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Captain Oscar Solbert, wearing a gas mask and holding a hand grenade.

Captain Oscar Solbert, wearing a gas mask and holding a hand grenade, standing with unidentified soldier wearing a gas mask in a field. Click image to enlarge.

Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW)

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SCOPE

Chemical/biological warfare is the term used to describe the use of chemical or biological agents as weapons to injure or kill humans, livestock, or plants. Chemical weapons are devices that use chemicals to inflict death or injury; biological weapons use pathogens or organisms that cause disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins (poisons produced by animals or plants).

Resources listed in this guide cover the history, nature, toxicity, and physical effects of chemical and biological agents. They also cover weapons used and methods of delivery employed, methods of defense and countermeasures, and technologies for detection and disposal. Also included are references to the international treaties and related documents written to prevent the use and proliferation of chemical and biological weapons.

Although both chemical and biological warfare/weapons have a long history of use in human conflict, most of the resources selected for this TB reflect contemporary issues and concerns. All are as reliable and authoritative as possible. However, due to the unpredictability of both politics and technology, some titles may become rapidly out of date. Most of the resources (both print and electronic) listed here are available at the Library of Congress, and many are also available directly through the Web. If available and appropriate, links are provided to online versions of resources. This guide is not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography; it is designed -- as the name of the series implies -- to put the reader "on target." This guide supercedes TB 90-9.

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INTRODUCTIONS TO THE TOPIC

Brain, Marshall. How biological and chemical warfare works. In HowStuffWorks [electronic resource]. Raleigh, N.C., HSW Media Networks, c1998-2003.
   http://people.howstuffworks.com/biochem-war.htm

Croddy, Eric. The fog of war. In Chemical and biological warfare. New York, Copernicus Books, c2002. p. 3-18.
   UG447.C755 2002 <SciRR>

Norris, John, and Will Fowler. NBC: Nuclear, biological and chemical warfare on the modern battlefield. London, Herndon, Va., Brassey's, 1997. 112 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 112).
   U793.N67 1997

Sidell, Frederick R., and David R. Franz. Introduction to chemical and biological agents. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Washington, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997. p. 4-7. (Textbook of military medicine series. Part I, Warfare, weaponry, and the casualty, [v. 3].)
   RC971.T48 1989 vol. 3

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SUBJECT HEADINGS

Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which books on chemical/biological warfare can be located in most card and online catalogs, include the following.

Highly Relevant

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
CHEMICAL WARFARE
CHEMICAL WEAPONS

Relevant

CHEMICAL AGENTS (MUNITIONS)
TERRORISM
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

Related

AGENT ORANGE
BIOLOGICAL ARMS CONTROL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHEMICAL ARMS CONTROL
CIVIL DEFENSE
DECONTAMINATION
PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME
POISONS
TOXINS

Note: See also subdivisions ‘Biological warfare' and ‘Chemical warfare' under individual wars, e.g., "Persian Gulf War, 1991--Biological warfare;" and subdivisions such as "War use" under other subject headings, e.g., "Hazardous substances--War use," "Poisons--War use," "Toxins--War use," etc.

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BASIC TEXTS

Compton, James A. F. Military chemical and biological agents: chemical and toxicological properties. Caldwell, N.J., Telford Press, [1987?]. 458 p.
   Includes bibliographies and index.
   UG447.C653 1987 <SciRR>

Croddy, Eric. Chemical and biological warfare: a comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen. New York, Springer-Verlag, c2002. 306 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   UG447.C755 2002 <SciRR>

Taylor, Eric R. Lethal mists: an introduction to the natural and military sciences of chemical, biological warfare, and terrorism. Commack, N.Y., Nova Science Publishers, c1999. 405 p.
   Includes bibliographical references
   UG447.T393 1999 <SciRR>

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SPECIALIZED TITLES

Biological

Biological agents. In PDR guide to biological and chemical warfare response. Edited by David W. Sifton and Gwynned L. Kelly. Montvale, N.J., Thomson/Physicians' Desk Reference, c2002. p. 3-41.
   RA648 .P374 2002 <SciRR>

Biological and toxin weapons: research, development, and use from the Middle Ages to 1945. Edited by Erhard Geissler and John Ellis van Courtland Moon. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999. 279 p.
(SIPRI chemical and biological warfare studies, no. 18.)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   UG447.8.B54 1999

Biological warfare: modern offense and defense. Edited by Raymond A. Zilinskas. Boulder, Colo., Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. 309 p.
   Bibliography: p. 265-292.
   UG447.8.B565 2000

Biological weapons. In Terrorism and public health: a balanced approach to strengthening systems and protecting people. Edited by Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel. Oxford, New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 2003. p. 175-198.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   RA645.5.T477 2003

Biotechnology, weapons and humanity. Amsterdam, British Medical Association, Harwood Academic Publishers, c1999. 152 p.
   Bibliography: p. 123-144.
   UG447.8.B58 1999

Bowman, Steve. Biological weapons: a primer. Huntington, N.Y., Novinka Books, 2001. 95 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   UG447.8.B69 2001

Davis, Jim A. and Barry R. Schneider, editors. The gathering biological warfare storm (2nd Edition) Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, U.S. Air Force Counterproliferation Center, April 2002
   http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/biostorm/cover.htm

Mangold, Tom, and Jeff Goldberg. Plague wars: a true story of biological warfare. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2000. 477 p.
   Bibliography: p. 463-467.
   UG447.8.M3 1999

Understanding germ warfare. The editors of Scientific American. Compiled and with introductions by Sandy Fritz; foreword by Jack Brown. New York, Warner Books, c2002. 132 p.
   Includes index.
   QR46.U59 2002

Chemical

Chemical agents. In PDR guide to biological and chemical warfare response. Edited by David W. Sifton and Gwynned L. Kelly. Montvale, N.J., Thomson/Physicians' Desk Reference, c2002. p. 43-86.
   RA648.P374 2002 <SciRR>

Chemical warfare agents: toxicity at low levels. Satu M. Somani and James A. Romano, Jr., eds. Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, c2001. 447 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   RA648.C546 2001

Chemical weapons. In Terrorism and public health: a balanced approach to strengthening systems and protecting people. Edited by Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel. Oxford, New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 2003. p. 199-219.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   RA645.5.T477 2003

