 84-85, 169
Pike County Free Press, 151
Piketon, Ill., 109
pioneers, black, 114, 115, 116-17,
  195 n.77. See also McWorter, Frank
Piper, Jonathan, 93
Pittsfield, Ill., 93, 106, 109, 130, 148-49,
  151; industries, 167, 169
plantations, 18
Pleasant Vale township, Ill., 85, 128
plowing, 84
political parties, 152. See also parties by
  name
Pooley, William, 67, 84, 108, 122, 125
Porter, Joseph, 64-66
Pottle, James M., 126, 131, 132, 133, 134
poultry raising, 88
Preemption Acts, 100, 101, 156
Presbyterians, 63, 153
Pulaski County, Ky., 2, 7, 22, 34, 59, 72;
  agriculture in, 34; commercial activities
  in, 35, 38, 41; courts, 39, 49, 50, 51,
  52; land records, 54, 57; George
  McWhorter's settlement in, 20-21;
  manumission records, 4, 53, 89, 91,
  106, 112; population of, 29; saltmaking
  in, 41; slaves in, 22-23, 25, 27, 28-32,
  44, 49, 160; surveyor's plat of, 56;
  whiskey distilling in, 40, 41


Q

Quaife, Milo, 75
Quarles, Benjamin, 138
Quincy, Ill., 89, 101, 109, 111, 117, 128,
  169


R

racial attitudes, 8-9, 76, 85-86, 91, 148
racial conflict, 110-11, 113-14, 117
"racial island," 196 n.77
railroads, 165, 166, 167, 169, 204 nn.8,
  13
Ramey, Clarice, 41
Ramsay, David, 14
Rawlin,J. (wheelwright), 132, 133, 134
Ray, Charles, 115, 116
Readville, Ill., 108
Regulators, 14
Remini, Robert, 15, 16
Reps, John, 103, 119
Republican Party, 152, 153
Revolutionary War. See American
  Revolution
river crossings, 73
river landings, 125
Robinson, John, 63
Rockcastle County, Ky., 34, 35, 36, 60
Rockport, Ill., 109
Roman Catholic Church, 153
Roper, Moses, 8
Ross, William, 65, 66, 77, 79, 110,
  193 n.32, 202 n.31, 204 n.13


S

Sac Indians, 82-83
St. Claire County, Ill., 155
St. Louis, Ill., 128
St. Louis, Mo., 169, 170
salt, 37, 41, 183 n.56
saltpeter, 34-38, 44, 47, 120
Salt River Association. See Blue River
  Association
Savage, William, 20
Savage, W. Sherman, 164-65
Scholl, Abraham, 79
schools: exclusion of black children from,
  136, 152; for black children, 119
Schumpeter, Joseph, 162-63
Schuyler County, Ill., 109
Scotch-Irish, 13-14
Scott, Winfield, 83
Scott County, Ill., 74
separatist philosophy, 115-17
Shakertown, Ky., 60, 61
sharecropping, 115
sheep, 86
Shinn,Joab, 123
Shipman, Reuben, 105
shoemakers, 134, 144, 150
Silver Lake Settlement (Susquehanna,
  Penn.), 115
slave breeding, 65, 66
slave catchers, 59, 72, 76, 92, 148, 149-50
slave families, 10-11, 25, 32, 106, 158;
  children at work, 17; effect on mobility,
  22-23, 32; fictive kinship ties, 158;
  marriage, 23-25, 50; women's roles, 7-9,
  11
slaveholders: economic interests of, 8, 25,
  29, 30, 32, 39, 40, 46, 61, 62, 159; on
  frontier, 20-22, 27, 29, 31-34; Illinois
  laws governing, 76; in South Carolina,
  18; paternalism of, 44, 45, 48,
  183 n.82; wives of, 8
slavery: dehumanizing effects of, 17, 67; as
  institution, 2, 7-12, 44-45, 52; as issue
  at Constitutional Convention (1787), 18
slaves: bearing arms, 16, 21, 179 n.39;
  buying own freedom, 27, 31-34, 38, 48;
  clothing allotments for, 150; contractual
  relations, 39, 40, 42, 45, 47, 50-52; as
  farm managers, 32-34, 183 n.52; fears
  of uprisings by, 16; in frontier Indian
  fighting, 21: hiring out of, 28-32; hiring
  out own labor, 27, 28-34, 44-45,
  180 n.l5, 181 nn.23, 24; housing on
  frontier, 21; Kentucky code for, 22, 32;
  legal restrictions on business of, 31-32,
  46-47, 51; naming practices, 194 n.34;
  occupations of, 30; as pilots in navy, 16;
  as pioneers, 20-23, 25-27, 30;
  population distribution of, 15, 29, 78;
  price of, 18, 162, 187 n.47; property
  rights of, 182-83 n.50; religious
  activities of, 22; resistance by, 16-17,
  21, 27, 34, 48, 184 n.82; social
  occasions for, 22-23; in War of 1812,
  96; wives, 8. See also frontier; fugitive
  slaves
Smith, Hiram, 68
Snow, Rev. Mr., 151
Sny Cartee (Ill.), 77
social reform, black, 113-20
Solomon McWorter, Exr. of Frank
  McWorter v. Lucy McWorter widow et
  al. (1857), 160
Somerset, Ky., 59, 187 n.37
South Carolina: black-white population
  distribution, 18, 177 n.7; frontier, 1, 2,
  8, 9, 14, 27; Old Ninety-Six district, 7,
  16; slaves, 15. See also Piedmont
Spartanburg, S.C., 15
Springfield, Ill., 117, 151, 169
squatters, 80, 100, 101
stagecoaches, 124, 133, 144, 145
Stark County, Ill., 82
steamboats, 103, 126, 165
Stone, Calvin R., 123-24
Stone, Field, and Marks Co., 108, 124
Sumter, Thomas, 15


