Welding and Manganese: Potential Neurologic Effects

Overview

Welding fumes are composed of metals and most fumes contain a small percentage of manganese. There is a concern by workers, employers, and health professionals about potential neurological effects associated with exposure to manganese in welding fumes. NIOSH has been conducting research and reviewing the published scientific literature to assess this problem.

Manganese is an essential nutrient. A healthy person with normal liver and kidney function can excrete excess dietary manganese. Inhaled manganese is of greater concern because it bypasses the body’s normal defense mechanisms. This can lead to manganese accumulation and adverse health effects including damage to the lungs, liver, kidney and central nervous system. Male workers exposed to manganese also have a higher risk of fertility problems. Prolonged exposure to high manganese concentrations (>1 mg/m³) in air may lead to a Parkinsonian syndrome known as “manganism.” Chronic exposure to the manganese-containing pesticide, maneb, is also reported to cause Parkinson-like symptoms. Parkinson-like symptoms may include tremors, slowness of movement, muscle rigidity, and poor balance.

Recent studies indicate neurological and neurobehavioral deficits may occur when workers are exposed to low levels of manganese (<0.2 mg/m³) in welding fumes. These effects include changes in mood and short-term memory, altered reaction time, and reduced hand-eye coordination. Affected workers frequently show abnormal accumulations of manganese in a region of the brain known as the globus pallidus. The globus pallidus plays an important role in movement regulation. NIOSH is currently reviewing its Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for manganese as a result of these studies. Evaluation of the available scientific literature of manganese exposure during welding is complicated by several factors. These factors include inconsistent conclusions, limited data on the biological processes that might result in given health outcomes, and the complex mixtures of welding fumes. A comprehensive review of the available scientific literature is in development and will be made available for public review by early 2009. Pending the issuance of a final document, existing NIOSH resources listed below are offered to provide assistance in assessing and controlling work-related exposures to welding fumes.

Occupational Exposure to Manganese

Exposure to manganese dust occurs primarily in mining, ore-crushing, and metallurgical operations for iron, steel, ferrous and nonferrous alloys. Manufacturing of dry-cell batteries, anti-knock gasoline additives, pesticides (e.g. maneb), pigments, dyes, inks and incendiary devices can also lead to occupational manganese exposure. Manganese fumes are produced during metallurgical operations and several types of welding operations. The exposure can vary considerably depending on the amount of manganese in the welding wire, rods, flux and base metal. Confined space welding can significantly increase exposure to manganese fumes. For information about assessment of occupational exposure to manganese visit the NIOSH manganese topic page.

Neurological and Neurobehavioral Effects

Numerous studies indicate that welders may be at increased risk of neurological and neurobehavioral health effects when exposed to metals such as lead, iron and manganese. Carbon monoxide, heat and stress can also contribute to neurological impairments in welders. Some studies indicate that welders exposed to low levels of manganese (<0.2 mg/m³ ) perform more poorly on tests of brain function and motor skills. These effects include changes in mood and short-term memory, altered reaction time, and reduced hand-eye coordination. It is not known if these findings have clinical significance.

Occupational Exposure Limits for Manganese

IDLH: immediately dangerous to life and health concentration
PEL: permissible exposure limit
REL: recommended exposure limit
STEL: short-term exposure limit
TLV: threshold limit value
TWA: time-weighted average

NIOSH Resources

NIOSH Publication No. 88-110: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Welding, Brazing, and Thermal Cutting
Presents the criteria and standards for preventing occupational diseases arising from exposure to welding, brazing, and thermal cutting.

NIOSH Publication No. 2005-151: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Welding Fumes

NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Manganese Compounds and Fume (as Mn)

NIOSH: Strategic Research on Welding Identifies Data Needs, Advances Studies

NIOSH: Nomination of Welding Fumes for Toxicity Studies

NIOSH: IDLH – Manganese Compounds (as Mn)

NIOSH: Welding Fumes

Selected Journal Citations

The following are selected journal articles about the health effects associated with welding fumes with NIOSH co-authors:

Antonini JM, O’Callaghan JP, Miller DB [2006]. Development of an animal model to study the potential neurotoxic effects associated with welding fume inhalation. Neurotoxicology, Sep; 27(5): 745-751.

Antonini JM, Santamaria AB, Jenkins NT, Albini E, Lucchini R [2006]. Fate of manganese associated with the inhalation of welding fumes: Potential neurological effects. Neurotoxicology, May; 27(3): 304-310.

Bowler RM, Roels HA, Nakagawa S, Drezgic M, Diamond E, Park R, Koller W, Bowler RP, Mergler D, Bouchard M, Smith D, Gwiazda R, Doty RL [2007]. Dose-effect relationships between manganese exposure and neurological, neuropsychological and pulmonary function in confined space bridge welders. Occup Environ Med, Mar; 64(3): 167-177.

