Groseclose SL, Zaidi AA, DeLisle SJ, Levine WC,
St. Louis ME. Estimated incidence and prevalence of genital Chlamydia
trachomatis infections in the United States, 1996. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:339--44.
Stamm WE. Chlamydia trachomatis infections
of the adult. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh P-A, et al., eds. Sexually
transmitted diseases. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1999:407--22.
Rees E. Treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;138:1042--7.
Stamm WE, Guinan ME, Johnson C, Starcher T, Holmes
KK, McCormack WM. Effect of treatment regimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae on
simultaneous infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med
1984;310:545--9.
Westrom L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, Hadgu A, Thompson
SE. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility: a cohort study of 1,844 women
with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal
laparoscopy results. Sex Transm Dis 1992;19:185--92.
Institute of Medicine, Division of Health Promotion
and Disease Prevention. Hidden epidemic: confronting sexually transmitted
diseases. Eng TR, Butler WT, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press,
1997.
Hook EW III, Handsfield HH. Gonococcal infections
in the adult [Chapter 32]. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh P-A, et al.,
eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,
1999:451--66.
Knapp JS, Koumans EH. Neisseria and Branhamella.
In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of
clinical microbiology. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Society
of Microbiology, 1999:586--603.
Koumans EH, Johnson RE, Knapp JS, St. Louis ME.
Laboratory testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by recently introduced
nonculture tests: a performance review with clinical and public health considerations.
Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:1171--80.
Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis
of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997;10:160--84.
Chernesky M, Morse S, Schachter J. Newly available
and future laboratory tests for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) other
than HIV. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26(4Suppl.):S8--11.
Chernesky MA. Nucleic acid tests for the diagnosis
of sexually transmitted diseases. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999;24:437--46.
Davies PO, Ridgway GL. Role of polymerase chain
reaction and ligase chain reaction for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis.
Int J STD AIDS 1997;8:731--8.
Domeika M. Diagnosis of infections due to Chlamydia
trachomatis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;164(Suppl):121--7.
Schachter J. DFA, EIA, PCR, LCR and other technologies:
what tests should be used for diagnosis of chlamydia infections? Immunol
Invest 1997;26:157--61.
Taylor-Robinson D. Evaluation and comparison of
tests to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. Hum
Reprod 1997;12(11 Suppl):113--20.
Guaschino S, De Seta F. Update on Chlamydia
trachomatis [Review]. Annals N Y Acad Sci 2000;900:293--300.
Hall GS. Laboratory diagnosis of C. trachomatis and N.
gonorrhoeae using molecular methods: what's new! ASCP Spring 2001
Teleconference Series. Chicago, IL: American Society of Clinical Pathologists,
2001.
Mardh PA. Chlamydia screening---yes, but of whom,
when, by whom, and with what? Annals N Y Acad Sci 2000;900:286--92.
Code of Federal Regulations. Title 42, Chapter
IV, part 493---Laboratory requirements.
Pate MS, Hook EW. Laboratory to laboratory variation
in Chlamydia trachomatis culture practices. Sex Transm Dis 1995;22:322--6.
Yoder BL, Stamm WE, Koester CM, Alexander ER.
Microtest procedure for isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin
Microbiol 1981;13:1036--9.
Stamm WE, Tam M, Koester M, Cles L. Detection
of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions in McCoy cell cultures with
fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1983;17:666--8.
Barnes RC. Laboratory diagnosis of human chlamydial
infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989;2:119--36.
Hammerschlag MR, Ajl S, Laraque D. Inappropriate
use of nonculture tests for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in
suspected victims of child sexual abuse: a continuing problem. Pediatrics
1999;104:1137--9.
Jephcott AE. Microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhoea.
Genitourinary Medicine 1997;73:245--52.
Mirrett S, Reller LB, Knapp JS. Neisseria
gonorrhoeae strains inhibited by vancomycin in selective media and
correlation with auxotype. J Clin Microbiol 1981;14:94--9.
Bonin P, Tanino TT, Handsfield HH. Isolation of Neisseria
gonorrhoeae on selective and nonselective media in a sexually transmitted
disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 1984;19:218--20.
Pfaller MA. Molecular approaches to diagnosing
and managing infectious diseases: practicality and costs. Emerg Infect Dis
2001;7:312--8.
Østergaard L, Moller JK, Andersen B, Olesen F.
Diagnosis of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women
based on mailed samples obtained at home: multipractice comparative study.
BMJ 1996;313:1186--9.