T

Taylor (shoemaker), 134, 150
Taylor, Zachary, 82, 153
teacher, Baptist, 134
Texas, 111
Thompson, Jess. M., 123
Tibbals, Alma Owens, 34, 41, 44
tobacco, 18, 34, 67
Topping, D.C., 138-39, 142
Toulmin, Harry, 19-20
Town Incorporation Act, 143-44
Town Platting Act, 105
towns, black, 164-65, 195 n.77, 204 n.ll;
  development of, 108, 116; founding of,
  3, 105, 112, 204 n.ll
travelers' guides, 124
Tryon, Rolla, 37
Turner, Martin, 66


U

underground railroad, 111, 149, 150,
  200 n.10
Union County, S.C., 7, 13-14, 17, 18
United States Colored Troops, 167
United States Congress, 96, 98-99


V

Van Buren, Martin, 153
Vond, Ansel, 167
Vond, Mary, 168


W

Wabash River, 73, 114
Wade, Richard, 119
wagon manufactory, 167
Wait, Cyrenius, 58
Warner, Sam Bass, 119
War of 1812, 96, 118; land grants for black
  veterans of, 96, 98; production of
  saltpeter during, 1, 35, 37, 38, 47
Washington, LeMoyne, 170
Washington, Ill. See El Dara
Washington County, Ky., 60
Wayne County, Ky., 32
Weld, Theodore, 10
West: black land occupancy patterns in,
  114-16, 156, 204 n.ll
westward movement: free blacks in, 77,
  100, 114-15, 204 n.ll; to Illinois, 67,
  72-74, 99; to Kentucky, 19, 20; slaves
  in, 19; to South Carolina, 13; of
  women, 75
wheat, 18, 83-84, 88
Wheaton, Thelma McWorter Kirkpatrick,
  25-26, 168, 173; biographical
  information on, 170, 172, 175 n.l, 179-
  80 n.55, 205-06 n.27; photograph of,
  171
wheelwrights, 132-33, 144
Whig Party, 152, 153, 202 n.31
whiskey distilling, 40-41
Wilberforce (Ontario), 114, 115
Wilderness Road, 60, 72
Wilderness Trace, 19-20
Wilmington, Del., 38, 120
Wilson, James M., 131
WIlson, John (son of mail carrier), 124
Wilson (mail carrier), 123-24, 128, 130
Wisconsin Territory, 115
women: free black, 44; occupations of, on
  frontier, 44, 87-88; slave, 8, 9, 11; in
  westward movement, 75; wives of
  slaveholders, 8
Wood, Peter, 9, 27
Woodmason, Rev. Charles, 8
Wood River Baptist Association (Alton,
  Ill.), 118
Woodson, Rev. Lewis, 115-16, 117, 118
Woodson, Thomas, 116
Woosley, Joshua, 84-85, 202 n.31
Worcester, Ill. See Barry
Worthington, Morrison, 198 n.11


Y

Yates, James, 168
yields: crop, 83, 84; livestock, 86, 87
Young Frank. See McWorter, Frank, Jr.


Z

Zibe, Free, 54, 55, 57, 58, 186 n.25, 26
Zucker, Charles Noye, 155-56

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