Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 03-13
Distribution
of the Brown Tide Picoplankter Aureococcus anophagefferens in
Western New York Bight Coastal Waters
by John B. Mahoney1, Dorothy Jeffress2,
Christine Zetlin1, Paul S.
Olsen3, Helen Grebe4,
and Jasen Brooks1
1National Marine Fisheries Service,
James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory, 74 Magruder Road, Highlands,
NJ 07732; 2National Marine Fisheries Service, Milford Laboratory,
212 Rogers Avenue, Milford, CT 06460; 3New Jersey Department
of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Freshwater and Biological Monitoring,
P. O. Box 427, 35 Arctic Parkway, Trenton, NJ 08625; 4U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2890 Woodbridge Ave., Edison, NJ 08837
Print
publication date August 2003;
web version posted September 25, 2003
Citation: Mahoney, J.B.; Jeffress, D.; Zetlin, C.; Olsen, P.S.; Grebe, H.; Brooks, J. 2003. Distribution of the brown
tide picoplankter Aureococcus anophagefferens in western New York Bight coastal waters. Northeast
Fish. Sci. Cent. Ref. Doc. 03-13; 23 p.
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ABSTRACT
Incidence of the picoplankter Aureococcus anophagefferens in eastern
Long Island, NY, has been thoroughly documented since its blooms, or "brown
tides", began there in1985. In contrast, definitive information on incidence
of A. anophagefferens in the western or New Jersey side of the
New York Bight lagged considerably. None was available until surveys
along the northeast U. S. coast in 1988 and 1990 by other investigators
detected the species in New Jersey bays and ocean coastal waters from
the Hudson-Raritan estuary south to Great Bay (approximately central
on the New Jersey coast). Confirmation of an A. anophagefferens bloom
in New Jersey, this in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuarine system,
was delayed until 1995 although earlier episodes were suspected. To obtain
more comprehensive and current information on A. anophagefferens distribution
and potential for its blooms in the western Bight, we surveyed for it
in coastal waters from Delaware Bay to the Hudson-Raritan estuary, and
in western Long Island (Nassau County, NY) south shore locales, during
1997 to 2001. Results showed persistence of the species in New Jersey
locales where found by the 1988,1990 surveys, and expansion of its range
southward in New Jersey coastal waters since 1990. Year-to-year difference
in incidence in waters south of Great Bay was noted, with much greater
incidence in1999, a year when it bloomed primarily in the Barnegat Bay-Little
Egg Harbor system and Great Bay, than in1998, a non-bloom year. Cell
numbers in 1999 in New Jersey southern estuarine waters were below reported
detrimental level (3.5 x 104 cells ml-1 ) at most
sites surveyed, but at three sites to approximately six km south of Great
Bay concentrations ranged 2-2.8 x 106 cells ml-1.
This was the first confirmed bloom occurrence south of Great Bay. Although
having a history of intense blooms of other phytoplankton species, the
Hudson-Raritan estuary does not appear to be a system where brown tide
might be expected.
KEY WORDS: Harmful algal blooms, brown tide distribution, New York
Bight, Aureococcus anophagefferens.
INTRODUCTION
Intense blooms of a previously unidentified picoplankter in New York
Bight coastal waters were reported first in the mid-1980's in eastern
Long Island bays, including the eastern-most Gardiners Bay-Peconic Bay
system, and bays along the southeastern shore including Shinnecock Bay,
Moriches Bay, and Great South Bay (Nuzzi, 1995; Bricelj and Lonsdale,
1997). The causative picoplankter was described and named Aureococcus
anophagefferens by Sieburth et al. (1988). Early recognition of severe
detriment of the eastern Long Island blooms, or "brown tides", to bay
scallop, Argopecten irradians, and other components of the biota
(Bricelj and Kuenster, 1989) resulted in considerable timely attention
to these blooms. Examination of brown tide as a regional phenomenon has
been inadequate, however, despite a documented 1985 A. anophagefferens bloom
in Narragansett Bay, RI (Smayda and Villareal, 1989). A. anophagefferens incidence
information for the western or New Jersey side of the New York Bight
was lacking completely until Anderson et al. (1993) provided limited
data. A 1995 brown tide episode was the first confirmed in the western
Bight (Nuzzi et al., 1996); such confirmation may have been delayed for
a decade. New Jersey possibly experienced A. anophagefferens blooms
in 1985-1987 but the dominant picoplankter was not identified definitively
(Olsen, 1989). A. anophagefferens could not be distinguished reliably
from similar picoplankters using light microscopy. Means for positive
identification of the species was not available to monitoring agencies
until Anderson et al. (1989) developed an immunofluorescence protocol
for this.
