The TAPPI Standard Paper Materials Collection of the Library of Congress: A Photomicrographic Collection
Part III: Hardwoods: Birch, Lignumvitae, Oak, Poplar.
The Library of Congress' study collection of TAPPI paper samples has long been used for microscopic research to aid the work of conservators and students. Anne Downey and Frank Hengemihle augmented the study collection by creating photomicrographs of each of the samples in the collection. Images of individual fibers were produced through optical microscopy; companion images of each sample were produced through Scanning Electron Microscopy.
The original photographs and negatives are housed at the Library of Congress Preservation and Conservation Microscopy Laboratory. An additional set of photographs are held by the American Philosophical Society Library's Conservation Department.
8. Hardwoods Tappi Standard #219 Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No Bleach, Mitscherlich.
Photograph 8A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No Bleach, Mitscherlich, 45° crossed polars 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.43 MB)
Photograph 8B. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No Bleach, Mitscherlich, Graff's C stain 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.65 MB)
Photograph 8C. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No Bleach, Mitscherlich, SEM 509X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.44 MB)
Photograph 8D. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No Bleach, Mitscherlich, SEM 203X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.14 MB)
9. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 220, Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full Bleach, Mitscherlich.
Photograph 9A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full Bleach, Mitscherlich 45° crossed polars 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.51 MB)
Photograph 9B. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full Bleach, Mitscherlich Graff's C stain 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.58 MB)
Photograph 9C. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full Bleach, Mitscherlich, SEM 509X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.22 MB)
Photograph 9C. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full Bleach, Mitscherlich, SEM 201X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.44 MB)
10. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 221, Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, No Bleach.
Photograph 10A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, No Bleach, 45°crossed polars 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.58 MB)
Photograph 10B. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, No Bleach, Graff's C stain 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.52 MB)
Photograph 10C. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, No Bleach, SEM 495X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.22 MB)
Photograph 10D. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, No Bleach, SEM 201X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.34 MB)
11. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 222, Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, Full Bleach.
Photograph 11A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, Full Bleach., 45° crossed polars 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.66 MB)
Photograph 11A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, Full Bleach., Graff's C stain, 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.65 MB)
Photograph 11A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, Full Bleach., SEM 509X
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.37 MB)
Photograph 11A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Kraft, Full Bleach., SEM 201X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.37 MB)
12. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 224, Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral Sulfite semichem, No Bleach.
Photograph 12A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral Sulfite semichem, No Bleach., 45° crossed polars 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.58 MB)
Photograph 12B. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral Sulfite semichem, No Bleach., Graff's C stain 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.59 MB)
Photograph 12C. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral Sulfite semichem, No Bleach., SEM 495X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.66 MB)
Photograph 12D. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral Sulfite semichem, No Bleach., SEM 207X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.34 MB)
13. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 225, Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral sulfite semichem., Full Bleach (3-stage).
Photograph 13A. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral sulfite semichem., Full Bleach (3-stage), 45° crossed polars 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.49 MB)
Photograph 13B. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral sulfite semichem., Full Bleach (3-stage), Graff's C-stain.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.58 MB)
Photograph 13C. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral sulfite semichem., Full Bleach (3-stage), SEM 512X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.34 MB)
Photograph 13D. Paper Birch, Wisconsin, Neutral sulfite semichem., Full Bleach (3-stage), SEM 204X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.56 MB)
14. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 227, Yellow Birch, New York, Chemigroundwood, No Bleach.
Photograph 14A. Yellow Birch, New York, Chemigroundwood, No Bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.63 MB)
Photograph 14B. Yellow Birch, New York, Chemigroundwood, No Bleach, Graff's C-stain, 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.61 MB)
Photograph 14C. Yellow Birch, New York, Chemigroundwood, No Bleach, SEM 509X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.59 MB)
Photograph 14D. Yellow Birch, New York, Chemigroundwood, No Bleach, SEM 203X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.41 MB)
15. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 269, Lignumvitae, Florida, Kraft, No bleach.
