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Understanding the TB Cohort Review Process: Instruction Guide
2006
Return Table of Contents
Essential Element 1: Preparation for a Cohort Review
4. Preparation of Cases for Presentation
Careful preparation for a cohort review begins the day a TB case
is reported. Cohort review facilitates quality assessment
of case management activities, which may motivate staff to be accountable
for every aspect of every TB case and subsequent contact investigation.
The case manager is ultimately responsible for presenting the treatment
and contact investigation outcomes for each case to the TB control
team.
In preparing cases for presentation, using a standardized form
is an effective way to ensure that consistent information is presented
on each case. The detailed information on the form provides
the necessary clinical data that allow the data analyst to compile
the overall statistics. It also provides a guide for case
presentation so that essential information is covered in a concise
and consistent manner. In general, each presentation should
include
- Demographic information
- Site of disease, bacteriology, radiology
- Treatment regimen, adherence, DOT
- Unusual events in monitoring treatment (if any)
- Status of treatment completion
- Contact investigation results
Sample forms for reporting both pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases
appear on the following pages. Some TB programs may find it useful
to use different forms for pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases, since
the latter typically do not require a contact investigation.
The sample forms are very basic forms that collect and report information
required for monitoring compliance with the CDC national objectives.
As your program becomes accustomed to conducting cohort reviews,
you can insert additional data elements that will allow you to evaluate
other objectives. Appendix B contains sample forms from the
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of
Tuberculosis Control (BTBC). Appendix C contains forms used by the
Washington State Department of Health Tuberculosis Program.
Both sets of forms are used to collect information that allows the
programs to monitor other indicators, such as timeliness of initial
interview and DOT status.
Sample Cohort Review Presentation
Form I
Pulmonary or Laryngeal TB |
1. Patient Information:
- Registry number __________
- Date case reported __________
- ______ year-old ________ (male/female) born in _______________
(country)
- HIV status (+ / - / refused / unknown) Protease
inhibitor or NNRTI (name)1: _________
|
2. TB Information:
- TST ___ mm, read on _____ (date)
- Sputum smear results: (+ / –) if + ______plus2
- Culture _____ (+, -, or not done)
- Pansusceptible, or MDR or rifampin-resistant or other
resistance (_______________)
- Cavitary, or abnormal (noncavitary), or normal CXR3
- Culture conversion? Y/N Date: ________________
|
3. Treatment Information:
- Completed therapy ______
- Taking TB medications_____ Has completed _____ months
of treatment
- Likely to complete by ___________ (date) Drug regimen
____________________
- Check other disposition below:
- ___Refused ____Lost
____Died ____Moved4
____Reported at death
- On DOT? ___Yes
No If no, why not? ____________________________
- On DOT ______ months of which ________ months were >
80% adherent
- If patient is a child 18 years old or younger: Source
identified? Y/N Name/Registry number ___________5
|
4. Contacts |
# |
|
# |
|
|
Identified |
|
Started treatment for LTBI8 |
|
Appropriate for evaluation6 |
|
Completed treatment for LTBI |
|
Evaluated7 |
|
Current to care9 |
|
Infected (TST+) without disease (confirmed by CXR) |
|
Discontinued treatment for LTBI (adverse reaction/ died/
moved/ refused/ lost to follow-up) |
|
Infected, with disease |
|
|
Reverse Side of Sample Cohort Review Presentation Form
Notes, Definitions, and Special Cases
- If patient is taking a protease inhibitor or nonnucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), specify the name of the medication.
- Highest grade of smear, if known.
- CXRs are reported as cavitary, noncavitary, or normal.
Do not report CXR dates or the results of follow-up CXRs.
- A patient can only be classified as “moved” if a new address
is documented and a transfer form has been completed.
- Be prepared to present the source case and associated contact
investigation, including whether this child was listed as a contact
in the contact investigation for the source case.
- Contacts appropriate for evaluation include all contacts identified
who were not counted as “died prior to testing.”