The goal of the Anderson et al. (1993) surveys for A. anophagefferens along
the northeast U. S. coast in1988 and 1990 was to determine its distribution
beyond the eastern Long Island embayments bloom loci. The southerly limit
of the 1988 survey was Barnegat Bay at Manahawkin, New Jersey; their
1990 survey extended to Chesapeake Bay. They found the species in New
Jersey bays and ocean coastal waters from the Hudson-Raritan estuary
south to the Barnegat Bay-Great Bay sector (approximately central on
the New Jersey coast). In 1988, New Jersey samples were collected on
September 20, well past the usual time for primary bloom development
and maxima (May-June). Nevertheless, alarming levels of A. anophagefferens (3.5-14.1
x 104 cells ml-1) were detected in southern Barnegat
Bay. Brownish water discoloration characteristic of an A. anophagefferens bloom
was not observed in the bay in 1988 (Olsen, unpublished data). Such discoloration
is evident when A. anophagefferens cell numbers are > 2.0
x 105 ml-1 (Nuzzi, personal communication). If
a low level bloom occurred there in1988 it likely was masked, because
total picoplankton concentrations (likely dominated by Nannochloris
atomus) approximated 2.0 x 106 cells ml-1 and A.
anophagefferens when assessed comprised only ~ 7.5% of the picoplankton
(Olsen, 1989). The Anderson et al.1990 survey sampling again was post-bloom
maximum time, August 29, and when water temperature likely was unfavorably
high for A. anophagefferens (i.e. >26°C). They detected
the species in low numbers (highest, 216 cells ml-1) in several
Barnegat Bay locales and in Great Bay, but not between Great Bay and
Chesapeake Bay.
Anderson et al. (1993) concluded that the widespread distribution of A.
anophagefferens they found in waters far from the eastern Long
Island, New York, population "center" suggests that numerous areas
have the potential for destructive brown tides. They recommended continued
monitoring for the species. We conducted surveys for A. anophagefferens in
1997 to 2001, from Delaware Bay to western Long Island, to update and
expand information on distribution of the species in this area, and
to identify additional locales where its blooms might be expected.
We report the initial A. anophagefferens distribution information
for western Long Island; Nuzzi (personal communication) had advised
there was a dearth of such information. This report excludes A.
anophagefferens incidence information for the brown tide-prone
Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor system (Mahoney et al., 1999) which
will be reported separately.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The New York Bight is bounded by easternmost Long Island on the north
and southernmost New Jersey on the west. Surveys for A. anophagefferens were
conducted on an irregular basis in coastal ocean waters, embayments,
and intracoastal waters of New Jersey and western Long Island during1997-2001.
The initial survey, in July 1998, was of bay and intracoastal waterway
sites from Delaware Bay to the Hudson-Raritan estuary, excluding the
Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor system. Survey of such sites from Delaware
Bay to Great Bay was repeated on September 30, 1998, June 14-16, 1999,
and May 31, 2000. Samples were collected occasionally at nine New Jersey
intracoastal and bay sites and thirteen New Jersey coastal ocean sites
between 1995 and 2000. A total of 14 western Long Island estuarine and
coastal ocean sites were sampled in June 2001. Survey sites are shown
in Figure 1 (survey area with sites numbered),
and Figures 1A, 1B, 1C,
and 1D (survey area regions with sites numbered
and named). Combined letter/number designations in parentheses denote
standard U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sampling stations.
Figure site numbers correspond to site numbers in Tables
1, 2 and 3.
Bay water samples primarily were collected from docks along shore with
a Niskin bottle at ~0.5 m depth. Offshore bay samples were collected
by helicopter (EPA, Region II) with a Kemmerer bottle at ~1.0 m depth.
Helicopter collections (same depth and method) also provided coastal
ocean samples, from ~0.4 km to ~1.6 km from shore. Water salinity and
temperature measurements were made by personnel of various agencies and
by different means. Salinity was measured by Yellow Springs Instrument
Co. meter or refractometer, and is expressed as practical salinity units
(PSU), equivalent to parts per thousand (0/00).
Water temperature measurements were made variously by meter (Orion Model
265; Hanna Model HI 9060) and thermometer.