Dando, Malcolm. Lethal and non-lethal chemical agents. In A New form of warfare: the rise of non-lethal weapons. London, Washington, Brassey's, 1996. p. 64-94.
   U795.D36 1996

Haber, L.F. The poisonous cloud : chemical warfare in the First World War. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 1986. 415 p.
   Bibliography: p. [395]-401
   Includes index.
   UG447.H255 1986 <SciRR>

Hammond, James W. Poison gas: the myths versus reality. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, c1999. (Contributions in military studies, no. 178)
   Bibliographical essay and index.
   UG447.H3325 1999 <MRR Alc>

Hogg, Ian V. Gas. New York, Ballantine Books, c1975. 159 p. (Ballantine's illustrated history of the violent century, weapons book, no. 43)
   Includes illustrations (photographs).
   UG447.H63

Karasik, Theodore William. Toxic warfare. Santa Monica, Calif., Rand, 2002. 52 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-52).
   "MR-1572-AF."
   UG447.K365 2002

Marrs, Timothy C. Chemical warfare agents: toxicology and treatment. Chichester, New York, Wiley, c1996. 243 p.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   RA648.M37 1996

Moodie, Michael L. The chemical weapons threat. In The New terror: facing the threat of biological and chemical weapons. Edited by Sidney D. Dress, Abraham D. Sofaer, and George D. Wilson. Stanford, Calif., Hoover Institution Press, c1999. p .5-38.
   UG447.8 .N48 1999

Prentiss, Augustin Mitchell. Chemicals in war; a treatise on chemical warfare. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1937. 739 p.
   Bibliography: p. 703-729.
   UG447.P75

Russell, Edmund. War and nature: fighting humans and insects with chemicals from World War I to Silent spring. Cambridge, Eng., New York, Cambridge University Press, 2001. 315 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   QH545.C4R87 2001

Sun, Yin, and Kwok Y. Ong. Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c2005. 272 p.
   Bibliography: p. 255-258.
   UG447.S779 2005

Nonproliferation, Weapons Disposal, and Arms Control

Biological warfare and disarmament: new problems/new perspectives.Edited by Susan Wright. Lanham, Rowan & Littlefield, c2002. 458 p.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   UG447.8.B5645 2002

The Challenge of old chemical munitions and toxic armament wastes. Edited by Thomas Stock and Karlheinz Lohs. Oxford, Eng., New York, Oxford University Press, 1997. 337 p. (SIPRI chemical & biological warfare studies, no. 16)
   Includes bibliographic references.
   "SIPRI, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute."
   TD899.A76C48 1997

Chemical weapon destruction in Russia: political, legal and technical aspects. Edited by John Hart and Cynthia D. Miller. Oxford, Eng., New York, Oxford University Press, 1998. 161 p. (SIPRI chemical & biological warfare studies, no. 17)
   Includes bibliographic references.
   Papers from a meeting held in Bonn, Germany, Nov. 1996.
   JZ5830.C48 1998

Crone, Hugh D. Banning chemical weapons: the scientific background. Cambridge, Eng., New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992. 122 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   UG447.C76 1992

Dando, Malcolm. The new biological weapons: threat, proliferation, and control. Boulder, Colo., Lynne Rienner Publishers, c2001. 181 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   JZ5830.D36 2001

Disarmament: the Chemical Weapons Convention with selective index. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (1993). New York, United Nations, The Centre, 1994. 208 p.
   At head of title: United Nations, Centre for Disarmament Affairs.
    "United Nations publications sales no. E.95.IX.2."
   KZ5825.21993.A2 1994 <LawLib>

Eisenstein, Maurice. Countering the proliferation of chemical weapons. Santa Monica, Calif., Rand, 1993. 28 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   "Prepared for the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy."
   "MR-207-USDP"
   UG447.E35 1993

Forsberg, Randall, and others. Nonproliferation primer: preventing the spread of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1995. 149 p.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   JX1974.73.N68 <SciRR>

Hammond, James W. The Chemical Weapons Convention. In Poison gas: the myths versus reality. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, c1999. p. 96-103. (Contributions in military studies, no. 178)
   UG447.H3325 1999

Mauroni, Albert J. Chemical demilitarization : public policy aspects. Westport, Conn., Praeger, 2003. 237 p.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   UG447.M34523 2003

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Recommendations for the disposal of chemical agents and munitions. Washington, National Academy Press, 1994. 204 p.
   Bibliography: p. 189-195.
   UG447.N334 1994
   http://www.nap.edu/books/0309050464/html/

Pearson, Graham S. The UNSCOM saga: chemical and biological weapons non-proliferation. London, Macmillan Press; New York, St. Martin's Press, 1999. 255 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 226-246) and index.
   UG447.P34 1999

Repairing the regime: preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Edited by Joseph Cirincione. New York, Routledge, 2000. 326 p.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   JZ5665.R47 2000 <SciRR>

Spiers, Edward M. Chemical and biological weapons: a study of proliferation. New York, St. Martin's Press, c1994. 250 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 225-241) and index.
   UG447.S638 1994

Verification of the biological and toxin weapons convention. Edited by Malcolm R. Dando, Graham S. Pearson, and Tibor Toth. Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c2000. 252 p. (NATO science series. Series 1, Disarmament technologies, v. 32)
   Includes bibliographic references.
   UA12.5.V4765 2000

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RELATED TITLES

Bioterrorism preparedness and response; use of information technologies and decision support systems. Rockville, Md, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Agency, [2002]. 354 p. (Evidence report/technology assessment, 59)
   Contains bibliographical information (pp.289-304)
   UG447.8.B587 2002

Cashman, John R. Emergency response to chemical and biological agents. Boca Raton, Lewis, c1999. 347 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 337-339) and index.
   T55.3.H3 C377 2000 <SciRR>

Chemical and biological warfare. Edited by Brian Solomon. New York, H. W. Wilson Co., 1999. 158 p.
(Reference Shelf, v. 71, no. 3)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   UG447.C515 1999

Cole, Leonard. The eleventh plague : the politics of biological and chemical warfare. New York, W.H. Freeman, c1997. 284 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-272) and index.
   UG447.8.C6523 1997

