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An extended concept of altered self: chronic fatigue and post-infection syndromes.

Jones JF
Psychoneuroendocrinology 31 December 2007; doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.007.

Summary

Dr. Jones wrote this hypothesis-generating essay to address why people feel sick during an acute infection and whether the long term consequences of acute infectious diseases require an expanded approach in considering the pathophysiology of chronic illnesses such as CFS. The essay is based on the model of "altered self" as established by the immune responses to infection, and extends this concept into a brain function model applicable to chronic illness syndromes in general. Most important the essay proposes testable hypotheses.

Abstract

Sickness behavior in active infectious diseases is defined here as the responses to cytokines and other mediators of inflammation as well as the adaptability of a pre-existing integrated immunological, psychological, neurological, and philosophical self. These complex behaviors are biologically advantageous to the afflicted individual, but they also impact surrounding individuals. If chronic conditions, such as chronic fatigue syndrome or post-infection fatigue, exhibiting these behaviors follow infection in the absence of ongoing changes in immunological self associated with an active infection or subsequent injury, they are currently considered illness states rather than true diseases. Self referential recognition (interoception) of bodily processes by the brain and subsequent unconscious and conscious adaptive responses arising in the brain, i.e., in the endocrine system and immune systems, which are initiated during the infection and would normally lead to positive maintenance, may become maladaptive and lead to an ''extended altered self state.'' Exploratory measurements of such alterations using a ''top-down'' approach such as monitoring responses to appropriate challenges can be obtained using functional brain imaging techniques. Once identified, processes remediable to biological/pharmacologic and/or psychological intervention can be targeted in directed trials.

Page last modified on March 4, 2008

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