Sample handling, preservation and immunofluorescence protocol for A.
anophagefferens identification and enumeration basically were that
of Anderson et al. (1989, 1993). Bureau of Marine Resources, Suffolk
County, NY, Department of Health Services (SCDHS) enumerated A.
anophagefferens in 1995 and some 1997 samples. Otherwise, A.
anophagefferens enumerations were done at the James J. Howard Marine
Sciences Laboratory (HL). SCDHS provided initial training and continuing
advice in the immunofluorescence protocol to HL personnel. A. anophagefferens identification
and enumeration was confirmed periodically between the two labs. A.
anophagefferens population levels at collection sites are provided
in Tables
1, 2 and 3, along with associated water temperature and salinity
when available. Sample immunofluorescence preparations were scanned
for presence of A. anophagefferens prior to enumeration. When
the species was seen during the scan but not during enumeration its
presence "P" was tabulated. Bricelj et al. (2001) reported that A.
anophagefferens concentrations as low as 3.5 x 104 cells
ml-1 reduced feeding of juvenile hard clam, Mercenaria
mercenaria. This level will be referred to in regard to relevance
of A. anophagefferens population levels detected.
RESULTS
New Jersey Coastal Ocean
Sites
Atlantic Ocean coastal waters, from off Cape May Point, southernmost
on the New Jersey ocean shore, to the northern ocean shore off Monmouth
Beach (Figure 1), were sampled irregularly during May through August,
1997 to 2000. One site also was sampled in 1995. Sites included some
~1.6 km from shore as well as the majority which were ~0.4 km from shore.
Results are shown in Table
1. A. anophagefferens was found at
least part of the time at all sites; levels ranged to 4.6 x 103 cells
ml-1 (site 3, off Cape May Point, Figure 1A) but predominantly
were <300 cells ml-1 over the several years of the
study. Highest levels of the species were found in southern coast and
mid-coast sites (sites 3, 39, 45) in1999. This was concurrent with or
shortly after an intense bloom in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor
system, Great Bay, and some contiguous bays to the south (Figure 1B).
Sites sampled in multiple years (sites 3, 49, 54), with the exception
of site 3 in1995, had presence of A. anophagefferens each year.
The greatest year-to-year change in abundance was at site 3. Sites 49
and 54, sampled multiple times during particular years, had varied same-year A.
anophagefferens presence, i.e., from 0 to ~300 cells ml-1.
Comparison of geometric means of cell levels (multiple enumerations for
individual sites were averaged) at southern shore sites (Cape May to
Atlantic City - sites 3, 5, 12, 13, 17, 19) and northern shore sites
(Manasquan to Monmouth Beach - sites 49, 50, 54) shows comparable levels,
149 vs.151cells ml-1.
New Jersey Bay and Intracoastal
Sites
Survey for A. anophagefferens in New Jersey bay or intracoastal
waters, excluding the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor system and Great
Bay (excepting southern shore) (Figure 1B), primarily was done irregularly
during May-September, 1997-2000. Results are shown in Table
2. The species
was present from Delaware Bay to the Hudson-Raritan estuary at most sites,
most of the time. It was detected more in the southern region, from Delaware
Bay to the southern shore of Great Bay (Figure 1A), than in the northern
region, from Shark River to the Hudson-Raritan estuary (Figure 1C). A.
anophagefferens was found at 16 of 20 sites in the southern region
(sites 1-26), whereas in the northern region (sites 51-71) the species
was found at only eight (sites 51, 55, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 71) of 20
sites. However, 17 of the latter were sampled only in1998, a non-bloom
year, but15 of 20 southern sites were sampled in one or more bloom years,
i.e., 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000. Instances of non-detection in the southern
region during the course of the surveys were associated with sites sampled
only in1998 (sites 8, 12, 20, 22). In 1998, the species was found at
only six (sites 1, 6, 14, 15, 23, 24) of 15 sites sampled in the southern
region, although at site15, Great Egg Inlet, it was found in three samplings
over a month. In contrast, in 1999 it was present at all southern region
sites. Cell levels at seven of 10 southern region sites (sites 6, 9,
10, 14, 15, 18, 24) sampled in 1999 and at least one other bloom year,
e.g. 2000, were highest in 1999; at two sites (sites 4,16) levels were
higher in 2000, and at one site (site 5) levels for 1999 and 2000 were
low and comparable. Sites in the Hudson-Raritan estuary (Figure 1C, Table
2, sites 62 to 71) primarily were sampled in May through August, 1997,
1998. We confirm presence of the species in Sandy Hook Bay (sites 62-64,
66, 69) reported by Anderson et al.(1993) and also report its presence
in Raritan Bay (site 71).
Data for Oyster Creek at the south shore of Great Bay (site 27) are
included in Table
2, although this bay is considered in the central region.