Cordesman, Anthony H. Terrorism, asymmetric warfare, and weapons of mass destruction: defending the U.S. homeland. Westport, Conn., Praeger, c2002. 448 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   UA23.C67 2002

Dando, Malcolm. A new form of warfare: the rise of non-lethal weapons. London, Washington, Brassey's, 1996.
258 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-247) and index.
   U795.D36 1996

Davis, Jim A. and Barry R. Schneider, editors. The war next time: countering rogue states and terrorists armed with chemical and biological weapons. . (2nd Edition) Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, U.S. Air Force Counterproliferation Center, April 2004.
   http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/war_next_time/cover.htm

Hammond, Peter M. From biological warfare to healthcare: Porton Down 1940-2000. New York, Palgrave, 2002.
280 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-269) and index.
   UG447.8 .H357 2002

Henderson, Donald A., Thomas V. Inglesby, and Tara O'Toole. Bioterrorism: guidelines for medical and public health management. Chicago, American Medical Association Press, c2002. 244 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   RC88.9.T47H46 2002 <SciRR>

Leshuk, Leonard. A more insidious enemy: exposing the dangerous lies and misinformation concerning chemical and biological weapons. Washington, D.C., Europa University Press, 2003. 293 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 281-286) and index.
   UG447.L446 2003

Mayor, Adrienne. Greek fire, poison arrows, and scorpion bombs : biological and chemical warfare in the ancient world. Woodstock, Overlook, 2003. 319 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. [295]-305) and index.
   UG447.8.M335 2003 <SciRR>

Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Specialty editors; Frederick R. Sidell, Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz. Washington, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997. 721 p. (Textbook of military medicine, Part I. Warfare, weaponry, and the casualty, [v. 3])
   Includes bibliographical references.
   RC971.T48 1989 vol. 3

Parker, Henry S. Agricultural bioterrorism: a federal strategy to meet the threat. Washington, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 2002. 103 p. (McNair papers, no. 65)
   Bibliography: p. 79-103.
   HV6432.P37 2002

Terrorism and public health: a balanced approach to strengthening systems and protecting people. Edited by Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel. Oxford, New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 2003. 377 p.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   RA645.5.T477 2003

Toxic terror: assessing terrorist use of chemical and biological weapons. Edited by Jonathan B. Tucker. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, c2002. 303 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   HV6431.T68 2000

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REFERENCE WORKS

Ali, Javed. US chemical-biological defense guidebook. Alexandria, Va., Jane's Information Group, c1997. 468 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   UG447.A494 1997 <SciRR>

Biddle, Wayne. A Field guide to germs. 2nd ed. New York, Anchor Books, c2002. 209 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. [191]-194) and index.
   Previously published: New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1995.
   QR46.B47 2002 <SciRR>

Biological terrorism; responding to the threat: a personal safety manual. Edited by Angelo A. Salvucci, Jr. Carpinteria, Calif., Public Safety Medical, c2001. 85 p.
   RA647.B55 2001

Bioterrorism and public health: an Internet resources guide. Edited by John G. Bartlett, and others. Princeton, N.J., eMedguides.com, Inc.; Montvale, N.J., Thomson Physicians' Desk Reference, c2002. 305 p.
   Includes index.
   http://www.eMedguides.com/bioterrorism
   RC88.9.T47B566 2002 <SciRR>

Buck, George. Preparing for biological terrorism: an emergency services planning guide. Albany, N.Y., Delmar, Thomson Learning, c2002. 379 p.
   Includes Internet resources (p. 321-328) and index.
   UG447.8.B83 2002 <SciRR>

Burck, G. M. International handbook on chemical weapons proliferation. New York, Greenwood Press, 1991. 650 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. [619]-632).
   "Published under the auspices of the Federation of American Scientists."
   UG447.B87 1991 <SciRR>

Callahan, Joan R. Biological hazards: an Oryx sourcebook. Westport, Conn., Oryx Press, c2002. 385 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   RB152.5.C354 2002 <SciRR>

Carey, Christopher T. U. S. chemical and biological defense respirators: an illustated history. Atglen, Pa., Schiffer Military/Aviation History, c1998. 223 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-212).
   UG447.6.C37 1998 <SciRR>

Compton, J. A. F. Military chemical and biological agents: chemical and toxicological properties. Caldwell, N.J., Telford Press, 1987? 458 p.
   Includes bibliographies and index.
   UG447.C653 1987 <SciRR>

Croddy, Eric. Chemical and biological warfare: an annotated bibliography. Lanham, Md., Scarecrow Press, 1997. 429 p.
   Z6724.C5C76 1997 <SciRR>

Dorn, A. Walter. Index to the Chemical Weapons Convention. New York, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1993. 66 p.
   "UNIDIR/93/22."
   "United Nations publication. Sales no. GV.E.93.0.13."
   KZ5825.21993.Z63 1993 <LawLib>

Ellison, D. Hank. Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, c2000.
507 p.
   Bibliography: p. 497-507.
   UG447.E44 2000 <SciRR>

Harnly, Caroline D. Agent Orange and Vietnam: an annotated bibliography. Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow Press, 1988. 401 p.
   Z6724.C5H38 1988

Jane's NBC defence systems. 11th ed., 1998- . Coulsdon, Surrey, Eng., Alexandria, Va., Jane's Information Group.    Latest edition (13th) has title "Jane's nuclear, biological and chemical defence."
   UG447.J36 <SciRR>

Kushner, Harvey W. Encyclopedia of terrorism. Thousand Oaks, Calif., Sage Publications, c2003. 523 p.
   Bibliography: p.471-481.
   HV6431.K883 2003 <SciRR>

Mauroni, Al. Chemical and biological warfare: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif., ABC-CLIO, c2003.
243 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-218) and index.
   UG447.8.M33 2003 <SciRR>

PDR guide to biological and chemical warfare response. Edited by David W. Sifton and Gwynned L. Kelly. Montvale, N.J., Thomson/Physicians' Desk Reference, c2002. 404 p. RA648
   Includes bibliographical references.
   P374 2002 <SciRR>

A Review of the scientific literature as it pertains to Gulf War illnesses. Santa Monica, Calif., Rand, <1998-c2001>.    Includes bibliographical references.
   Incomplete contents: v. 1. Infectious diseases / Lee H. Hilborne, Beatrice Alexandra Golomb.--v. 2. Pyridostigmine bromide / Beatrice Alexandra Golomb.--v. 5. Chemical and biological warfare agents / William S. Augerson.--v. 8. Pesticides / Gary Cecchine ... [et al].
   "Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, National Defense Research Institute."
   "MR-1018-OSD."
   http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/rand_reports.html
   RB152.7.R48 1998

Review of the U.S. Army's health risk assessments for oral exposure to six chemical-warfare agents. Subcommittee on Chronic Reference Doses for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents. National Research Council. Washington, National Academy Press, c1999. 304 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   RA648.R484 1999 <SciRR>

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CONFERENCES, SYMPOSIA, ETC.