- Evaluation of TB contacts should be done in an orderly manner,
starting with the highest-priority group of contacts. Contacts
should be evaluated for LTBI and TB disease. This evaluation includes
at least
- A medical history and
- A Mantoux tuberculin skin test (unless there is a previous
documented positive reaction)
For immunosuppressed contacts or contacts who are under 4 years
of age, the evaluation should also include a CXR, regardless
of skin test result, because of the possibility of a false-negative
reaction to the tuberculin skin test and risk of early progression
to TB disease if infected.
- In addition, any contact who has TB symptoms should be given
both a CXR and a sputum examination.Report the number of people
who started treatment for LTBI. Do not report the number
of people who did not start treatment for LTBI;
however, be prepared to explain. Do not report people who
received window-period prophylactic treatment and were found not
to have had latent TB infection. Provide updated information
on those contacts who started treatment for LTBI.
- Report the number of people who remain on treatment and are
currently up-to-date with their follow-up appointments. People
who are delinquent with their follow-up appointments are not counted.
Sample Cohort Review Presentation
Form II
Clinically Confirmed or Extrapulmonary TB |
1. Patient Information:
- Registry number __________
- Date case identified __________
- ______ year-old ________ (male/female) born in _______________
(country)
- HIV status (+ / -/ refused / unknown)
|
2. TB Information:
- Clinically confirmed _______
- Extrapulmonary _______ Site of disease ______________________
- Pansusceptible, or MDR or rifampin-resistant or other
resistance (____________)
|
2. Treatment Information:
- Completed therapy ______
- Taking TB medications _____ Has completed _____ months
of treatment
Likely to complete by ___________ (date) Drug regimen _______________________
- Check other disposition below:
____Refused ____Lost
Died
____Moved
Reported at death
- On DOT? ____Yes
No If no, why not? _____________________________
- On DOT ________ months of which __________ months were
>80% adherent
|
4. Skip Contacts: If patient
is a child 18 years old or under, the Cohort Presentation
Form I is to be used. |
5. Discussion |
These forms outline the essential TB case and contact investigation
data that need to be presented to the TB control team at the cohort
review session. It is important that case managers begin completing
cohort review presentation forms from the day a case is reported.
Periodic reviews offer a spot-check system before TB cases and
contact investigations are presented at the cohort review session.
These reviews can take various forms:
- Ongoing case management meetings with the supervisor and other
case managers to review case details and detect and resolve any
difficult case management issues. This is the time to make
sure no details are omitted, all follow-up actions are taken,
and all case information is accurate and complete.
- Case reviews or consultations with an experienced TB physician
to get feedback on the adequacy of treatment regimens for TB patients
and contacts on treatment for LTBI.
In addition to these ongoing reviews, a practice cohort review
meeting or “mock” cohort review can serve as a dress rehearsal for
the final session. The practice presentation is more informal
than the actual cohort review. If your area chooses to conduct
practice presentations, they should be conducted approximately 2
months before the real cohort review session so that any missing
information or needed follow-up can be addressed before the final
cohort review. During a practice cohort review presentation,
each element of case management is reviewed, with special attention
paid to case details, including patient information, TB information,
treatment regimen, DOT adherence, and contact investigation.
Practice sessions often point out weak areas in the patient’s case
management that need to be strengthened prior to the final cohort
review. TB team members can help to brainstorm ideas and develop
suggestions for solving difficult case management situations.
In addition to the main goal of making sure problems are addressed
in the patient’s care and follow-up, an additional goal of the practice
cohort review presentation is to help the case presenters be well
prepared for the actual cohort review session.
Exercise 4: Completing Forms for Cohort Review
Step One: Description of Exercise
Complete a blank presentation form, using all the information provided
for each of the following sample cases. Keep in mind that the information
provided on these cases may not be comprehensive. Each case
will have flaws that should be picked up by the reviewer(s) in “Exercise
5: Practice Presentation and Review of Cases.”