Shown is that A. anophagefferens was undetected there in a single
September 1998 sample, a high level (1.7 x 106 cells ml-1)
was present in June 1999, and low levels < 1000 cells ml-1 were
present in June-August 2000.
A. anophagefferens population levels in1999 were below reported
minimum detrimental level (3.5 x 104 cells ml-1 )
at most sites, but three sites to approximately six km south of Great
Bay, i.e., Reed Bay, Perch Cove and Obes Thorofare, Brigantine (Figure 1A; Table
2, sites 24, 25, 26) had concentrations ranging 2-2.8 x 106 cells
ml-1.
Western Long Island South
Shore Sites
A. anophageffens was present at all fourteen western Long Island
south shore sites (Table
3, sites 72-85) sampled during the first three
weeks of June, 2001. At thirteen of these sites, sampled multiple times,
cell levels increased slightly during the month. Highest cell levels
(~1000-2000 cells ml-1) were found in coastal ocean samples
from the vicinity of Jones Inlet (sites 3, 74, 75); considerably lower
levels were found in this Inlet (site 78).
Salinity and Temperature
Conditions
Encompassing open ocean and estuarine locations from Portsmouth, New
Hampshire to the Chesapeake Bay, Anderson et al. (1993) detected A.
anophageffens in waters having salinities ranging from18-32 PSU.
In our western New York Bight surveys we detected it in a similar salinity
range:18.5-34 PSU; the temperatures of waters we found it in ranged 14.1-28.3°C.
DISCUSSION
Prior to the surveys we report, the only available A. anophagefferens incidence
information for the western New York Bight was that of Anderson et al.
(1993) who provided data from single samplings of five sites in September,
1988 and eight sites in August, 1990. Our results are insufficiently
comprehensive to support conclusions about A. anophagefferens population
dynamics in western New York Bight waters, but are a substantial increase
in incidence information. It is clear now that the species is distributed
along the whole coast of New Jersey, in coastal ocean waters, and especially
in certain embayments. It appears to be firmly established in some embayments
as a constituent of the phytoplankton community. A. anophagefferens does
not flourish unless environmental conditions are suitable. Comparison
of 1998 and 1999 incidences shows that distribution of the species, and
suitability of a body of water to support high concentrations of the
species, are best gauged when regional environmental conditions are favorable.
Our results also show that single assessments of incidence can be unreliable,
and multiple assessments through a growing season are necessary.
In New Jersey coastal ocean waters A. anophagefferens evidenced
consistent presence in relatively low abundance (usually <300
cells ml-1). Although detected at ~5000 cells ml-1 at
a coastal ocean site in June, 1999 -- when it bloomed intensely in the
Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor system, Great Bay, and some contiguous
bays to the south -- it was never found in high abundance in ocean waters.
Difference in mean levels between New Jersey southern and northern coastal
ocean waters was not apparent. Comparison of limited data available from
a decade earlier suggests little change in levels of the species; Anderson
et al.(1993) reported levels of 49 and 243 cells ml-1, respectively,
at two New Jersey coastal ocean sites in their 1990 survey. Presence
of A. anophagefferens along the northern half of the New Jersey
ocean shore detected by Anderson et al. (1993) in their 1990 survey,
is confirmed to the year 2000. Anderson et al. (1993) did not detect
the species south of Great Bay, NJ. The present study, therefore, extends
its known range in western New York Bight coastal ocean waters south
to Delaware Bay. It is noted that in 1998, a non-bloom year, all five
coastal sites south of Atlantic City sampled had presence of A. anophagefferens (range
36-118 cells ml-1), whereas only one of six intracoastal sites
in this area had it present, and this below detection level for enumeration.
Sampling the southern region in bloom years (1995, 1997, 1999, 2000)
and sampling the northern region primarily in 1998, a non-bloom year,
likely skewed results but, nevertheless, the data do suggest greater
incidence in the southern region. Supporting this is that there are more
bodies of water potentially of high suitability for the species in the
southern coastal region than in the northern coastal region. Central
on the New Jersey coast, the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuarine
system, New Jersey's principal barrier island system, has a history of
brown tide occurrence. South of this system, a similar complex of bays
or "sounds"connected by intracoastal channels (including the Intracoastal
Waterway) extends along the New Jersey coast. In contrast, to the north,
the Metedeconk River, Manasquan River and Shark River are the only sizeable
estuarine waters between Barnegat Bay and the Hudson-Raritan estuarine
system. Generally higher incidence of A. anophagefferens in the
southern region in1999, relative to other bloom years, suggests especially
favorable conditions that year. Higher incidence and occurrence of its
blooms in certain New Jersey embayments follows a similar pattern of
its incidence and blooms on Long Island. Paralleling its distribution
in abundance on Long Island being limited to embayments and barrier island
systems in the eastern region, at distance from the Hudson-Raritan estuary
and adjacent waters, greatest incidence and abundance in New Jersey was
found in the central and southern coast regions.