Wiesenfeld HC, Heine RP, Rideout A, Macio I, DiBiasi
F, Sweet RL. Vaginal introitus: a novel site for Chlamydia trachomatis testing
in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1542--6.
Witkin SS, Inglis SR, Polaneczky M. Detection
of Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase
chain reaction in introital specimens from pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol
1996;175:165--7.
Hook EW III, Smith K, Mullen C, et al. Diagnosis
of genitourinary Chlamydia trachomatis infections by using the ligase
chain reaction on patient-obtained vaginal swabs. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:2133--5.
Stary A, Najim B, Lee HH. Vulval swabs as alternative
specimens for ligase chain reaction detection of genital chlamydial infection
in women. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:836--8.
Tabrizi SN, Paterson B, Fairley CK, Bowden FJ,
Garland SM. Self-administered technique for the detection of sexually transmitted
diseases in remote communities. J Infect Dis 1997;176:289--92.
Jeremias J, Tolbert V, Witkin SS. Detection of Chlamydia
trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis in the vaginal introitus,
posterior vagina, and endocervix by polymerase chain reaction. Methods
Mol Biol 1998;92:227--37.
Polaneczky M, Quigley C, Pollock L, Dulko D, Witkin
SS. Use of self-collected vaginal specimens for detection of Chlamydia
trachomatis infection. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:375--8.
Stary A, Schuh E, Kerschbaumer M, Gotz B, Lee
H. Performance of transcription-mediated amplification and ligase chain reaction
assays for detection of chlamydial infection in urogenital samples obtained
by invasive and noninvasive methods. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2666--70.
Thomas BJ, Pierpoint T, Taylor-Robinson D, Renton
AM. Sensitivity of the ligase chain reaction assay for detecting Chlamydia
trachomatis in vaginal swabs from women who are infected at other sites.
Sex Transm Infect 1998;74:140--1.
Carder C, Robinson AJ, Broughton C, Stephenson
JM, Ridgway GL. Evaluation of self-taken samples for the presence of genital Chlamydia
trachomatis infection in women using the ligase chain reaction assay.
Int J STD AIDS 1999;10:776--9.
Domeika M, Bassiri M, Butrimiene I, Venalis A,
Ranceva J, Vasjanova V. Evaluation of vaginal introital sampling as an alternative
approach for the detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection
in women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999;78:131--6.
Moller JK, Andersen B, Olesen F, Lignell T, Østergaard
L. Impact of menstrual cycle on the diagnostic performance of LCR, TMA, and
PCE for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in home obtained and
mailed vaginal flush and urine samples. Sex Transm Infect 1999;75:228--30.
Hook EW III, Ching SF, Stephens J, Hardy KF, Smith
KR, Lee HH. Diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in women
by using the ligase chain reaction on patient-obtained vaginal swabs. J Clin
Microbiol 1997;35:2129--32.
Hammerschlag MR, Roblin PM, Gelling M, Tsumura
N, Jule JE, Kutlin A. Use of polymerase chain reaction for the detection
of Chlamydia trachomatis in ocular and nasopharyngeal specimens
from infants with conjunctivitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:293--7.
Kowalski RP, Uhrin M, Karenchak LM, Sweet RL,
Gordon YJ. Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction test for detecting
chlamydial DNA in adult chlamydial conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1016--9.
Kessler HH, Pierer K, Stuenzner D, Auer-Grumbach
P, Haller EM, Marth E. Rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in
conjunctival, pharyngeal, and urethral specimens with a new polymerase chain
reaction assay. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21:191--5.
Martin DH, Cammarata C, Van der Pol B, et al.
Multicenter evaluation of AMPLICOR and automated COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG tests
for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:3544--9.
Crotchfelt KA, Welsh LE, DeBonville D, Rosenstraus
M, Quinn TC. Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia
trachomatis in genitourinary specimens from men and women by a coamplification
PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:1536--40.
Van der Pol B, Martin DH, Schachter J, et al.
Enhancing the specificity of the COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG test for Neisseria
gonorrhoeae by retesting specimens with equivocal results. J Clin Microbiol
2001;39:3092--8.
Becton Dickinson. BDProbeTec™ ET Chlamydia
trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae amplified DNA assays
[Package insert]. Sparks, MD: Becton Dickinson, 1999.
Kluytmans JAJW, Niesters HGM, Mouton JW, et al.
Performance of a nonisotopic DNA probe for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in
urogenital specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:2685--9.
