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| A | B | C |
D | E | F | G |
H | I | J | K | L | M | N
| O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V
| W | X | Y | Z |
A
Age-adjusted
The age-adjusted percentage is an artificial estimate that minimizes
the effects of different age distributions and allows comparisons
between different populations. It represents what the crude percentage
would have been in the study population if that population had the
same age distribution as a standard population. For example, that is a population in which the age composition is known precisely as a result of a census.
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B
Blood glucose
The main sugar found in the blood and the body’s main source
of energy. The A1c blood test is used to measure a person’s
average blood sugar level during the past
2 to 3 months.
Blood pressure
The force of blood on the inside walls of blood vessels, measured
by analyzing both the systolic blood pressure, the pressure when
the heart pushes blood out into the arteries, and the diastolic
blood pressure, when the heart is at rest.
Blood lipid
Fat in the blood stream, which is measured with a lipid profile
blood test. The lipid profile test measures total cholesterol,
the fat produced by the liver and found in some foods, triglycerides,
the storage form of fat in the body, HDL cholesterol, fat that
takes extra cholesterol from the blood to the liver for removal,
and LDL cholesterol, fat that takes excess cholesterol around
the body to where it’s needed, but excess ultimately rests
on the inside of artery walls.
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C
County Equivalent
A unit of local government in certain states that is comparable
to a county (e.g., parish, borough). An area defined by the U.S. Census
Bureau for statistical purposes in which no county-level government
exits. The District of Columbia is also considered a "county
equivalent."
Crude
The crude percentage is the raw percentage or the unadjusted estimate.
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D
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A condition in which very high blood sugar levels along with a
very low level of insulin result in a dangerous accumulation of
ketones — substances produced when the body breaks down fat for
energy — in the blood and urine. Hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
is another condition in which one’s blood sugar levels become
very high and necessary ketones are not present in the blood or
urine. Coma or death can result if both of these conditions are
not treated.
Diabetic Retinopathy
A diabetic eye disease that results from damage to the small blood
vessels in the retina, the back part of the eye that contains the
cells that respond to light. It may lead to loss of eyesight. Laser
therapy, one possible treatment option, uses a strong beam of light
to seal the leaking blood vessels in the eye.
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E
End-Stage Renal Disease
Kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant to survive.
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F
G
Gestational Diabetes
A form of glucose intolerance diagnosed in some women during pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently among African Americans,
Hispanic/Latino Americans, and American Indians. It is also more
common among obese women and women with a family history of diabetes.
During pregnancy, gestational diabetes requires treatment to normalize
maternal blood glucose levels to avoid complications in the infant.
After pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with gestational diabetes are
found to have type 2 diabetes. Women who have had gestational diabetes
have a 20% to 50% chance of developing diabetes in the next 5 to10
years.
Glucose Intolerance
A condition in which the body has blood sugar levels higher than normal, but not high enough to classify as diabetes. Diagnosis is determined using an oral glucose tolerance test which requires a fasting period of 8 to 12 hours and the blood sugar is measured both fasting and 2 hours after drinking a high-sugar drink. A 2-hour blood glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dl indicates impaired glucose intolerance (IGT).
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H
I
Insulin
A hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other
food into energy needed for daily life.
Ischemic Heart Disease
Disease caused by a lack of blood to the heart due to a narrowing
or obstruction of the arteries that could result in a heart attack.
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J
K
L
M
Maturity-onset Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes that accounts for 1 to 5 percent of people with
diabetes and is a result of a defect in a single gene.
Metformin
A medicine pill used to treat type 2 diabetes by lowering
blood sugar levels and reducing the amount of sugar produced by the
liver to help the body respond better to insulin.
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N
Natural Breaks
The Natural Breaks classing method identifies groupings that naturally
exist in the data. The classes or "breaks" (i.e., categories
or intervals) are selected using a statistical process that determines
the "break points" where there are relatively big jumps
in the data values to best group similar values and to maximize the
differences between classes.
Neuropathy
Disease of the nerves that is marked by muscle weakness, pain,
and numbness.
Non-Traumatic Lower-Limb Amputation
A procedure to remove through surgery damaged feet or legs, where
the injury was not caused by trauma (e.g., the injury was not caused
by a car accident).
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O
P
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Narrowing or obstruction of an artery supplying the legs that is
marked chiefly by cramping pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling
in the legs.
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Q
Quartiles
The term quartile is used when the data are divided into four classes.
In this classing method, the data are arranged in sequence from low
to high values and the number of individual observations is counted.
The observations are then divided into four classes, with each class
containing the same number of observations.
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R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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