"Over the past 20 years, HHS and the National Institute on Drug Abuse have supported a rigorous research program to determine what really works to help prevent drug abuse among our youth," said HHS Secretary Donna E. Shalala. "Today we have assembled what we know, and we want to share it with families and schools in every community across America."

The new guide, "Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents: A Research-Based Guide," is organized around 14 prevention principles distilled from research on effective prevention techniques, and notes that every dollar spent for effective prevention programs can save $4 to $5 in the costs of treatment and counseling.

The principles call for targeting all forms of drug abuse, including alcohol and tobacco as well as illegal drugs. They also call for prevention efforts that strengthen anti-drug norms in schools and communities and that teach skills for resisting drugs when offered. And they call for enhancing "protective factors" like family bonds and good school performance, as well as addressing risk factors for drug abuse.

The Guide also includes a checklist for communities to use in evaluating their own anti-drug efforts.

Speaking at the 20th annual PRIDE conference in Atlanta, GA, where he announced the availability of the new booklet, Dr. Alan I. Leshner, director of NIDA said, "With the growing problem of adolescent drug use, there is a need to make better use of scientific knowledge to produce more enduring and effective drug prevention approaches. While each community should choose a drug prevention program that's right for local circumstances, we hope these guidelines will help them identify and incorporate the most critical proven elements."

Designed in an easy to read, easy to apply format, "Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents" summarizes knowledge gleaned from over 20 years of research and suggests how to apply it to successfully prevent drug use among young people. The 14 basic principles needed for prevention programs to be effective include:

• Prevention programs should be designed to enhance "protective factors" and move toward reversing or reducing known "risk factors."

• Prevention programs should target all forms of drug abuse, including the use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and inhalants.

• Prevention programs should include skills to resist drugs when offered, strengthen personal commitments against drug use, and increase social competency (e.g., in communications, peer relationships, self-efficacy, and assertiveness), in conjunction with reinforcement of attitudes against drug use.

• Prevention programs for adolescents should include interactive methods, such as peer discussion groups, rather than didactic teaching techniques alone.

• Prevention programs should include a parents' or caregivers' component that reinforces what the children are learning—such as facts about drugs and their harmful effects—and that opens opportunities for family discussions about use of legal and illegal substances and family policies about their use.

• Prevention programs should be long-term, over the school career with repeat interventions to reinforce the original prevention goals. For example, school-based efforts directed at elementary and middle school students should include booster sessions to help with critical transitions from middle to high school.

• Family-focused prevention efforts have a greater impact than strategies that focus on parents only or children only.

• Community programs that include media campaigns and policy changes, such as new regulations that restrict access to alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs, are more effective when they are accompanied by school and family interventions.

• Community programs need to strengthen norms against drug use in all drug abuse prevention settings, including the family, the school, and the community.

• Schools offer opportunities to reach all populations and also serve as important settings for specific subpopulations at risk for drug abuse, such as children with behavior problems or learning disabilities and those who are potential dropouts.

• Prevention programming should be adapted to address the specific nature of the drug abuse problem in the local community.

• The higher the level of risk of the target population, the more intensive the prevention effort must be and the earlier it must begin.
• Prevention programs should be age-specific, developmentally appropriate, and culturally sensitive.

• Effective prevention programs are cost-effective. For every dollar spent on drug use prevention, communities can save 4 to 5 dollars in costs for drug abuse treatment and counseling.

Presented in a question and answer format, the guide addresses important issues regarding prevention, including, the origins and pathways of drug abuse and how these concepts are used to develop prevention intervention strategies. The guide summarizes the results of research related to the prevention of drug abuse and explains the importance of this research for teachers, parents or others concerned about preventing drug use among youth. The guide also answers questions commonly asked by community leaders and prevention practitioners in a way that they can use these research findings to design and implement programs to address drug abuse problems at the local level.

The guide provides 10 examples of programs that have been scientifically studied and have been found to be effective in preventing youth drug use. The programs are categorized as universal (reaching the general population), selective (targeting groups at risk or subsets of the general population), or indicated (designed for people already experimenting with drugs or exhibiting risk-related behaviors).

Also included in the guide is an extensive list of resources to get supporting information on drug abuse prevention or to speak directly with scientists who have developed and/or evaluated effective prevention programs.

NIDA supports over 85% of the world's research on the health aspects of drug abuse and addiction. The Institute also carries out a large variety of programs to ensure the rapid dissemination of research information and its implementation in policy and practice.

Copies of the prevention guide can be obtained free of charge from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) at 1-800-729-6686. Additional information on prevention and other research activities of NIDA can be found on the NIDA Home Page at http://www.nida.nih.gov.