Modarress KJ, Cullen AP, Jaffurs WJ Sr, et al.
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in
swab specimens by the Hybrid Capture II and PACE 2 nucleic acid probe tests.
Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:303--8.
Zubrzycki L. Non-culture tests for the diagnosis
of gonorrhea [Review]. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990;263:77--88.
Janik A, Juni E, Heym GA. Genetic transformation
as a tool for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol
1976;4:71--81.
Jaffe HW, Kraus SJ, Edwards TA, Weinberger SS,
Zubrzycki L. Diagnosis of gonorrhea using a genetic transformation test on
mailed clinical specimens. J Infect Dis 1982;146:275--9.
Butler LO, Knight RDJ. Laboratory diagnosis of
gonococcal infection by genetic transformation. J Clin Microbiol 1982;15:810--4.
Zubrzycki L, Weinberger SS. Laboratory diagnosis
of gonorrhoea by a simple transformation test with a temperature-sensitive
mutant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Dis 1980;7:183--7.
Kellogg JA, Seiple JW, Hick ME. Cross-reaction
of clinical isolates of bacteria and yeasts with the Chlamydiazyme test for
chlamydial antigen, before and after use of a blocking reagent. Am J Clin
Pathol 1992;97:309--12.
Stamm WE. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary
infections. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:710--7.
Suchland KL, Counts JM, Stamm WE. Laboratory methods
for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis: survey of laboratories in
Washington State. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:3210--4.
Sherrard J, Barlow D. Gonorrhoea in men: clinical
and diagnostic aspects. Genitourin Med 1996;72:422--6.
Ison CA. Laboratory methods in genitourinary medicine:
methods of diagnosing gonorrhoea. Genitourin Med 1990;66:453--9.
Hadgu A. Bias in the evaluation of DNA-amplification
tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. Statist Med 1997;16:1391--9.
Miller WC. Bias in discrepant analysis: when two
wrongs don't make a right. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51:219--31.
Lipman HB, Astles JR. Quantifying the bias associated
with use of discrepant analysis. Clin Chem 1998;44:108--15.
McAdam AJ. Discrepant analysis: how can we test
a test? J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:2027--9.
Green TA, Black CM, Johnson RE. Evaluation of
bias in diagnostic-test sensitivity and specificity estimates computed by
discrepant analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:375--81.
Hadgu A. Discrepant analysis: a biased and an
unscientific method for estimating test sensitivity and specificity. J Clin
Epidemiol 1999;52:1231--7.
Schachter J, Moncada J, Whidden R, et al. Noninvasive
tests for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection: application
of ligase chain reaction to first-catch urine specimens of women. J Infect
Dis 1995;172:1411--4.
Van der Pol B, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA, et al. Multicenter
evaluation of the AMPLICOR and automated COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG tests for detection
of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1105--12.
Black CM, Marrazzo J, Johnson RE, et al. Head-to-head
multicenter comparison of DNA probe and nucleic acid amplification tests
for Chlamydia trachomatis in women with use of an improved reference
standard. J Clin Microbiol (in press).
Newhall WJ, Johnson RE, DeLisle S, et al. Head-to-head
evaluation of five chlamydia tests relative to a quality-assured culture
standard. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:681--5.
Johnson RE, Green TA, Schachter J, et al. Evaluation
of nucleic acid amplification tests as reference tests for Chlamydia
trachomatis infections in asymptomatic men. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:4382--6.
Fleiss JL. Statistical methods for rates and proportions.
2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
Weiss NS. Clinical epidemiology: the study of
the outcome of illness. Monographs in epidemiology and biostatistics, vol
27. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Noe DA. Diagnostic classification [Ch. 3]. In:
Noe DA, Rock RC, Grochow LB, Kahn SB Perlin E, eds. Laboratory medicine:
the selection and interpretation of clinical laboratory studies. Baltimore,
MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1994:27--43.
Becton Dickinson. BDProbeTec™ ET Chlamydia
trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae amplified DNA assays
[Package insert, table 15]. Sparks, MD: Becton Dickinson, 2001.
Stary A. Correct samples for diagnostic tests
in sexually transmitted diseases: which sample for which test? [Review].
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999;24:455--9.
Toye B, Peeling RW, Jessamine P, Claman P, Gemmill
I. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in asymptomatic
men and women by PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:1396--1400.
Van der Pol B, Ferrero DV, Buck-Barrington L,
et al. Multicenter evaluation of the BDProbeTec ET system for detection of Chlamydia
trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens, female
endocervical swabs, and male urethral swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:1008--16.