Chemical and biological sensing: 24-25 April, 2000, Orlando, [Florida] USA / Patrick J. Gardner, chair/editor; sponsored ... by SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering. Bellingham, Wash., SPIE, c2000. 246 p. (Proceedings of SPIE-- Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers; v. 4036)
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   TP159.C46C4 2000

Chemical and biological sensing II: 16-17 April, 2001, Orlando, [Florida] USA / Patrick J. Gardner, chair/editor; sponsored and published by SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering. Bellingham, Wash., SPIE, c2001. 136 p. (Proceedings of SPIE--Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers; v. 4378)
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   TP159.C46C41 2001

Chemical and biological sensing III: 2 April, 2002, [Florida] Orlando, USA / Patrick J. Gardner, chair/editor; sponsored and published by SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering. Bellingham, Wash., SPIE, c2002. 136 p. (Proceedings of SPIE--Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers, v. 4722)
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   TP159.C46C414 2002

Conversion of former BTW facilities / Edited by Erhard Geissler, Lajos Gazso, and Ernst Buder. Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1998. 222 p.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
   "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Conversion of Former BTW Facilities: Development & Production of Prophylactic, Diagnostic & Therapeutic Measures for Countering Diseases, Budapest, Hungary, 5-9 November, 1997."
   HC79.D4C672 1998

The New terror: facing the threat of biological and chemical weapons / Edited by Sidney D. Dress, Abraham D. Sofaer, and George D. Wilson. Stanford, Calif., Hoover Institution Press, c1999. 512 p.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   "Based on papers presented at a conference held Nov. 16-18, 1998 at the Hoover Institution."
   UG447.8 .N48 1999

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Protection against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents (6th). Held in Stockholm, Sweden on May 10-15, 1998. Supplement. Umea, Sweden, Foersvarets Forskningsanstalt, Nov. 1998. 416 p.
   Report no. FOA-R-98-00873-862-SE; PB99170516.
   "The papers were presented during sessions entitled Body protection, Respiratory Protection, Decontamination, Demilitarization, Detection, Filters and Filtration, Medical protection against chemical warfare agents, Medical protection against biological warfare agents, Chemical and biological warfare agents in low level conflicts, Present and future CBW protection ... ."
   <SciRR TRS>

Natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications / [editors] Anthony T. Tu, William Gaffield. Washington, American Chemical Society, c2000. 426p. (ACS symposium series, 745)
   Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
   RA1191.N38 2000

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U.S. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

U.S. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS may be identified by using the following indexes:

Government Reports Announcements & Index (1946-1996)
   Z7916.G78 <SciRR>
   (See also NTIS index on microfiche in SciRR)

Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications (1895- )
   http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cgp/index.html (Jan. 1994- )
   Z1223.A18 <SciRR>

NTIS Bibliographic Database
   Index on microfiche (1964- )
   Uncatalogued <SciRR>
   http://www.ntis.gov
   Online in LC: http://www.loc.gov/pubrr/azlist.html 1964- )

Scientific & Technical Information Network (STINET) (1974- ; Full-text 1998- )
   http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/prodsrvc/stinet.html

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SELECTED U.S. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

Agricultural biological weapons threat to the United States: hearing before the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, October 27, 1999. Washington, U.S.G.P.O., 2000. (S. hrg.; 106-583)
   KF26.A749 1999 <LawLib>

Annual report / U.S. Department of Energy (U.S.) Chemical and Biological Nonproliferation Program. Washington, The Program, 2000. 179 p.
   JZ5830.U55 1999

Bioterrorism: federal research and preparedness activities: report to congressional committees / United States General Accounting Office. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, 20013) U.S. General Accounting Office, [2001]. 90 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   "September 2001."
   "GAO-01-915."
   UG447.7.U53 2001

Chemical and biological terrorism: research and development to improve civilian medical response / Committee on R&D Needs for Improving Civilian Medical Response to Chemical and Biological Terrorism Incidents, National Research Council. Washington, National Academy Press, c1999. 279 p.
   Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-211) and index.
   RA648.C525 1999
   http://search.nap.edu/books/0309061954/html/index.html

Chemical Weapons Convention (Treaty doc. 103-21): hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, March 22, April 13, May 13 and 17, June 9 and 23, 1994. Washington, U.S.G.P.O., 1994. 203 p. (S. hrg. 103-869)
   KF26.F6 1994g <LawLib>

Chemical Weapons Convention: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, April 8, 9, 15 and 17, 1997. Washington, U.S.G.P.O., 1997. 340 p. (S. hrg. 105-183)
   Includes bibliographical references (p.276-277).
   KF26.F6 1997b <LawLib>

The Decontamination of anthrax and other biological agents: hearing before the Committee on Science, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, November 8, 2001. Washington, DC, U.S.G.P.O., 2002. 126 p.
   "Serial no. 107-39."
   "Printed for the use of the Committee of Science."
   KF27.S39 2001b <LawLib>

Germs, toxins and terror: the new threat to America: hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, November 6, 2001. Washington, U.S.G.P.O., 2002. 74 p. (S. hrg. 107-656)
   "Serial no. J-107-46."
   "Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary."
   KF26.J8746 2001e <LawLib>

National Academy of Sciences report on health effects of Agent Orange: hearing before the Committee on Veteran's Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, August 4, 1993. Washington, U.S.G.P.O., 1994. 274p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   "Serial no. 103-24.
   KF27.V4 1993a <LawLib>

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ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES

