Glossary of Cancer Statistics
Cancer Incidence Rates
Cancer Mortality Rates
Cancer Survival Statistics
Cancer Prevalence Statistics
Lifetime Risk of Developing or Dying of Cancer
Glossary of Cancer Statistics
Below you will find a brief description of the different types of cancer statistics. For more detailed definitions, please use the section tabs to go to the specific statistic.
- Incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases during a specific time period
- Mortality is the number of deaths during a specific time period
- Survival is the proportion of patients alive at some point subsequent to the diagnosis of their cancer
- Prevalence is new and pre-existing cases for people alive on a certain date
- Lifetime Risk is the probability of developing or dying of cancer
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Cancer Incidence Rates
A cancer incidence rate is the number of
new cancers of a specific site/type occurring in a specified population
during a year, usually expressed as the number of cancers per 100,000
population at risk. That is,
Incidence rate = (New cancers
/ Population) × 100,000
The numerator of the incidence rate is the number
of new cancers; the denominator is the size of the population. The
number of new cancers may include multiple primary cancers occurring
in one patient. The primary site reported is the site of origin and not the
metastatic site. In general, the incidence rate would not include recurrences.
The population used depends on the rate to be calculated.
For cancer sites that occur in only one sex, the sex-specific population
(e.g., females for cervical cancer) is used.
An age-adjusted rate is a weighted average of the
age-specific rates, where the weights are the proportions of persons
in the corresponding age groups of a standard population. The potential
confounding effect of age is reduced when comparing age-adjusted
rates computed using the same standard population.
Find published reports and research tools for calculating Incidence Statistics.
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Cancer Mortality Rates
A cancer mortality rate is the number of
deaths, with cancer as the underlying cause of death, occurring
in a specified population during a year. Cancer mortality is usually expressed as the
number of deaths due to cancer per 100,000 population. That is,
Mortality Rate = (Cancer
Deaths / Population) × 100,000
The numerator of the mortality rate is the number
of deaths; the denominator is the size of
the population. The population used depends on the rate to be calculated.
For cancer sites that occur in only one sex, the sex-specific population
(e.g., females for cervical cancer) is used. The mortality rate
can be computed for a given cancer site or for all cancers combined.
Find published reports and research tools for calculating Mortality Statistics.
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Cancer Survival Statistics
Cancer survival statistics are typically
expressed as the proportion of patients alive at some point subsequent
to the diagnosis of their cancer. Relative survival is an estimate
of the percentage of patients who would be expected to survive
the effects of their cancer. Observed survival is the actual percentage
of patients still alive at some specified time after diagnosis of
cancer. Survival considers deaths from all causes, cancer or otherwise.
Overview of Population-based
Cancer Survival Statistics contains a more detailed description and information
on the interpretation of survival statistics.
Find published reports and research tools for calculating Survival Statistics.
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Cancer Prevalence Statistics
Cancer prevalence is defined as the number or percent
of people alive on a certain date in a population who previously
had a diagnosis of the disease. It includes new (incidence) and
pre-existing cases, and is a function of both past incidence and
survival. Information on prevalence can be used for health planning,
resource allocation, and an estimate of cancer survivorship. Overview
of Cancer Prevalence contains a description of the types of and methodology for calculating prevalence statistics.
Find published reports and research tools for calculating Prevalence Statistics.
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Lifetime Risk of Developing or Dying of Cancer
Lifetime and age-conditional risk estimates of developing cancer provide a useful summary of the current cancer risk and how this risk compares with earlier periods and among select subgroups of society. These reported estimates have the potential to promote early detection efforts, to increase cancer awareness, and to serve as an aid in study planning.
Statistical models are used to compute the probability of developing or dying of cancer from birth or conditional on a certain age. The development of this statistical methodology is described on the Statistical Research and Applications Branch Web site.
Find published reports and research tools for calculating Lifetime Risk Statistics.
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