Photograph 15A. Lignumvitae, Florida, Kraft, No Bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.61 MB)
Photograph 15B. Lignumvitae, Florida, Kraft, No Bleach, Graff's C stain, 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.67 MB)
Photograph 15C. Lignumvitae, Florida, Kraft, No Bleach, SEM 509X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.43 MB)
Photograph 15D. Lignumvitae, Florida, Kraft, No Bleach, SEM 203X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.34 MB)
16. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 484, California Black Oak, Neut. sulfite semichem, No bleach.
Photograph 16A. California Black Oak, Neut. sulfite semichem, No bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.49 MB)
Photograph 16B. California Black Oak, Neut. sulfite semichem, No bleach, Graff's C stain, 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.58 MB)
Photograph 16C. California Black Oak, Neut. sulfite semichem, No bleach, SEM 496X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.38 MB)
Photograph 16D. California Black Oak, Neut. sulfite semichem, No bleach, SEM 198X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.72 MB)
17. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 284, Laurel Oak, Florida, Kraft, No bleach.
Photograph 17A. Laurel Oak, Florida, Kraft, No bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.37 MB)
Photograph 17B. Laurel Oak, Florida, Kraft, No bleach, Graff's C stain, 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.58 MB)
Photograph 17C. Laurel Oak, Florida, Kraft, No bleach, SEM, 506X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.30 MB)
Photograph 17D. Laurel Oak, Florida, Kraft, No bleach, SEM 202X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.37 MB)
18. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 381, White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No bleach.
Photograph 18A. White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.58 MB)
Photograph 18B. White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No bleach, Graff's C stain, 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.53 MB)
Photograph 18C. White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No bleach, SEM 496X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.47 MB)
Photograph 18D. White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, No bleach, SEM 202X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (4.42 MB)
19. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 382, White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full bleach.
Photograph 19A. White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (18.1 MB)
Photograph 19B. White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full bleach, Graff's C stain 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (18.1 MB)
Photograph 19C. White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full bleach, SEM 496X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.2 MB)
Photograph 19D. White Oak, Wisconsin, Sulfite, Full bleach, SEM 206X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.4 MB)
20. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 296, White Oak, North Carolina, Kraft, No bleach.
Photograph 20A. White Oak, North Carolina, Kraft, No bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (16.9 MB)
Photograph 20B. White Oak, North Carolina, Kraft, No bleach, Graff's C stain 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.1 MB)
Photograph 20C. White Oak, North Carolina, Kraft, No bleach, SEM 506X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (16.8 MB)
Photograph 20D. White Oak, North Carolina, Kraft, No bleach, SEM 296X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (16.5 MB)
21. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 493, White Oak, New York, Cold soda, No bleach.
Photograph 21A. White Oak, New York, Cold soda, No bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.2 MB)
Photograph 21B. White Oak, New York, Cold soda, No bleach, Graff's C stain 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.5 MB)
Photograph 21C. White Oak, New York, Cold soda, No bleach, SEM 506X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (16.5 MB)
Photograph 21D. White Oak, New York, Cold soda, No bleach, SEM 210X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (16.9 MB)
22. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 134, Poplar, USA soda, No bleach.
Photograph 22A. Poplar, USA soda, No bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.6 MB)
Photograph 22B. Poplar, USA soda, No bleach, Graff's C stain, 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.0 MB)
Photograph 22C. Poplar, USA soda, No bleach, Graff's C stain, SEM 496X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (16.8 MB)
Photograph 22D. Poplar, USA soda, No bleach, Graff's C stain, SEM 198X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (16.8 MB)
23. Hardwoods Tappi Standard 135, Poplar, USA soda, Full bleach.
Photograph 23A. Poplar, USA soda, Full bleach, 45° crossed polars, 20X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.0 MB)
Photograph 23B. Poplar, USA soda, Full bleach, Graff's C stain, 10X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.6 MB)
Photograph 23C. Poplar, USA soda, Full bleach, SEM 495X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (17.1 MB)
Photograph 23D. Poplar, USA soda, Full bleach, SEM 198X.
High Resolution TIFF Image (16.8 MB)