Abstracting and indexing services that index relevant journal articles and other literature are listed below. Subscription database services identified as "Online in LC" are linked to from the public database page at http://www.loc.gov/rr/ElectronicResources/.
Consult a reference librarian for the current formats available and exact locations of all A&Is, in print or online.
Some suggested terms for searching are:

Agents
Arms
Bacteria
Biological
Biotechnology
Bioterror
Biowarfare
Bioweapons
Chemicals
Control
Defense
Destruction
Detection
Disposal
Gas
Germs
Masks
Military
Nerve gas
Respirators
Sensors
Stockpiles
Toxicity
Toxins
Viruses
Warfare
Weapons

• Abstracts in New Technologies and Engineering (1997- )
   (See also Current Technology Index (1981-1997) and British Technology Index (1963-1981).
   Z7913.B7 <NCPRR/SciRR>

Air University Periodical Index/Index to Military Periodicals (1949-1999)
   Z6723.U27 <SciRR>
   http://www.dtic.mil/search97doc/aulimp/main.htm (1990- )

• Applied Science & Technology Index (1913- )
   Z7913.I7 <SciRR>
   Online in LC: ProQuest (1994-present; includes some full-text documents)

Biological Abstracts (1926- ) QH301.B37
   Biological Abstracts/RRM (1967- ) Z5321.B672 <SciRR>
   Biological Abstracts on compact disc (1990-present) QH301 [1997 00833] <SciRR>
   Online in LC: BasicBIOSIS (Current and most recent four update years)

Chemical Abstracts (1907- ) QD1.A51 <SciRR>

Cumulated Index Medicus (1960-1970)
   Z6660.I422 <SciRR>
   (See also MEDLINE/PubMed below)

General Science Index (1978- )
   Z7401.G46 <SciRR>
   Online in LC: FirstSearch (1984- )

Health & Medical Complete
   Online in LC: ProQuest (includes some full-text documents)

MEDLINE/PubMed (1965- )
   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
   Online in LC: FirstSearch

Military and Government Collection
   Online in LC: EBSCOhost
   Indexing 1984 to present; full-text 1990 to present; full text for more than 350 journals and periodicals and indexing and abstracts for more than 450 titles.

Toxline
   Online in LC: CSA
   (last 5 years plus the current year)

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JOURNALS

SELECTED JOURNALS are listed below, with links to online versions; some have articles available in full-text through LC. For full-text availability in LC of individual journals, consult a reference librarian.

Archives of Environmental Health. (1960- )
   RC963.A22
   http://www.heldref.org/html/body_aeh.html (Jan. 1994- ; previews only)
   Online in LC: InfoTrac (Full-text, Nov.1989- ), ProQuest (Full-text, Nov. 1996- ).

Arms Control Today: a Publication of the Arms Control Association (1974- )
   JX1974.A76928
   http://www.armscontrol.org/act/ (Jan./Feb.1997- )

Bioterrorism Week (2002 -)
    http://www.newsrx.com
    Online in LC: EBSCO (Military and Government Collection) (Full-text July 2002 - present)

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (1946- )
   TK9145.A84
   http://www.thebulletin.org/ (Full-text, Jan. 1990- )
   Online in LC: ProQuest (Full-text, Jan. 1988- )

CML Army Chemical Review (1985- )
   UG447.C59
   http://www.wood.army.mil/CHBULLETIN/ (2001- )

Emerging Infectious Diseases
   RA648.5.E46
   http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/index.htm (Full-text, Jan 1995- )
   See especially v. 5, no. 4, July/Aug. 1999:
   http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no4/contents.htm (T)

Journal of the American Medical Association
   R15.A48
   http://jama.ama-assn.org/ (TOC, abstracts, and/or full-text, 1962- )
   Online in LC: InfoTrac (Full-text, Dec. 1987- )

Medicine, Conflict and Survival (formerly Medicine and War)
   RC970.M43
   Key topic issue Vol. 18, No.2, Apr./Jun. 2002.
   http://www.frankcass.com/jnls/mcs_past.htm (Abstracts)

New Scientist
   Q1.N52
   http://www.newscientist.com/
   Online in LC: InfoTrac (Full-text, Dec. 1990- )

Science
   Q1.S35
   http://www.sciencemag.org/ (Issues prior to October 1995 do not have summaries, abstracts, or full-text content on this site; they have tables of contents only.)
   Online in LC: InfoTrac; ProQuest (1984- ; delayed one year)

Science & Technology Review
   Q180.U5 S3615
   http://www.llnl.gov/str/ (In electronic form only after July 2001 issue)

Science News
   Q1.S76
   http://www.sciencenews.org
   Online in LC: InfoTrac (Full-text, Jan. 1985- ); ProQuest (Full-text, Jan. 1988- )

Scientific American
   T1.S5
   http://www.sciam.com
   Online in LC: Academic Search Premier (Jan.1984- ; Full-text, Jan. 1995- )

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SELECTED JOURNAL ARTICLES

SELECTED JOURNAL ARTICLES are available either in LC (in print or online through A&I services) or via direct Internet access (in the latter case URLs for articles are provided). For full-text availability in LC of individual journals, consult a reference librarian.

Aken, Jan van, and Edward Hammond. Closing loopholes in the Biological Weapons Convention. Medicine, conflict and survival, v. 18, Apr./June 2002: 194-198.
   RC970.M43

Arnon, Stephen S., and others. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon. Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 285, Feb. 28, 2001: 1059-1070.
   R15.A48
   http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/8/1059

Averre, Derek, and Igor Khripunov. Chemical weapons disposal: Russia tries again. Bulletin of the atomic scientists, v. 57, Sept./Oct. 2001: 57-63.
   TK9145.A84

Balmer, Brian. Biological warfare: the threat in historical perspective. Medicine, conflict, and survival, v. 18, Apr./June 2002: 120-137.
   RC970.M43

Bernstein, Barton J. The birth of the U.S. biological-warfare program. Scientific American, v. 256, June 1987:
116-136.
   T1.S5

Borio, Luciana, and others. Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons. Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 287, May 8, 2002: 2391-2405.
   R15.A48
   http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/287/18/2391

Casadevall, Arturo. Passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. Emerging infectious diseases, v. 8, Aug. 2002: 833-841.
   RA648.5.E46
   http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no8/01-0516.htm

