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Children and PCBs

How Behavioral Effects Are Measured in Infants and Children

Major sources of PCB exposure in children include eating contaminated food, drinking contaminated water, and breathing contaminated air near some hazardous waste sites or in buildings with old electrical appliances that use PCBs. PCBs accumulate in pregnant womens' bodies and are released during pregnancy, passing through the placenta, and thus exposing fetuses in utero. Infants may also be exposed through nursing; because PCBs dissolve in fat, they can accumulate in the mothers' breast milk and be transferred through breastfeeding.  

Adverse effects in infants and children include

  • low birth weight 

  • shorter gestational period 

  • smaller head size 

  • abnormal neurodevelopment (e.g., abnormal reflexes, motor immaturity, permanent  learning disabilities, mental retardation, impaired cognitive skills, problems with memory, and depressed responsiveness) 

  • neurobehavioral deficits (e.g., increased hyperactivity) 

  • immunologic effects (e.g., less wheezing, fewer allergic reactions, higher prevalence of recurrent middle ear infections, and higher prevalence of chicken pox) 

  • problems with thyroid function 

  • facial abnormalities 

  • birth defects 

How Behavioral Effects Are Measured in Infants and Children

Some of the tests used to measure infant/child behavioral effects are the Fagan Test of Visual Recognition (also known as the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence), Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), and Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). 
  • The Fagan test involves showing an infant or child two identical photos of human faces for about 20 seconds, then changing one of the photos for a new one and presenting the new combination of photos. Normal babies spend more time looking at the photo of the new face. Children with memory problems cannot remember the first two photos well enough to recognize that the second two photos are different.

  • The Bayley test is a standardized test gauging small children's development
    (children aged 1 month to 3.5 years). It includes a mental development index (MDI) and a psychomotor development index (PDI). MDI measures memory, the ability to solve simple problems, and language capabilities. PDI measures body control, coordination, and fine motor movement. Both indexes are scaled like a standard intelligence quotient (IQ) test. 

  • The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Revised (WISC-R) measures verbal and nonverbal performance skills. 

  • The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale measures behavioral development. The scale evaluates 28 behavioral and 18 reflex items (e.g., assessing an infant's reactions to a variety of stimuli, such as a light in the eyes, a rattle, or a moving ball).  


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Geometric Means for PCBs in Humans
Pascale Krumm, PhD, Office of Policy and External Affairs, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Table 1 shows the geometric means of serum PCBs levels found among the general population. 

Because PCB production is banned or sharply curtailed throughout the world, these levels are decreasing steadily. 

Table 1. PCBs in Humans 

Individuals  Range (ppb)
Occupational exposure to PCBs (workers) 

Nonoccupational exposure and eat PCB-contaminated fish 

Nonoccupational exposure and do not eat PCB-contaminated fish 
12.0-119.0 


2.1-56.0


0.9-15.0 
*ppb = parts per billion. 



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New Emergency Response Line Numbers

The joint Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Exiting the ATSDR Web Site/ATSDR 24-hour emergency response line numbers have changed. 
  • For public health consultative support from ATSDR during chemical emergencies, call 404-498-0120.

     
  • For public health consultative support from CDC during natural disasters, oil spills, or biological incidents, call 770-488-7100

  • The new fax number for ATSDR is 404-498-0056

  • The CDC fax number remains the same (770-488-7107). 


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Health Web Public Health Electronic Discussion Groups

www.lib.umich.edu/
Exiting the ATSDR Web Site

Includes information about selected public health listservs 

  • AIDSNEWS (dissemination of AIDS-related documents from CDC and other public health agencies—includes CDC's AIDS Daily Summary)

  • CLINICAL-TRIALS (clinical trials)

  • EAT-DIS (eating disorders)

  • EPIDEMIO-L (epidemiology and methodology) 

  • EPIVET-L (veterinary epidemiology ) 

  • HEALTH-PROMOTION (health care promotion and disease prevention research) 

  • PREVMED (preventive medicine and public health issues for students and professionals) 

  • PROMED (emerging infectious diseases—global scope) 

  • PUBLIC-HEALTH (epidemiology and public health)  

  • STAT-L (statistical discussion group) 
Also includes Web addresses for several Internet sites with lists of listservs on various topics of health care, including public health. 

