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Practical Information
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Instrument Name:
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Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale (SIBS)
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Instrument Description:
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The Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale (SIBS) was designed to assess needs and outcomes of spiritual care. It contains 26 items in four subscales that assess actions as well as beliefs. It is applicable across various religious traditions. The authors report that is does not show cultural-religious bias (by using “generic” wording) and that it is of broader scope when compared to other spirituality scales. (Ref: 1-2) Spirituality is viewed as a broad category encompassing belief in a higher power, purpose, faith, prayer, trust in providence, group worship, meditation, ability to find meaning in suffering, ability to forgive, and gratitude for life. (Ref: 3)
Item content was derived from a literature review, which assessed underlying principles of spirituality from different perspectives. The authors wrote several items to assess each principle, items were reviewed informally by other individuals to assess clarity, understanding, etc., and then the best items were rewritten and pretested in two religiously diverse samples. (Ref: 1)
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Price:
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Free; public domain
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Administration Time:
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10-12 minutes. 20 minutes for elderly patients. (Ref: Personal communication w/R. Hatch)
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Publication Year:
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1998
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Item Readability:
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Readability for items ranges from 4th grade level for some items to high school level on others. (Ref: 1)
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Scale Format:
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Modified 7-point Likert-scale, from Strongly Agree (7) to Strongly Disagree (1).
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Administration Technique:
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Self-report
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Scoring and Interpretation:
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Some items are reverse scored. Item weights are summed to produce the total score. Higher scores indicate higher spirituality.
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Forms:
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No information found.
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Research Contacts
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Instrument Developers:
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Robert L. Hatch, MD, MPH; Mary Ann Burg, MSW, PhD; Debra S. Naberhaus; and Linda K. Hellmich, PhD
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Instrument Development Location:
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Department of Community Health and Family Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville 32614
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Instrument Developer Email:
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Hatch@dean.med.ufl.edu
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Instrument Developer Website:
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Annotated Bibliography
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1. Hatch RL, Burg MA, Naberhaus DS, Hellmich LK. The Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale. Development and testing of a new instrument. J Fam Pract. 1998 Jun;46(6):476-86. [PMID:9638112]
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Purpose:
To develop the SIBS.
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Sample:
50 rural family practice patients and 33 family practice educators.
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Methods:
The SIBS and the Spiritual Well Being Scale were administered to the sample of patients. The educators were administered the SIBS at a workshop on the development of the scale. Participants were mailed the SIBS 7 to 9 months later to obtain test-retest data (data based on 22 patients and 16 professionals). Validity and reliability were evaluated.
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Implications:
The SIBS showed good reliability and validity.
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2. Thomason CL, Brody H. Inclusive spirituality. J Fam Pract. 1999 Feb;48(2):96-7. [PMID:10037538]
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Purpose:
An editorial on inclusive spirituality.
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Sample:
Non-applicable
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Methods:
Non-applicable
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Implications:
To advance medical practice/education it is necessary to acknowledge the biopsychosocial and spiritual aspects of persons.
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3. Post SG, Puchalski CM, Larson DB. Physicians and patient spirituality: professional boundaries, competency, and ethics. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Apr 4;132(7):578-83. Review. [PMID:10744595]
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Purpose:
A review article that examines the doctor-patient relationship and medical ethics in light of recent research into the spiritual aspects of coping with illness.
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Sample:
Non-applicable
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Methods:
Non-applicable
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Implications:
Patient spirituality should be screened for and respected by physicians.
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4. Maltby J, Day L. Spiritual involvement and belief: the relationship between spirituality and Eysenck’s personality dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences. 2001; 30: 187-192. [No PMID]
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Purpose:
To examine the relationship between four indices of spirituality and Eysenck’s personality dimensions.
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Sample:
300 undergraduates. 140 males, 160 females, mean age=25.24 years.
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Methods:
Students completed the SIBS and the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
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Implications:
Extraversion, rather than psychoticism, accounts for more variance in spirituality scores.
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5. Maltby J, Day L. The relationship between spirituality and Eysenck's personality dimensions: a replication among English adults. J Genet Psychol. 2001 Mar;162(1):119-22. [PMID:11338437]
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Purpose:
To examine the relationship between Eysenck’s personality dimensions and spirituality in a non-student group of adults.