Choffnes, Eileen. Germs on the loose. Bulletin of the atomic scientists, v. 57, Mar./Apr. 2001: 57-61.
   TK9145.A84

Cole, Leonard A. The specter of biological weapons. Scientific American, v. 275, Dec. 1996: 60-65.
   T1.S5

Dando, Malcolm. The impact of the development of modern biology and medicine on the evolution of offensive biological warfare programs in the twentieth century. Defense analysis, v. 15, Apr. 1999: 43-62.
   UA11.D384
   http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=3792949&db=mth

Davidson, Margaret. Biowarrior. American history, v.38, Jun. 2003: 44-49.
   E171.A574
   http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=9901617&db=mth

Dennis, David, and others. Tularemia as a biological weapon. Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 285, June 2001: 2763-2773.
   R15.A48
   http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/21/2763

Devereaux, Asha, and others. Vesicants and nerve agents in chemical warfare: decontamination and treatment strategies for a changed world. Postgraduate medicine, v. 112, Oct. 2002: 90-96.
   R11.P74

Gould, Stephen J. Above all, do no harm. Natural history, v. 107, Oct. 1998: 16-24, 78-82.
   QH1.N13

Henderson, Donald A., and others. Smallpox as a biological weapon. Journal of the American Medical Association, v.22, June 1999: 2127-2137.
   R15.A48
   http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/22/2127

Inglesby, Thomas V., and others. Anthrax as a biological weapon. Journal of the American Medical Association,  v. 281, May 1999: 1735-1745.
   R15.A48
   http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/18/1735

Inglesby, Thomas V., and others. Plague as a biological weapon. Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 283, May 2000: 2281-2290.
   R15.A48
   http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/17/2281

Jamal, G. A. Gulf War syndrome--a model for the complexity of biological and environmental interaction with human health. Adverse drug reactions and toxicological reviews, v. 17, spring 1998: 1-17.
   RM302.5.A38

Kang, Han K., and others. Evidence for a deployment-related gulf war syndrome by factor analysis. Archives of environmental health, v. 57, Jan. 2002: 61-68.
   RC963.A22

Lazarus, Angeline A., and Asha Devereaux. Potential agents of chemical warfare worst-case scenario protection and decontamination methods. Postgraduate medicine, v. 112, Nov. 2002: 133-140.
   R11.P74

Metcalfe, Neil. A short history of biological warfare. Medicine, conflict, and survival. v. 18, 2002: 271-282.
   RC970.M43

Preston, Richard. The demon in the freezer. The New Yorker, v. 75, July 12, 1999: 44-61.
   AP2.N6763

Rogers, Paul, and others. Biological warfare against crops. Scientific American, v. 280, June 1999: 70- .

Russell, A. J., and others. Biomaterials for mediation of chemical and biological warfare agents. Annual review of biomedical engineering, v. 5, Apr. 2003: 1-27.
   R856.A1 A573

Slezak, Thomas. On the Front Lines of Biodefense. Science & Technology Review, April 2004.
   http://www.llnl.gov/str/April04/Slezak.html

Stellman, Jeanne Mager, and others. The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. Nature, v. 422, Apr. 17, 2003: 681-687.
   Q1.N2

Tucker, Jonathan. Chemical weapons: buried in the backyard. Bulletin of atomic scientists, v. 57, Sept./Oct. 2001: 51-56.
   TK9145.A84

Tucker, Jonathan. Preventing the misuse of pathogens: the need for global biosecurity standards. Arms control today (forthcoming Fall 2003).
   JX1974.A76928
   http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_06/tucker_june03.asp

Tucker, Jonathan, and Amy Sands. An unlikely threat. Bulletin of the atomic scientists, v. 55, July/Aug. 1999:
46-52.
   TK9145.A84

Wheelis, Mark. Biological warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging infectious diseases, v. 8, Sept. 2002:
971-975.
   RA648.5.E46
   http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm

Young, John A.T., and R. John Collier. Attacking anthrax. Scientific American. v. 286, Mar. 2002: 48-59.
   T1.S5

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DISSERTATIONS

DISSERTATIONS can be researched using the indexes listed below. Some are available for download in full-text online versions from public workstations in the Library of Congress. For assistance consult a reference librarian.

Comprehensive Dissertation Index (1861-1972) Z5053.X47 1973 <MRR>

Comprehensive Dissertation Index. Supplement (Annual, 1973- ) Z5053.X47a <MRR>

Digital Dissertations (ProQuest-UMI) (Citations, 1861- ; Abstracts, 1985- ; Full-text, 1997- )
   Online in LC: UMI Digital Dissertations

Dissertation Abstracts (UMI) (1938- ) Z5053.D57

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SELECTED DISSERTATIONS

Calfano, Brian Robert. Terror in the air: Biological weapons, terrorism, and asymmetric threats to United States national security in the twenty-first century. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 2001. 158 p.
   UMI: 1410852
   Thesis (masters)--Regent University, Virginia.

Elashvili, Ilya. Bacterial metabolism of organophosphorus compounds. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 1997. 198 p.
   UMI: 9718945
   Thesis (doctoral)--Johns Hopkins University.

Fujitani, Kevin Takashi. The United States and chemical warfare: the 1925 Geneva gas protocol and its legacy. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 1991. 192 p.
   UMI: 1344343
   Thesis (masters)--University of Hawaii.

Garnett, Richard Arnold. Restraint in warfare: strategic bombing and chemical warfare during the first and second world wars. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 1993. 425 p.
   UMI: 9324035
   Thesis (doctoral)--University of North Carolina.

Girard, Marion Leslie. Confronting total war: British responses to poison gas, 1914--1918. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 2002. 310 p.
   UMI: 3068281
   Thesis (doctoral)--Yale University.

Grunden, Walter Eugene. Science under the rising sun: weapons development and the organization of scientific research in World War II Japan. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 1998. 385 p.
   UMI: 9840778
   Thesis (doctoral)--University of California.

Hong, Marjorie S. Bioremediation and neurotoxicological characterization of organophosphorous compounds. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 1997. 164 p.
   UMI: 9800739
   Thesis (doctoral)--Texas A&M University.

