In July 1936, the Ministry of the Interior established its first “Gypsy camp” (Zigeunerlager) at Marzahn outside Berlin. Further camps for the Roma opened in Germany during the 1930s. Following the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, the camps of Lackenbach and Salzburg-Maxglan were established. The first major roundups of the Roma began in June 1938 and continued throughout the war. The Roma were deported to concentration camps including Buchenwald, Dachau, Sachsenhausen, Mauthausen, Auschwitz, Chelmno,and Ravensbrück. In addition they were interned in the ghettos at Lublin, Lodz, and Warsaw.

Non-Reich Roma did not escape persecution. Roma in the Protectorateof Bohemia and Moravia were deported to the “Gypsy camps” at Lety and Hodonin. Members of the Einsatzgruppen and Wehrmacht undertook killing actions that included Roma victims in places such as the Soviet Union and Serbia. In the Netherlands, occupation authorities interned and later deported its Roma community. The collaborationist Vichy authorities in France interned Roma in camps such as Rivesaltes, Saliers, and Beaune-la-Rolande, and subsequently sent many to concentration camps inside the Reich. The Croatian Ustaša killed and interned thousands of Roma along with Serbs and Jews. In 1941, thousands of Romanian Roma and Jews were deported to Transnistria. The final mass deportation of the Roma occurred in October 1944 in Hungary.