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Sample:
179 adults (84 men, 95 women), mean age=38.22 years, 63% married, 133 employed, 57 had a university degree, from a variety of workplaces, churches and community groups in the South Yorkshire area of England.
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Methods:
Participants completed the SIBS and the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
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Implications:
Of Eysenck’s personality dimensions, extraversion is related to spirituality, while psychoticism is related to religiosity.
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top
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Factors and Norms
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Factor Analysis Work:
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Alpha factor analysis with promax rotation suggested a four-factor structure: External/Ritual, Internal/Fluid, Existential/Meditative, and Humility/Personal Application. The first factor tended to be correlated with the other three. The results showed that items 4 and 18 did not cluster under any of the factors; therefore, the authors plan to eliminate those items. (Ref: 1)
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Normative Information Availability:
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No information found.
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Reliability Evidence
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Test-retest:
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Test-retest reliability for the scale was 0.92 based on 29 tests over a 7 to 9 month time period. Test-retest reliability for each unit-weighted factor was 0.91, 0.88, 0.88, and 0.64. (Ref: 1)
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Inter-rater:
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No information found.
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Internal Consistency:
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Cronbach’s alpha was reported as 0.92. The fact that the alpha if item deleted varied very little across items combined with the variable item to total score correlations indicates that there is a set of items (primarily factor 1) that hang together quite well, while the rest of the items are more weakly related but do not overly detract from the reliability. Alpha is probably not the best form of reliability here due to the relatively uncorrelated factors and alphas tendency to be high when there are a number of items. (Ref: 1). Coefficient alphas for subscales were 0.98 (Factor 1), 0.74 (Factor 2), 0.70 (Factor 3) and 0.51 (Factor 4). (Ref: 1) There is most likely one well defined factor here. A study of undergraduate students reported coefficient alphas of 0.89, 0.70, 0.69, and 0.51, respectively. (Ref: 4)
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Alternate Forms:
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No information found.
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Validity Evidence
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Construct/ Convergent/ Discriminant:
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The SIBS correlated significantly (p<0.01) with the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire as follows: (Ref: 4)
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E (extraversion)
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P (psychoticism)
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N (neuroticism)
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L (lie)
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| SIBS-ER (F1)
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0.32 (m), 0.31 (f)
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none
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none
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--
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| SIBS-IF (F2)
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0.30 (m), 0.34 (f)
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none
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none
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none
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| SIBS-EM (F3)
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0.31 (m), 0.37 (f)
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none
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none
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0.25 (m)
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| SIBS-HPA (F4)
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0.33 (f)
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none
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none
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none
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Note: m=male, f=female. Correlations previously reported at p<0.05 to >0.01 significance are not reported here.
In another study, the SIBS correlated significantly (p<0.01) with the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire’s Extraversion subscale as follows: (Ref: 5)
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Men
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Women
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| SIBS-ER (F1)
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0.30
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0.32
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| SIBS-IF (F2)
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0.33
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0.36
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| SIBS-EM (F3)
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0.39
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0.33
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| SIBS-HPA (F4)
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0.30
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0.29
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This validity data is suspect due to the author’s prediction that the measure would correlate with a different subscale on the Eysenck than it actually did. Given the weakness of the correlations, it is not clear how these studies supports the validity of the SIBS.
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Criterion-related/ Concurrent/ Predictive:
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The SIBS correlates at 0.80 with the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. (Ref: 1). However, this is problematic given the author’s statements about the suspect psychometric information on the criterion measure. This correlation is high enough to call into question whether the SIBS is better than SWBS.
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Content:
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No information found.
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Responsiveness Evidence:
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No information found.
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Scale Application in VA Populations:
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No information found.
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Scale Application in non-VA Populations:
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Yes. (Ref: 1,4-5).
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Comments
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This scale has little reliability and validity data to support it. Its strongest validity claim is its correlation with a measure that they suggest has psychometric problems. Further, there exist several measures of spirituality (e.g., Duke University Religion Index, Religious Coping Activities Scale), yet there have been no studies of concurrent validity between the SIBS and any of these scales. More work needs to be done here.
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Updates
None at this time.
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