Glossary of Abbreviations
CXR:
chest radiograph
DOT: directly observed therapy
HIV: human immunodeficiency
virus
INH: isoniazid |
IRZE: isoniazid,
rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol
M.tb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
RIF:
rifampin
TST: tuberculin skin test |
Case # 1
Mr. Parks
49-year-old homeless male born in the United States
1/20 |
TST + (9mm); sputum smear 4+;
culture M.tb, pansusceptible; CXR abnormal, noncavitary; HIV
infected |
1/21 |
Started on rifabutin, IZE; DOT
started while in hospital |
2/28 |
Continues on DOT at homeless
shelter after discharge from the hospital |
5/2 |
Continues on DOT at homeless
shelter |
7/2 |
Due to complete treatment at
the end of this month |
Contacts |
15 contacts identified, 7 evaluated,
2 TST positive (7 mm, 12 mm), 2 started on treatment for LTBI
but one is lost to follow-up |
Case # 2
Mr. Morales 32-year-old male born in Mexico, in United States for 2 years
1/20 |
TST + (11 mm); HIV negative;
sputum smear 4+; culture M.tb, pansusceptible; CXR abnormal,
cavitary; IRZE started; refused DOT because of irregular work
schedule as construction day laborer |
2/25 |
Missed clinic appointment |
2/26 |
Home visit; family had moved;
no forwarding address with post office |
3/10 |
Admitted to hospital with cough,
fever, night sweats; smear positive/ culture positive, still
pansusceptible; patient admitted to stopping medications;
started on DOT while in the hospital |
4/28 |
Culture conversion |
5/18 |
Compliant with worksite DOT |
8/25 |
Continues on DOT |
9/30 |
Continues on DOT |
Contacts |
16 contacts identified, 4 refused
evaluation, 12 evaluated, 8 TST negative, 4 TST positive,
2 of the positives are his wife and brother; both on treatment
for LTBI; 2 other positives are his children ages 5 and 7;
they had negative CXR and are on treatment for LTBI |
Case # 3
Mrs. Nguyen 43-year-old Vietnamese female in the
United States
for 3 years
1/28 |
Went to private provider with
complaints of nonproductive cough, fever, chills, night sweats
x 1 month; TST + (12mm); sputum smear negative; culture M.tb,
pansusceptible; CXR abnormal, noncavitary |
1/31 |
Telephone call to private provider
to obtain medication regimen; clinical diagnosis of TB; patient
on INH/RIF (inappropriate treatment) |
2/1 |
Had conference call with TB
physician and private provider regarding inappropriate regimen;
treatment regimen changed to IRZE |
2/2 |
Telephone interview with patient;
contacts identified; patient reports taking prescribed medications |
2/3 |
Follow-up telephone call to
private physician; permission given to health department to
continue follow-up treatment and care, including DOT |
2/4 |
Patient started on DOT |
4/01 |
Continues on DOT |
6/15 |
Continues on DOT |
8/15 |
Completed treatment; sputum
smear negative / culture negative |
Contacts |
3 contacts identified; 3 evaluated;
all TST negative |
Step Two: Analysis of Forms
Have a supervisor or coworker review the forms that you have prepared
for the sample cases. Ensure that all of the information provided
is included on the forms. Together, review the forms for incomplete/missing
information that was not provided in the case study. Try to
determine what additional information a reviewer might expect to
be presented and what aspects of the case management might have
been handled differently. You will be able to compare your
analysis with that of the reviewer later in the document.
“I believe that in our practice today, to have the time
commitment of having direct care staff sitting with the medical
staff – which we don’t do in our hurried and busy lives – that is
where real learning and education and a real team bonding occurs.
