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You are here: Home / Dietary Guidance / Dietary Reference Intakes / DRI Reports / Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate 
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Dietary Guidance

DRI book cover
This DRI report provides recommendations for water and the electrolytes - potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. View or download the entire 638 page document or just selected sections below, or find information for obtaining the book version.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2004)
National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board.

View or download Full Report (PDF|9.8 MB)

View or download by Chapter or Appendix:

  • Front Matter (PDF|106 KB)
  • Summary (PDF|432 KB)
  • Chapter 1 - Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (PDF|347 KB)
  • Chapter 2 - Overview and Methods (PDF|336 KB)
  • Chapter 3 - A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (PDF|453 KB)
  • Chapter 4 - Water (PDF|916 KB)
  • Chapter 5 - Potassium (PDF|912 KB)
  • Chapter 6 - Sodium and Chloride (PDF|1.3 MB)
  • Chapter 7 - Sulfate (PDF|363 KB)
  • Chapter 8 - Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (PDF|355 KB)
  • Chapter 9 - A Research Agenda (PDF|312 KB)
  • Appendix A - Glossary and Acronyms (PDF|308 KB)
  • Appendix B - Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (PDF|329 KB)
  • Appendix C - Predictions of Daily Water and Sodium Requirements (PDF|353 KB)
  • Appendix D - U.S. Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (PDF|355 KB)
  • Appendix E - U.S. Dietary Intake Data for Water and Weaning Foods from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1994 1996, 1998 (PDF|308 KB)
  • Appendix F - Canadian Dietary Intake Data for Adults from Ten Provinces, 1990 1997 (PDF|315 KB)
  • Appendix G - U.S. Water Intake and Serum Osmolality Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (PDF|300 KB)
  • Appendix H - U.S. Total Water Intake Data by Frequency of Leisure Time Activity from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (PDF|322 KB)
  • Appendix I - Dose-Response Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure (PDF|357 KB)
  • Appendix J - Serum Electrolyte Concentrations NHANES III, 1988-94 (PDF|301 KB)
  • Appendix K - Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (PDF|317 KB)
  • Appendix L - Acknowledgments (PDF|300 KB)
  • Appendix M - Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members (PDF|307 KB)
  • Index (PDF|709 KB)

    • Read this DRI report on-line at the National Academies Press website.

    Obtain this DRI report in a hardcopy/book version.

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    Last Modified: Feb 27, 2009  
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