During the June1999 A. anophagefferens bloom, high levels (2-2.8
x 106 cells ml-1) were detected, to approximately
six km south of Great Bay, in Reed Bay, Perch Cove and Obes Thorofare,
Brigantine. This was the first confirmed bloom occurrence south of Great
Bay. These cell levels are comparable to the maximum reported for eastern
Long Island (Bricelj and Lonsdale, 1997). Because Absecon Bay is directly
contiguous with Reed Bay, the bloom likely was present there also, but
Absecon Bay unfortunately was not sampled at the time. A June 1999 level
of 2.5 x 104 cells ml-1 detected in Beach Thorofare
at Atlantic City (Table
2, site 21), about 13 km south of Great Bay,
is further evidence of southward occurrence of the bloom. This population
was below reported detrimental level when sampled. However, A. anophagefferens concentration
can approximately double in a day (Dzurica et al., 1989). Beach Thorofare
is contiguous with Absecon Bay on its south side; the elevated level
detected in the Thorofare supports suspicion that the species bloomed
in Absecon Bay. The comparably high A. anophagefferens level (1.7
x 106 cells ml-1) at Oyster Creek at the south
shore of Great Bay at this time suggests continuity of the bloom in the
Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor system with bloom occurrence to the south.
The Hudson-Raritan estuary, where high primary productivity is characteristic
(O'Reilly et al., 1976), and where intense blooms of various phytoplankton
species have recurred over the last several decades (Olsen and Mahoney,
2001), does not appear to be a system where brown tide might be expected. A.
anophagefferens has been present in the estuary for at least nine
years (Anderson et al.,1993), and was detected there only in relatively
low numbers in years when it was blooming in the Barnegat Bay-Little
Egg Harbor system. Its long term-presence but apparent inability to bloom
in the Hudson-Raritan estuary suggests water quality unfavorable to the
species may be a factor. Steele et al. (1989) found A. anophagefferens to
be among the most sensitive species of marine flora and fauna tested
to organic and metal toxicants, e.g., it is very sensitive to copper.
Bioassay studies in 1982 indicated that this estuary is not generally
suitable for the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis (=Alexandrium
tamarense) (Mahoney et al., 1988).
Comparison of A. anophagefferens incidence from a non-bloom
year and a bloom year suggests that A. anophagefferens regulation
can be general from Barnegat Bay south to Cape May at least, and not
specific to the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor-Great Bay system where
it flourishes best. The western Long Island incidence data are limited
but serve to begin to close an information gap. A possible explanation
for the higher June, 2001 levels in western Long Island coastal ocean
sites (74. 75, 76) relative to estuarine sites is that a minor bloom
(cell concentration to 4.6 x 105 cells ml-1; Nuzzi,
unpublished data) occurred at the same time in mid- to western Great
South Bay and bloom water may have flowed westward from Fire Island Inlet.
Levels of A. anophagefferens in Long Island and New Jersey coastal
ocean waters were roughly comparable.
Recommendations
Because an intense bloom of A. anophagefferens is not necessary
for detrimental effects, in addition to bloom centers monitoring should
be conducted in areas that have history or apparent potential for supporting
levels of the species > 3.5 x 104 < 2.0 x 105 cells
ml-1.
The Hudson-Raritan estuary and western Long Island bays apparently
have never experienced brown tides but are proximal to areas where brown
tides recur. Because at least some of these waters characteristically
support high primary productivity and factors regulating bloom occurrence
may change, regular survey of these waters is recommended .
IN
MEMORIAM
One
of the authors, Christine Zetlin, is recently deceased. She
is missed by her colleagues. Typical of her research dedication,
she contributed to this report while seriously ill. |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the personnel of the Bureau of Marine Resources, Suffolk County,
NY, Department of Health Services, particularly R. Nuzzi and J. Bredemeyer,
for training James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory personnel in A.
anophagefferens enumeration and contributing some of the incidence
data. We thank members of the USEPA, Region II, Surveillance and Monitoring
Branch, for helicopter water sample collections over the course of the
study. E. Cosgrove, Monmouth County, NJ, Department of Health, provided
some of the water temperature data. We thank K. Wendling for technical
assistance and A. Kalbach for assistance with figure preparation.
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