Shafer MA, Schachter J, Moncada J, et al. Evaluation
of urine-based screening strategies to detect Chlamydia trachomatis among
sexually active asymptomatic young males. JAMA 1993;270:2065--70.
Neu N, Grumet S, McNees A, et al. Screening for Chlamydia
trachomatis in young men by ligase chain reaction. Pediatr Infect
Dis J 1999;18:649--50.
Sellors JW, Mahony JB, Pickard L, et al. Screening
urine with a leukocyte esterase strip and subsequent chlamydial testing of
asymptomatic men attending primary care practitioners. Sex Transm Dis 1993;20:152--7.
McKenna JG, Fallon RJ, Moyes A, Young H. Anogenital
non-gonococcal Neisseriae: prevalence and clinical significance. Int J STD
AIDS 1993;4:8--12.
Knapp JS, Hook EW III. Prevalence and persistence
of Neisseria cinerea and other Neisseria spp. in adults.
J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:896--900.
Barlow D. Diagnosis of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea
[Review]. Genitourin Med 1997;73:16--7.
Young H, Anderson J, Moyes A, McMillan A. Non-cultural
detection of rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhoea by the Gen-Probe® PACE® 2
assay. Genitourin Med 1997;73:59--62.
Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Owen-O'Dowd J, et al. Selective
screening for chlamydial infection: which criteria to use? Am J Prev Med
2000;18:115--22.
Howell MR, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. Screening for Chlamydia
trachomatis in asymptomatic women attending family planning clinics:
a cost-effectiveness analysis of three strategies. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:277--84.
Marrazzo JM, Celum CL, Hillis SD, Fine D, DeLisle
S, Handsfield HH. Performance and cost-effectiveness of selective screening
criteria for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women: implications
for a national Chlamydia control strategy. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:131--41.
Handsfield HH, Jasman LL, Roberts PL, Hanson VW,
Kothenbeutel RL, Stamm WE. Criteria for selective screening for Chlamydia
trachomatis infection in women attending family planning clinics. JAMA
1986;255:1730--4.
Addiss DG, Vaughn ML, Ludka D, Pfister J, Davis
JP. Decreased prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection associated
with a selective screening program in family planning clinics in Wisconsin.
Sex Transm Dis 1993;20:28--35.
Weinstock HS, Bolan GA, Kohn R, Balladares C,
Back A, Oliva G. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women: a need
for universal screening in high prevalence populations? Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:41--7.
Gunn RA, Hillis SD, Shirey P, Waterman SH, Greenspan
JR. Chlamydia trachomatis infection among Hispanic women in the
California-Mexico border area, 1993: establishing screening criteria in a
primary care setting. Sex Transm Dis 1995;22:329--34.
Stergachis A, Scholes D, Heidrich FE, Sherer
DM, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Selective screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection
in a primary care population of women. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:143--53.
Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla
H, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening
for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1362--6.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening
for chlamydial infection: recommendations and rationale. Am J Prev Med 2001;20(3Suppl):90--4.
Mertz KJ, Levine WC, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Dorian
KJ, Hadgu A. Screening women for gonorrhea: demographic screening criteria
for general clinical use. Am J Public Health 1997;87:1535--8.
Dean D, Ferrero D, McCarthy M. Comparison of
performance and cost-effectiveness of direct fluorescent-antibody, ligase
chain reaction, and PCR assays for verification of chlamydial enzyme immunoassay
results for populations with a low to moderate prevalence of Chlamydia
trachomatis infection. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:94--9.
Beebe JL, Rau MP, Albrecht KD. Confirmatory
testing of Chlamydia trachomatis Syva enzyme immunoassay gray zone
specimens by Syva direct fluorescent antibody test. Sex Transm Dis 1993;20:140--2.
Chan EL, Brandt K, Horsman GB. 1-year evaluation
of Syva MicroTrak Chlamydia enzyme immunoassay with selective confirmation
by direct fluorescent-antibody assay in a high-volume laboratory. J Clin
Microbiol 1994;32:2208--11.
Fonseca K, Megran DW, Anand CM. Detection of Chlamydia
trachomatis antigen by enzyme immunoassay: importance of confirmatory
testing. J Clin Pathol 1995;48:214--7.
Østergaard L, Moller JK. Use of PCR and direct
immunofluorescence microscopy for confirmation of results obtained by Syva
MicroTrak chlamydia enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2620--3.