Park RM, Bowler RM, Eggerth DE, Diamond E, Spencer KJ, Smith D, Gwiazda R [2005]. Issues in neurological risk assessment for occupational exposures: the Bay Bridge welders. Neurotoxicology, May; 27(3): 373-84.

Santamaria AB, Cushing CA, Antonini JM, Finley BL, Mowat FS [2007]. State-of-the-Science Review: Does Manganese Exposure During Welding Pose a Neurological Risk?, J Toxicol Environ Health. B Sep; 10(6): 417-465.

NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations

Health Hazard Evaluation Report, HETA-2006-0156-3031, Harley-Davidson Motor Company, York, Pennsylvania

Health Hazard Evaluation Report, HETA 2003-0114-2924, Felker Brothers Corporation, Marshfield, Wisconsin

Health Hazard Evaluation Report, HETA-2000-0185-2808, Thyssen-Dover Elevator, Middleton, Tennessee

Health Hazard Evaluation Report, HETA-91-0109-2426, Duracell Battery Company, Cleveland, Tennessee

Health Hazard Evaluation Report, HETA-90-0214-2523, Ralston Purina Company, Eveready Battery Company, Marietta, Ohio

NIOSHTIC-2

"Manganese" Search Results

“Welding” Search Results

Other Government Resources

Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA): Chemicals Commonly Associated with Welding, Cutting, and Brazing
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/weldingcuttingbrazing/chemicals.html

OSHA: Construction Safety & Outreach Program – Welding & Cutting
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/welding.html

OSHA: Construction Safety & Outreach Program – Welding Health Hazards
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/weldhlth.html

OSHA: Health Guidelines – Welding Fumes
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/weldingfumes/index.html

OSHA: Safety & Health Topics - Confined Spaces
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/confinedspaces/index.html

OSHA: Safety & Health Topics - Manganese Compounds (as Mn)
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_250190.html

OSHA: Safety & Health Topics - Toxic Metals - Manganese
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalsheavy/manganese.html

OSHA: Safety & Health Topics - Welding, Cutting, & Brazing
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/weldingcuttingbrazing/

OSHA: In-Depth Survey Report: Control Technology Assessment for theWelding Operations at Boilermaker’s National Apprenticeship Training School, Kansas City, Kansas
External Link: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/weldingcuttingbrazing/report_boilermakers/boilermakers.html

Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR): ToxFAQs for Manganese
External Link: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts151.html

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Integrated Risk Information System – Manganese (CASRN 7439-96-5)
External Link: http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0373.htm

EPA: National Center for Environmental Research – Mechanism of Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity
External Link: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractdetail/abstract/106

EPA: Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site – Manganese Compounds
External Link: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/manganes.html

Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA): Occupational Illness & Injury Prevention Program Health Topic – Welding Fumes Sampling
 En Español
External Link: http://www.msha.gov/illness_prevention/healthtopics/hhicm10.htm

National Institute of Health (NIH)/National Library of Medicine (NLM): Haz-Map: Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents - Manganese
External Link: http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/hazmap_generic?tbl=TblAgents&id=39

NIH/NLM: Haz-Map: Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents - Parkinsonism
External Link: http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/hazmap_generic?tbl=TblDiseases&id=25

NIH/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS): Collaborative Centers for Parkinson’s Disease Environmental Research
External Link: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/centers/parkinsons/

Additional Resources

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American Welding Society
External Link: http://www.aws.org/w/a/

The Parkinson’s Institute and Clinical Center: Patient Care & Scientific Research for Parkinson’s Disease & Related Movement Disorders
External Link: http://www.thepi.org/?id=1

World Health Organization (WHO): Environmental Health Criteria 234 – Elemental Speciation in Human Health Risk Assessment
External Link: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/ehc/ehc234.pdf

WHO: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 12 – Manganese and Its Compounds
External Link: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1999/924153012X.pdf

eLCOSH: Cheap, Lightweight Unit Can Reduce Risky Welding Fumes

eLCOSH: Hazard Alert – Welding Fumes and Gases
 En Español

eLCOSH: Welding & Manganese Poisoning
 En Español

eLCOSH: IBEW Journal – Welding & Manganese Poisoning

eLCOSH: The Center to Protect Workers’ Rights – Welding Fumes & Gases

Related NIOSH Safety and Health Topic Pages

Manganese

Chemical Safety

Confined Spaces

Heat Stress

Hexavalent Chromium

Protective Clothing and Ensembles

Respirators