May, Michael. The proliferation of chemical weapons and the military utility of chemical warfare: a case study of the Iran-Iraq war. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 1993. 310 p.
   UMI: 9422250
   Thesis (doctoral)--Syracuse University.

Price, Richard Mackay. A geneology of the chemical weapons taboo. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 1994. 48 p.
   UMI: 9409548
   Thesis (doctoral)--Cornell University.

Zamani, Kaveh. Medical response model to biological warfare incidents. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 2001. 244 p.
   UMI: 3034522
   Thesis (doctoral)--The Union Institute.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS

TECHNICAL REPORTS may be identified using the indexes below. Copies on microfiche are available from the Technical Reports section. For assistance consult a reference librarian.

Government Reports Announcements & Index (1946-1996 )
   Z7916.G78 <SciRR>
   (See also NTIS index on microfiche in SciRR)

Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications (1895- )
   Z1223.A18 <SciRR>
   http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cgp/index.html (Jan. 1994- )

NTIS Bibliographic Database
   Uncatalogued <SciRR>
   Index on microfiche (1964- )
   Online: http://www.ntis.gov
   Online in LC: NTIS (1964- )

Scientific & Technical Information Network (STINET) (1974- ; Full-text 1998- )
   Online: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/prodsrvc/stinet.html

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SELECTED TECHNICAL REPORTS

Bunner, David L. Toxins: chemical agents of biological origin. Fort Detrick, Md., Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Jan. 4, 1989. 22 p.
   ADA-202774

Callaghan, M., and others. Investigation on the dispersal patterns of contaminants in letters. Ottawa, Canada, First Responder Group, Apr. 9, 2001. 6 p.
   ADA-399954

Chemical and biological defense; DoD's evaluation of improved garment materials. Washington, General Accounting Office, Aug. 1998. 19 p.
   "GAO/NSIAD-98-214."
   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA351348
   ADA-351348

Chemical and biological warfare. Springfield, Va., NTIS. 1975-1997.
   Not in LC.
   A series of bibliographies, updated periodically, of citations from the NTIS database.

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Terrorism:The Threat According to the Current Unclassified Literature. Washington, D.C., Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, 31 May 2002. 47 p.
   Includes extensive annotated bibliography: "The Threat of CBRN Terrorism - Views from the Open Literature" pp. 14-46.
    http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA404213
   ADA-404213

Combating terrorism: need for comprehensive threat and risk assessments of chemical and biological attacks. Washington, U.S. General Accounting Office, 1999. 37 p.
   "GAO/NSIAD-99-163."
   ADA-369111

Grotte, Jeffery H. Frequently asked questions regarding biological detection. Alexandria, Va., Institute for Defense Analysis, Nov. 2001. 27 p.
   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA406047
   ADA-406047

Hancock, J. R., D'Agostino, P. A., and L. R. Provost. Sample preparation and identification techniques for chemical warfare and mid-spectrum agents. Alberta, Canada, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, March 1999. 38 p.
   A general survey for the NATO AC/225 LG/7-SIBCA Handbook, Chapter 8.
   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA364876
   ADA-364876

Kraft. James E. U.S. military role in countering the biological and chemical warfare threat: attacking the enemy's will. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Defense, 1999. 34 p.
   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA348427
   ADA-348427

Pazdernik, Thomas L. Brain damage caused by chemical warfare agents: are free radicals a final common pathway? Kansas City, Kan., Kansas Mental Retardation Research Facility, Aug. 1998. 93 p.
   "DAMD 17-94-C-4045."
   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA360336
   ADA-360336

Smart, Jeffery. History of the Army protective mask. Natick, Mass., U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Aug. 1999. 65 p.
   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA376445
   ADA-376445

Yee, Eugene C. On the theory of particle count detection with an application to the triggering of biological warfare detection systems. Alberta, Canada, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Mar. 2000. 48 p.
   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA375905
   ADA-375905

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SELECTED MATERIALS

SELECTED MATERIALS in the Chemical/Biological Warfare pamphlet box in the SciRR.

Alper, Joseph. From the bioweapons trenches, new tools for battling microbes. Science, v. 284, June 11, 1999: 1754-1755.

Ashley, Steven. X-ray proofing. Scientific American, v. 288, May 2003: 34-35.

Biotreatment to neutralize chemical weapons stockpile. Civil engineering, v. 69, May 1999: 14.

Casagrande, Rocco. Technology against terror. Scientific American, v. 287, Oct. 2002: 82-87.

Cohen, Jon. Smallpox vaccinations: how much protection remains? Science, v. 294, Nov. 2, 2001: 985.
Dickey, Christopher and Colin Soloway. The secrets of Dr. Germ. Newsweek, v. 140, Dec. 6, 2002: 40-43.

Gorman, Jessica. Foam gets its shot at anthrax. Science news, v. 160, Nov. 17, 2001: 317.

Graham, Sarah. Sensing trouble: chemists approach homeland security in a variety of ways.
   Scientific American.com, Apr. 28, 2003. Online version.
   http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000C4241-C213-1EA6-BDC0809EC588EEDF

Hadfield, Peter. Lethal legacy: China is still plagued by diseases from Japan's biological weapons. New scientist, v. 169, Feb. 3, 2001: 5.

Hamdam, Malak. Dealing with the legacy: destroying the world's stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons presents major engineering challenges, and is generating intense commercial competition. Chemical engineer, issue 695, 10 Feb. 2000: 19-20.

Heller, Arnie. L-Gel decontaminates better than bleach. Science & technology review. Mar. 2002: 10-16.

Moon, John Ellis van Courtland. Chemical warfare: a forgotten lesson. Bulletin of the atomic scientists, v. 45, July/Aug. 1989: 40-43.

Musser, George. Better killing through chemistry. Scientific American, v. 285, Dec. 2001: 20-21.

National Symposium on Medical and Public Health Response to Bioterrorism. Emerging infectious diseases, v. 5, July-Aug. 1999: 491-602.
   http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no4/contents.htm

Parker, Ann. When lethal agents rain from the sky. Science & technology review, Dec. 2001: 20.

Polley, Mary Beth. Cause of Gulf War Syndrome remains a mystery. Pesticide & toxic chemical news, v. 31, Feb. 24, 2003: 5.