Tong CY, Donnelly C, Hood N. Lowering the cut
off value of an automated chlamydia enzyme immunoassay and confirmation by
PCR and direct immunofluorescent antibody test. J Clin Pathol 1997;50:681--5.
Chui L, Kakulphimp J, Detwiler B, Prasad E.
Algorithm to detect Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction
on specimens extracted for enzyme immunoassay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
1998;32:185--90.
Kacena KA, Quinn SB, Hartman SC, Quinn TC, Gaydos
CA. Pooling of urine samples for screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by
ligase chain reaction: accuracy and application. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:3624--8.
Kacena KA, Quinn SB, Howell MR, Madico GE, Quinn
TC, Gaydos CA. Pooling urine samples for ligase chain reaction screening
for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic women.
J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:481--5.
Krepel J, Patel J, Sproston A, et al. Impact
on accuracy and cost of ligase chain reaction testing by pooling urine specimens
for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Sex Transm
Dis 1999;26:504--7.
Morre SA, Meijer CJLM, Munk C, et al. Pooling
of urine specimens for detection of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections
by PCR in a low-prevalence population: cost-saving strategy for epidemiological
studies and screening programs. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1679--80.
Peeling RW, Toye B, Jessamine P, Gemmill I.
Pooling of urine specimens for PCR testing: a cost saving strategy for Chlamydia
trachomatis control programmes. Sex Transm Infect 1998;74:66--70.
Kapala J, Copes D, Sproston A, et al. Pooling
cervical swabs and testing by ligase chain reaction are accurate and cost-saving
strategies for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol
2000;38:2480--3.
Lisby G, Scheibel J, Abrahamsson L-O, Christensen
ES, Paloheimo S. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in individual
and pooled endocervical and urethral scrapes by a commercially available
polymerase chain reaction. APMIS 1994;102:797--800.
Marrazzo JM, Whittington WL, Celum CL, et al.
Urine-based screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in men attending
sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:219--25.
Bowden FJ. Reappraising the value of urine leukocyte
esterase testing in the age of nucleic acid amplification. Sex Transm Dis
1998;25:322--6.
Genc M, Ruusuvaara L, Mardh PA. Economic evaluation
of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent males. JAMA
1993;270:2057--64.
Shafer M-A, Schachter J, Moscicki AB, et al.
Urinary leukocyte esterase screening test for asymptomatic chlamydial and
gonococcal infections in males. JAMA 1989;262:2562--6.
Kellogg JA, Seiple JW, Klinedinst JL, Stroll
E. Diff-Quik stain as a simplified alternative to Papanicolaou stain for
determination of quality of endocervical specimens submitted for PCR detection
of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:2590--2.
Kellogg JA, Seiple JW, Murray CL, Levisky JS.
Effect of endocervical specimen quality on detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and
on the incidence of false-positive results with the Chlamydiazyme method.
J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:1108--13.
Phillips RS, Hanff PA, Kauffman RS, Aronson
MD. Use of a direct fluorescent antibody test for detecting Chlamydia
trachomatis cervical infection in women seeking routine gynecologic
care. J Infect Dis 1987;156:575--81.
Kellogg JA, Seiple JW, Klinedinst JL, Levisky
JS. Impact of endocervical specimen quality on apparent prevalence of Chlamydia
trachomatis infections diagnosed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay method. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991;115:1223--7.
Kellogg JA, Seiple JW, Klinedinst JL, Stroll
ES, Cavanaugh SH. Improved PCR detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by
using an altered method of specimen transport and high-quality endocervical
specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2765--7.
Livengood CH 3rd, Schmitt JW, Addison
WA, Wrenn JW, Magruder-Habib K. Direct fluorescent antibody testing for endocervical Chlamydia
trachomatis: factors affecting accuracy. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:803--9.
Welsh LE, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. Influence of
endocervical specimen adequacy on PCR and direct fluorescent-antibody staining
for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. J Clin Microbiol
1997;35:3078--81.
Beebe JL, Gershman KA, Kelley JK, Hagner D,
Creede P. How adequate is adequate for the collection of endocervical specimens
for Chlamydia trachomatis testing? Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:579--83.
Kallings I, Mardh PA. Sampling and specimen
handling in the diagnosis of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections.
Scand J Infect Dis 1982;32:21--4.
Mahony JB, Chernesky MA. Effect of swab type
and storage temperature on the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from
clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1985;22:865--7.