World Wide Web Virtual Library 
www.ldb.org/vl/top/index.htm
Exiting the ATSDR Web Site 

Link to selected topics in public health 

Partners in Public Health Access for Public Health Professionals
www.nnlm.nlm.nih.gov/partners/Exiting the ATSDR Web Site 

A collaborative project providing public health professionals with timely, convenient access to information resources to help them improve the  health of the public.

Global Health: Key Resources 
www.publichealth.pitt.edu/

Important and comprehensive resources in areas that relate to public health worldwide, including 
  • Global resources 

  • Public health guides and catalogs

  • Selected resources by subject 

  • Comprehensive medical resource lists 

  • Guides to electronic publications 

  • Electronic publications of special interest 

Healthline: Michigan's Public Health Portal 
www.hline.org/Exiting the ATSDR Web Site

Over 400 links by the following categories:
  • Assessment: resources on community health assessment 

  • Environmental: environmental public health issues 

  • Governmental: federal, state, and local agencies 

  • Health promotion: public health promotion and education 

  • Immunizations: immunization information 

  • Nongovernmental: nongovernmental organizations dealing with public health issues 

  • Personal health: information related to personal health issues 

  • Reference: public health references 

  • Resources on the Internet (libraries search) 

  • Research: public health research topics 


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Courses       book image


Occupational Safety and Health Education and Research Center

Sound Solutions
Deep South Center for Occupational Health and Safety


Occupational Safety and Health
Education and Research Center 

Contact information for courses: University of North Carolina, PO Box 16218, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-7579 
Phone: 1-888-235-3320 (toll-free) or 919-962-2101 
Fax: 919-966-7579 
E-mail: oshercww@sph.unc.edu 
Web page: www.sph.unc.edu/osherc/Exiting the ATSDR Web Site 

Supervising Lead Abatement Programs. This course is designed for those responsible for designing, planning, or conducting lead-based paint, soil, and/or dust abatement. Emphasis will be placed on safe removal techniques for steel structures and residential and commercial buildings. 2001 Course Dates: August 2831; Refresher Date: July 12. 

Comprehensive Industrial Hygiene (CHI) Review Course. This course is designed for practicing industrial hygienists seeking a review of the field or preparing to take the American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) core/comprehensive examination. 2001 Course Dates: September 1721. 

Building Inspection and Management Planning for Asbestos. Comprehensive training required for conducting inspections for asbestos-containing materials and preparing management plans that address asbestos in public and private schools. Course meets AHERA regulations and has been granted full approval by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001 Course Dates: October 2226; Refresher Date: September 7. 

Supervising Asbestos Abatement Projects. Comprehensive supervisor training as required by AHERA. Course developed in coordination with and approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001 Course Dates: June 1115; Refresher Date: September 6. 

Asbestos Operations and Maintenance. This course is required under OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1101 (k)(9)(v) for those who perform operations, maintenance, and repair activities involving asbestos-containing materials or presumed asbestos-containing materials. This course meets training requirements for Class III operations equivalent to the 16-hour maintenance and custodial training detailed in the AHERA regulations. Hands-on workshops will be held. 2001 Refresher Date: September 19. 

Sampling and Evaluating Airborne Asbestos Dust (NIOSH 582). Accurate determination of the quality of asbestos in the air is critical to the health of exposed workers. This 4.5-day course will address state-of-the-art methods for making that determination as well as the proper way to sample and analyze for airborne asbestos fibers. 2001 Course Dates: September 2428. 

24th Annual Occupational Safety and Health Summer Institute, Norfolk, Virginia, August 610, 2001. Thirty-six courses will be presented. To review course descriptions, visit the North Carolina Education and Research Center Web site at www.sph.unc.edu/osherc/Exiting the ATSDR Web Site or call the center at 1-888-235-3320. 

Sound Solutions 

Contact for course: Melette Meloy by phone (678-363-9897) or e-mail (mlmeloy@mindspring.com). 