Russia destroys 1 percent of CW stockpile. Arms control today, v. 33, June 2003: 47.

Stix, Gary. One last look. Scientific American, v. 288, June 6, 2003: 36-37.
   http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?colID=30&articleID=000D5CB1-2116-1EB7-BDC0809EC588EEDF

Stone, Alexander. U.S. research on sedatives in combat sets off alarms. Science, v. 297, Aug. 2, 2002: 764.

Stone, Richard. Peering into the shadows: Iraq's bioweapons program. Science, v. 297, Aug. 16, 2002: 1110-1112.

Weiss, Rick. Key to anthrax's toxicity is in its genetic code. The Washington Post, May 5, 2003: A7.

Wright, Laura. New study finds Agent Orange use was underestimated. Scientific American.com, April 17, 2003.
   Online version.
   http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000BAF8A-F589-1E9D-A9B3809EC588EEDF

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ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Government & Military

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services
1600 Cliffton Rd.
Atlanta, GA 30333
Tel: (404) 639-3534, (404) 639-3312 (TTY), (800) 311-3435
http://www.cdc.gov/3select.htm (Contact Information)

Chemical & Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC)
Aberdeen Proving Ground - Edgewood Area
P.O. Box 196
Gunpowder, MD 21010-0196
http://www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil/index.html

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USARICD)
3100 Ricketts Point Rd.
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400
Tel: (410) 436-2230
Fax: (410) 436-3086
Email: CCC@apg.amedd.army.mil; MRICD.PAO@apg.amedd.army.mil
http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/default.htm

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
1425 Porter St.
Fort Detrick
Frederick, MD 21702-5011
http://www.usamriid.army.mil/

Non-Government

Arms Control Association
1726 M St. NW, Suite 201
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 463-8270
Fax: (202) 463-8273
Email: aca@armscontrol.org
http://www.armscontrol.org/

Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute (CBACI)
1747 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20006
Tel: (202) 296-3550
Fax: (202) 296-3574
Email: cbaci@cbaci.org
http://www.cbaci.org/

The Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project (CBWNP)
The Henry L. Stimson Center
11 Dupont Circle, Suite 900
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 223-5956
Email: info@stimson.org
http://www.stimson.org/cbw/?SN=BB2001112951

National Academy of Sciences
500 5th St., NW
Washington, DC 20001
Tel: (202) 334-2000
http://www4.nationalacademies.org/nas/nashome.nsf

Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI)
1747 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20006
Tel: (202) 296-4810
Fax: (202) 296-4811
E-mail: contact@nti.org
http://www.nti.org/index.html
"NTI's mission is to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons."

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Johan de Wittlaan 32
2517 JR - The Hague
The Netherlands
Tel: +31(70) 416-3738
Email: inquiries@opcw.org
http://www.opcw.org/index.html

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
Signalistgaten 9
SE-169 70 Solna
Sweden
Tel: +46-8-655 97 00
Email: sipri@sipri.org
http://www.sipri.se/

Academic

Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
615 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205-2179
Tel: (410) 223-1667
Fax: (410) 223-1665
http://www.hopkins-biodefense.org/index.html

Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (CIDRAP)
University of Minnesota Academic Health Center
420 Delaware St SE, MMC 263
Minneapolis, MN 55455
Tel: (612) 626-6770
Fax: (612) 626-6783
Email: cidrap@umn.edu
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/index.html

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SELECTED INTERNET RESOURCES
Agents, Diseases, and Threats
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/index.asp

Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense-Public Affairs
http://www.anthrax.osd.mil/

Biological Agents
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist.asp

Biological, Chemical and Radiological Weapons
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS)
http://www.hhs.gov/disasters/index.shtml#biological

Biological and Chemical Weapons Control
Federation of American Scientists (FAS)
Organized list of links to FAS documents.
http://www.fas.org/main/content.jsp?formAction=325&projectId=4

Biological Warfare, Chemical Warfare Agents (Special Topics in Toxicology and Environmental Health)
National Library of Medicine
http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/biologicalwarfare.htm

Biological Weapons Proliferation
Canadian Security Intelligence Service.
http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/eng/miscdocs/200005_e.html

BiologyBrowser
Produced by BIOSIS, offering resources for the life sciences information community.
http://www.biologybrowser.org/

Bioterrorism and Bioweapons Special Report
Newscientist.com
http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/bioterrorism/

Bioterrorism and Public Health
eMedguides.com (Online and in-print Internet directories in medicine.)
http://www.eMedguides.com/bioterrorism

Bioterrorism Information & Resources
Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
http://www.idsociety.org/BT/ToC.htm

Chemical Agents
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlistchem.asp

Chemical and Biological Terrorism: The Threat According to the Open Literature
Canadian Security Intelligence Service
http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/eng/miscdocs/tabintr_e.html

Chemical and Biological Warfare Project
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
http://projects.sipri.se/cbw/

Chemical and Biological Weapons Resource Page
Monterey Institute of International Studies
http://cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/index.htm

Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Terrorism/Warfare: A Bibliography
Naval Postgraduate School, Dudley Knox Library
http://library.nps.navy.mil/home/bibs/chemtoc.htm

Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism
Canadian Security Intelligence Service
http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/eng/miscdocs/200002_e.html

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction
Arms Control Association
http://www.armscontrol.org/ASSORTED/bwc.asp

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
Arms Control Association
http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1997_04/cwctext.asp

DoD chemical and biological defense program: management and oversight : hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform. United States. Congress. House of Representatives. One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, May 24, 2000.
GPO Access. U.S. Government Printing Office.
http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS13012

Fact Sheet: Chemical-Biological Agents. Oct. 2001.
U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs.
http://travel.state.gov/cbw.html

FindArticles
Archive of published articles that you can search for free. Constantly updated, it contains articles dating back to 1998 from more than 300 magazines and journals.
http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/PI/index.jhtml

General Resources on Terrorism: Bioterrorism
Library of Congress Portals to the World
http://corc.oclc.org/WebZ/XPathfinderQuery?sessionid=0:term=2928:xid=LCP

Information About Biological Weapons and the Biological & Toxin Weapons Convention (BWTWC)
Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, United Kingdom
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/other/bw-info.htm

National Academies Press
Publisher for the National Academies
http://www.nap.edu/

Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/

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