Mardh P-A, Zeeberg B. Toxic effect of sampling
swabs and transportation test tubes on the formation of intracytoplasmic
inclusions of Chlamydia trachomatis in McCoy cell cultures. British
Journal of Venereal Disease 1981;57:268--72.
Smith TF, Weed LA. Evaluation of calcium alginate-tipped
aluminum swabs transported in Culturettes containing ampules of 2-sucrose
phosphate medium for recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis. Am J Clin
Pathol 1983;80:213--5.
Moncada J, Schachter J, Shipp M, Bolan G, Wilber
J. Cytobrush in collection of cervical specimens for detection of Chlamydia
trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:1863--6.
Jones RB, Katz BP, Van der Pol B, Caine VA,
Batteiger BE, Newhall WJ. Effect of blind passage and multiple sampling on
recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from urogenital specimens. J Clin
Microbiol 1986;24:1029--33.
Judson FN, Werness BA. Combining cervical and
anal-canal specimens for gonorrhea on a single culture plate. J Clin Microbiol
1980;12:216--9.
Symington DA. Improved transport system for Neisseria
gonorrhoeae clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1975;2:498--503.
Chapel TA, Smeltzer M, Dassel R. Effect of delaying
incubation in a CO2-enriched environment on gonococci. Health
and Laboratory Science 1976;13:45--48.
Martin JE Jr, Lester A. Transgrow, a medium
for transport and growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria
meningitidis. HSMHA Health Reports 1971;86:30--3.
Lossick J, DeLisle S, Fine D, Mosure D, Lee
V, Smith C. Regional program for widespread screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in
family planning clinics. In: Bowie WR, Caldwell HD, Jones RP, et al., eds.
Chlamydial infections: proceedings of the 7th international symposium
on human chlamydial infections. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,
1990:575--9.
Castriciano S, Luinstra K, Jang D, et al. Accuracy
of results obtained by performing a second ligase chain reaction assay and
PCR analysis on urine samples with positive or near-cutoff results in the
LCx test for Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:2632--4.
Akduman D, Ehret JM, Messina K, Ragsdale S,
Judson FN. Evaluation of a strand displacement amplification assay (BD ProbeTec-SDA)
for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens. J Clin
Microbiol 2002;40:281--3.
Mulcahy GM, Albanese EA, Bachl BL. Reproducibility
of the Roche Amplicor polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of infection
by Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens. Clin Chem 1998;44:1575--8.
Parks KS, Dixon PB, Richey CM, Hook EW III.
Spontaneous clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in untreated
patients. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:229--35.
Peterson EM, Darrow V, Blanding J, Aarnaes S,
De La Maza LM. Reproducibility problems with the AMPLICOR PCR Chlamydia
trachomatis test. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:957--9.
Bianchi A, Bogard M, Cessot G, Bohbot JM, Malkin
JE, Alonso JM. Kinetics of Chlamydia trachomatis clearance in patients
with azithromycin, as assessed by first void urine testing by PCR and transcription-mediated
amplification [Note]. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:366--7.
Gaydos CA, Crotchfelt KA, Howell MR, Kralian
S, Hauptman P, Quinn TC. Molecular amplification assays to detect chlamydial
infections in urine specimens from high school female students and to monitor
the persistence of chlamydial DNA after therapy. J Infect Dis 1998;177:417--24.
Morre SA, Sillekens PT, Jacobs MV, et al. Monitoring
of Chlamydia trachomatis infections after antibiotic treatment using
RNA detection by nucleic acid sequence based amplification. Mol Pathol 1998;51:149--54.
Hanks JW, Scott CT, Butler CE, Wells DW. Evaluation
of a DNA probe assay (Gen-Probe PACE 2) as the test of cure for Neisseria
gonorrhoeae genital infections. J Pediatr 1994;125:161--2.
White DJ, Mann CH, Matthews RS, Leeming JG,
Clay JC. Value of tests of cure following cervical chlamydial infection.
Int J STD AIDS 1993;4:5--7.
Workowski KA, Lampe MF, Wong KG, Watts MB, Stamm
WE. Long-term eradication of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection
after antimicrobial therapy: evidence against persistent infection. JAMA
1993;270:2071--5.
Cerin A, Grillner L, Persson E. Chlamydia test
monitoring during therapy. Int J STD AIDS 1991;2:176--9.
Ferris DG, Lawler FH, Horner RD, Jernigan JC,
Crout FV. Test of cure for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection
in women. J Fam Pract 1990;31:36--41.