And it wouldn’t occur in any other way if we didn’t stop and do
this cohort process…”
Kim Field, RN, MSN, TB Program Manager, Washington State Department
of Health TB Program
Sample Cohort
Presentation Form I Pulmonary or Laryngeal TB |
1. Patient Information:
- Registry number __________
- Date case reported __________
- ______ year-old ________ (male/female) born in _______________
(country)
- HIV status (+ / – / refused / unknown) Protease
inhibitor or NNRTI (name)1: _________
|
2. TB Information:
- TST ___ mm, read on _____ (date)
- Sputum smear results: (+ / –) if + ______plus2
- Culture _____ (+, -, or not done)
- Pansusceptible, or MDR or rifampin-resistant or other
resistance (_______________)
- Cavitary, or abnormal (noncavitary), or normal CXR3
- Culture conversion? Y/N Date: ________________
|
3. Treatment Information:
- Completed therapy ______
- Taking TB medications_____ Has completed _____ months
of treatment
Likely to complete by ___________ (date) Drug regimen ____________________
- Check other disposition below:
___Refused ____Lost
____Died ____Moved4
____Reported at death
- On DOT? ___ Yes
No If no, why not? ____________________________
- On DOT ______ months of which ________ months were >
80% adherent
- If patient is a child 18 years old or younger: Source
identified? Y/N Name/Registry number ___________5
|
4. Contacts |
# |
|
#
|
|
|
Identified |
|
Started treatment for LTBI8 |
|
Appropriate for evaluation6 |
|
Completed treatment for LTBI |
|
Evaluated7 |
|
Current to care9 |
|
Infected (TST+) without disease (confirmed by CXR) |
|
Discontinued treatment for LTBI (adverse reaction/ died/
moved/ refused/ lost to follow-up) |
|
Infected, with disease |
|
|
Sample Cohort
Presentation Form I
Pulmonary or Laryngeal TB |
1. Patient Information:
- Registry number __________
- Date case reported __________
______ year-old ________ (male/female) born in _______________
(country)
- HIV status (+ / – / refused / unknown) Protease
inhibitor or NNRTI (name)1: _________
|
2. TB Information:
- TST ___ mm, read on _____ (date)
- Sputum smear results: (+ / –) if + ______plus2
- Culture _____ (+, -, or not done)
- Pansusceptible, or MDR or rifampin-resistant or other
resistance (_______________)
- Cavitary, or abnormal (noncavitary), or normal CXR3
- Culture conversion? Y/N Date: ________________
|
3. Treatment Information:
- Completed therapy ______
- Taking TB medications_____ Has completed _____ months
of treatment
Likely to complete by ___________ (date) Drug regimen ____________________
- Check other disposition below:
___Refused ____Lost
____Died ____Moved4
____Reported at death
- On DOT? ___Yes
No If no, why not? ____________________________
- On DOT ______ months of which ________ months were >
80% adherent
- If patient is a child 18 years old or younger: Source
identified? Y/N Name/Registry number ___________5
|
4. Contacts |
# |
|
# |
|
|
Identified |
|
Started treatment for LTBI8 |
|
Appropriate for evaluation6 |
|
Completed treatment for LTBI |
|
Evaluated7 |
|
Current to care9 |
|
Infected (TST+) without disease (confirmed by CXR) |
|
Discontinued treatment for LTBI (adverse reaction/ died/
moved/ refused/ lost to follow-up) |
|
Infected, with disease |
|
|
Sample Cohort
Presentation Form I
Pulmonary or Laryngeal TB |
1. Patient Information:
- Registry number __________
- Date case reported __________
- ______ year-old ________ (male/female) born in _______________
(country)
- HIV status (+ / – / refused / unknown) Protease
inhibitor or NNRTI (name)1: _________
|
2. TB Information:
- TST ___ mm, read on _____ (date)
- Sputum smear results: (+ / –) if + ______plus2
- Culture _____ (+, – , or not done)
- Pansusceptible, or MDR or rifampin-resistant or other
resistance (_______________)
- Cavitary, or abnormal (noncavitary), or normal CXR3
- Culture conversion? Y/N Date: ________________
|
3. Treatment Information:
- Completed therapy ______
- Taking TB medications_____ Has completed _____ months
of treatment
Likely to complete by ___________ (date) Drug regimen ____________________
- Check other disposition below:
___Refused ____Lost
____Died ____Moved4
____Reported at death
- On DOT? ___Yes
No If no, why not? ____________________________
- On DOT ______ months of which ________ months were >
80% adherent
- If patient is a child 18 years old or younger: Source
identified? Y/N Name/Registry number ___________5
|
4. Contacts |
# |
|
# |
|
|
Identified |
|
Started treatment for LTBI8 |
|
Appropriate for evaluation6 |
|
Completed treatment for LTBI |
|
Evaluated7 |
|
Current to care9 |
|
Infected (TST+) without disease (confirmed by CXR) |
|
Discontinued treatment for LTBI (adverse reaction/ died/
moved/ refused/ lost to follow-up) |
|
Infected, with disease |
|
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Last Reviewed: 05/18/2008 Content Source: Division of Tuberculosis Elimination
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
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