Audiometric Testing and Hearing Conservation Course. CAOHC approved. Recertification course on second day. Course Dates for 2001: 

September 1214

Birmingham, AL

September 1921

Columbia, SC 

October 3

Mobile, AL 

October 1719 

Houston, TX 

October 31November 2 

Birmingham, AL 

November 7

Detroit, MI 

December 57

Knoxville, TN 


Deep South Center for Occupational Health and Safety 

Contact: Melinda Sledge, The Deep South Center for Occupational Health and Safety, University of Alabama Birmingham, School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022; phone: 205-934-7178; e-mail: dsc@uab.edu; home page: www.uab.edu/dsc.Exiting the ATSDR Web Site  

Audiometric Testing and Hearing Conservation. Course content includes effects and analysis of noise, parameters of sound, anatomy and physiology, ear pathology, instrumentation, audiometric technique, hearing protection and federal and state legislation. Tuition: $495 full course; $200 second-day refresher. 2001 Course Dates: October 35, Ft. Walton Beach, FL; November 79, Birmingham, AL. 

Spirometry Workshop. Objective is to teach the basics of respiratory anatomy and physiology, lung volumes, determinants of respiratory flow and explain how the environment affects the respiratory system. Proper techniques for obtaining valid spirometric values as defined by NIOSH will be taught. Various types of spirometers and calibration syringes will be demonstrated and used. Certificate awarded upon satisfactory completion of the examination. Tuition: $410 full course; $175 first-day refresher. 2001 Course Dates: October 12, Ft. Walton Beach, FL; November 56, Birmingham, AL. 

Respirator Fit Testing Workshop. This 1-day workshop will provide a brief history of respiratory protection and standards (ANSI, OSHA, NIOSH). Emphasis is placed on respiratory fit testing, with hands-on including qualitative and quantitative fit testing procedures. Scholarships are available. Tuition: $125. 2001 Course Date: October 15, Birmingham, AL.  

Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene. This five-day program will cover the basics involved in industrial hygiene for the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of potential health hazards in the worksite. This course is geared toward those with minimal formal training in industrial hygiene. Tuition: $850. 2001 Course Dates: October 15, Ft. Walton Beach, FL. 

Air Sampling for Toxic Substances. This two and half day program provides a thorough overview on industrial hygiene air sampling. Exposure assessment, sampling strategies, measurement methods, and calibration will be covered. Participants will spend time in hands-on workshops. Scholarships are available. Tuition: $600. 2001 Course Dates: October 13, Fort Walton Beach, FL.  

Confined Space Entry and Rescue. This course is intended to promote safe  confined space operations. Compliance with confined space entry program requirements, as specified in 29 CFR 1910.146, will be emphasized. Scholarships are available. Tuition: $450. 2001 Course Dates: October 1012, Birmingham, AL. 

AHERA Refresher. This course is designed to re-accredit those who have already taken and passed an Inspection and/or Management course. Inspectors attend the first half-day. Management planners must attend full day. Tuition: $85/half day; $170/full day. 2001 Course Date: October 9, Birmingham, AL.

14th Annual Occupational Medicine Update. This offering will provide useful and applicable information on current issues in occupational medicine. Although designed for physicians practicing in occupational and environmental medicine or general and family practice, this update will have topics that should be of interest to the occupational health nurse, safety professional, industrial hygienist and anyone who has an interest in safety and health at the workplace. Tuition: $350. 2001 Course Dates: September 2122, Destin, FL. 


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Calendar      calendar image

September 811, 2001
Children's Environmental Health II: A Global Forum for Action; Georgetown University Conference Center, Washington, DC. Co-hosted by the Canadian Institute of Child Health and the U.S. Children's Environmental Health Network. Contact: Web page: www.cich.ca/global.htm;Exiting the ATSDR Web Site or e-mail: scall@magma.ca.


December 1013, 2001 
The EPA Region III Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Conference AND the EPA Headquarters Hazmat Spills Prevention Conference, Baltimore Marriott Waterfront, Baltimore, Maryland. Theme: 2001—The Odyssey Continues. Contact: Conference hotline: 410-676-0882 or 1-800-364-7974.  


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This page last updated on October 28, 2003
Contact Name: Wilma López/ WLópez@cdc.gov




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