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Astronaut Photography of Earth - Display RecordISS011-E-10856Low-resolution Browse Image(Most browse images are not color adjusted.)ImagesConditions for Use of Images >>Image Transformation Tutorial >> Saving, Color Adjusting, and Printing Images >> Images to View on Your Computer Now
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Download a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file for use in Google Earth. Electronic Image DataCamera Files >> No sound file available.IdentificationMission: ISS011 Roll: E Frame: 10856 Mission ID on the Film or image: ISS011Country or Geographic Name: USA-MASSACHUSETTS Features: BUZZARDS BAY,WAREHAM Center Point Latitude: 41.7 Center Point Longitude: -70.7 (Negative numbers indicate south for latitude and west for longitude) Stereo: (Yes indicates there is an adjacent picture of the same area) ONC Map ID: JNC Map ID: CameraCamera Tilt: 2Camera Focal Length: 400mm Camera: E4: Kodak DCS760C Electronic Still Camera Film: 3060E : 3060 x 2036 pixel CCD, RGBG array. QualityFilm Exposure:Percentage of Cloud Cover: 10 (0-10) NadirDate: 20050722 (YYYYMMDD)GMT Time: 165514 (HHMMSS)Nadir Point Latitude: 41.7, Longitude: -70.8 (Negative numbers indicate south for latitude and west for longitude) Nadir to Photo Center Direction: East Sun Azimuth: 184 (Clockwise angle in degrees from north to the sun measured at the nadir point) Spacecraft Altitude: 188 nautical miles (348 km) Sun Elevation Angle: 69 (Angle in degrees between the horizon and the sun, measured at the nadir point) Orbit Number: 2127 CaptionsBuzzards Bay, MassachusettsThe latter portion of the Pleistocene Epoch in New England saw the creation of Buzzards Bay through the interplay of glacial and oceanic processes. Beginning approximately 50,000-70,000 years ago, the edges of the continental ice sheet covering much of northern North America began to fluctuate, leaving linear masses of gravel, sand, and silt (known as moraines) to mark former extents of the ice. One such moraine forms most of the eastern shoreline of Buzzards Bay visible in this astronaut photograph. In addition to the moraines, the melting ice sheet produced extensive plains of outwash composed of mixed sediments and ice that bordered the bay to the northwest and west. Melting ice blocks in the outwash deposits formed distinctive circular features called kettle lakes (or holes). Numerous examples of kettle lakes are visible to the northwest of the Cape Cod Canal. Finally, waters released from the melting ice sheet raised sea level by 60-120 meters (198-396 feet) and drowned preexisting outwash channels (visible as linear embayments along the western shoreline). Buzzards Bay attained its broad current configuration approximately 15,000 years ago; the current sea level was present approximately 3,500 years ago. The modern Buzzards Bay is approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) long by 12 kilometers (8 miles) wide and is a popular destination for fishing, boating, and tourism. The Cape Cod Canal allows for passage between Buzzards Bay and Cape Cod Bay to the northeast (not visible); the wakes of numerous pleasure craft appear along the length of the Canal. The combination of shallow depth, tidal action and surface waves promotes mixing of the estuarine waters leading to a productive aquatic ecosystem. The dynamic nature of the Bay’s waters are visible in this astronaut photograph as surface wave reflectance patterns around Stoney Point Dike and in the kettle lakes. Like many estuaries, however, increasing development and land-use change by the surrounding communities are accompanied by nutrient runoff leading to eutrophication (an increase in nutrient levels leading to oxygen depletion) in the smaller embayments. Decreases in eelgrass, scallops, and herring have also been noted, but direct cause-and-effect relationships are not clear. Coordinated management efforts in Buzzards Bay have helped to decrease shellfish closures, conserve habitat for sea birds, and preserve open space. Download Packaged File. This option downloads the following items, packaged into a single file, if they are available:
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