Ambrose, Stephen E. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and the Opening of the West:
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.

Anderson, Ann. Snake Oil Hustlers and Hambones: The American Medicine Show. North Carolina: McFarland
& Company, Inc. 2000.

Barth, Gunther. The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Selections from the Journals, Arranged by Topic. Boston:
Bedford/ St. Martin’s Press, 1998..

“Benjamin Rush”, 2004. University of Virginia Health System (On Line). 4 May, 2004.
<www.healthsystem.virginia.edu>.

Brodie, Janet Farrell. Contraception and Abortion in 19th Century America. New York: Cornell University
Press. pg. 205-211.

Chuinard, E. G., M.D. Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Glendale:
Arthur H. Clark Company, 1980.

DeVoto, Bernard. The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981.

Jackson, Donald. Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: with related documents 1783-1854. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1962.

“Lewis and Clark” 2002. Lewis and Clark College, Portland Oregon. 4, April, 2004.
<www.lclark.edu/org/bicprog/200/060103.html>

Miller, Brandon and Marie. Just What the Doctor Ordered. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 1997.

Moulton, Gary. 2003. The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Introduction (on-line). 5 April 2004.
<http.lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu>.

Peck, D.O. David J. Or Perish in the Attempt: Wilderness Medicine in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Far
Country Press. 2002. 

Porter, Roy. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. New York: W.W. Norton &
Company. 1997. 

Risjord, Norman K. The Revolutionary Generation. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2001.

Rush, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1948.

Tone, Andrea. Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001.

[1] Coues M.D., Elliot as quoted in: Chuinard, E. G., M.D. Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis
and Clark Expedition, Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1980. pg. 25. Cous: in subsequent notes.
[2]Coues, pg. 25.
[3] Wheeler, Olin D. as quoted in: Chuinard, E. G., M.D. Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis
and Clark Expedition, Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1980. pg. 25. Wheeler was writing in 1904. 
Wheeler in subsequent notes.
[4] Moulton, Gary. The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Introduction (on-line). 5 April 2004.
<http.lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu> pg. 4. Moulton in subsequent notes.
[5] Moulton. pg. 4.
[6] Chuinard, E. G., M.D. Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Glendale:
Arthur H. Clark Company, 1980. pg. 27. Chuinard in subsequent notes.
[7] Ambrose, Stephen E. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and the Opening of the West:
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996. pg. 40, 59. Ambrose in subsequent notes.
[8] Ambrose. pg. 23.
[9] Ambrose. pg. 23.
[10] Chuinard. pg. 107.
[11] DeVoto, Bernard. The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981. pg. 135.
DeVoto in subsequent notes.
[12] De Voto. pg. 135.
[13] Peck, D.O. David J. Or Perish in the Attempt: Wilderness Medicine in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Far
Country Press. 2002. pg. 163. Peck in subsequent notes. and DeVoto. pg. 135. 
[14] Clark’s Journal, as quoted in Chuinard. pg. 80.
[15] Chuinard. pg. 79.
[16] Tilton, James, in Economical Observations, as quoted in: Chuinard, E. G., M.D. Only One Man Died: The
Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1980. pg. 80.
[17] Tilton, in Chuinard. pg. 40.
[18] Chuinard. pg. 39.
[19] Chuinard. pg. 39.
[20] Peck. pg. 33.
[21] Peck. pg. 33.
[22] Anderson, Ann. Snake Oil Hustlers and Hambones: The American Medicine Show. North Carolina: McFarland
& Company, Inc. 2000. pg. 21. Anderson in subsequent notes.
[23] Anderson. pg. 21.
[24] Anderson. pg. 21.
[25] Anderson. pg. 27.
[26] Chuinard. pg. 52.
[27] Chuinard. pg. 51.
[28] Chuinard. pg. 51.
[29] Rush, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1948. pg. 35. 
Rush in subsequent notes.
[30] Rush. pg. 36.
[31] Rush. pg. 36.
[32] Rush. pg. 38.
[33] Miller, Brandon and Marie. Just What the Doctor Ordered. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 1997, pg. 27.
Miller in subsequent notes.
[34] Miller. pg. 29.
[35] Miller. pg. 30.
[36] Peck. pg. 40.
[37] Anderson. pg. 21.
[38] Porter, Roy. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. New York: W.W. Norton &
Company. 1997. pg. 290. Porter in subsequent notes.
[39] Porter. pg. 290
[40] Risjord, Norman K. The Revolutionary Generation. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2001.
pg. 183. Risjord in subsequent notes.
[41] Peck. pg. 41.
[42]Peck., pg. 180, and Porter. pg. 290.
[43] Risjord. pg. 187.
[44] Risjord. pg. 180.
[45] Risjord. pg. 180.
[46] Miller. pg. 36.
[47] Peck. pg. 45.
[48] Peck., pg. 45
[49] Anderson. pg. 23.
[50] Ambrose. pg. 89.
[51] Anderson. pg. 23.
[52] Miller. 39.
[53] Peck. pg. 45.
[54] Risjord. pg. 199.
[55] Risjord. pg. 199.
[56] Miller. pg. 39.
[57] Peck. pg. 46-47.
[58] “Benjamin Rush”, University of Virginia Health System (On Line). pg. 1.
[59] Peck. pg. 49.
[60] Peck. pg. 45.
[61] Peck. pg. 51.
[62] Peck. pg. 51.
[63] Peck. pg. 52.
[64] Peck. pg. 52. A list of the medical items gathered by Lewis can be found in Appendix B.
[65] Peck. pg. 55.
[66] Peck. pg. 55.
[67] Rush, uses the term “costiveness” in his list. In the Oxford English Dictionary, the term is defined as “constipation”.
[68] Jackson, Donald. Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: with related documents 1783-1854. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1962. pg. 54. The complete list of rules is found in Appendix C.
[69]Peck. pg. 93-95. 
[70] Peck. pg. 93.
[71] Peck. pg. 129-130. and DeVoto. Pg. 78
[72] DeVoto. pg 141-146.
[73] DeVoto. pg 141.
[74] DeVoto. pg. 241.
[75] Barth, Gunther. The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Selections from the Journals, Arranged by Topic. Boston:
Bedford/ St. Martin’s Press, 1998. 165. Barth in subsequent notes.
[76] Barth. pg. 165.
[77] Barth. pg. 166-167.
[78] Barth. pg. 166-167.
[79] Barth. pg. 168.
[80] Barth. pg. 168.
[81] Barth. pg. 168.
[82] Barth. pg. 169
[83] Peck. pg. 118.
[84] Peck. pg. 118.
[85] Peck. pg. 118.
[86] Peck. pg. 118
[87] Peck. pg. 118
[88] Brodie, Janet Farrell. Contraception and Abortion in 19th Century America. New York: Cornell University
Press. pg. 205-211. and Tone, Andrea. Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. 
New York: Hill and Wang, 2001. pg. 51. Brodie and or Tone in subsequent notes.
[89] Brodie. pg. 205-211. Condom recipes allowed farmers who butchered their own animals to make the prophylactics from animal intestines and lye, the process was fairly simple.
[90] DeVoto. pg. 21.
[91] Chuinard. pg. 27.
[92] Journal of Patrick Gass as quoted in, Peck. pg. 103.

[93] Peck. pg. 60.