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A Look Back...Marlene Dietrich: Singing for a Cause
Picture this:
A
group of disheveled soldiers huddles around a radio with the volume turned down
low. The smooth, sultry voice of Marlene Dietrich sings about a soldier leaving
behind his loved one to the melody of a slow, somber march. The song is “Lili
Marlene”— a very popular tune among soldiers during World War II.
Such songs could easily dampen the morale of the most steadfast
soldier, which is exactly what they were meant to do.
Marlene Dietrich is best known as the first German actress
to flourish in Hollywood;
however, she made a significant contribution to the war effort using her
talents. During World War II, Dietrich recorded a number of anti-Nazi albums in
German for the Office of Strategic Services (the forerunner of today’s CIA). The
albums were a part of an effort by the OSS’
Morale Operations Branch to create propaganda that would lower the morale of
German soldiers.
From Chorus Girl to
Movie Star
She was born Marie Magdalene Dietrich on Dec. 27, 1901 in
Schöneberg, a district of Berlin,
Germany. At age
11, she joined her two first names to form her new name, Marlene. She attended Auguste Victoria School
for Girls and studied violin between 1906 and 1918. Her dreams of becoming a
concert violinist were ruined when she injured her wrist.
In the early 1920s, Dietrich became a chorus girl and played
small roles in Max Reinhardt’s theater. In 1922, she made her first film debut
in So sind die Männer. Marlene met
her husband, Rudolf Sieber, on the set of another movie that same year. The two
married in May 1924.
Dietrich began to attract more and more attention as she
continued to work in film and on the stage. In 1929 she landed her breakthrough
role of Lola-Lola in The Blue Angel,
directed by Josef von Sternberg. With encouragement from von Sternberg,
Dietrich moved to the United
States on contract with Paramount Pictures. Dietrich
starred in six successful films between 1930 and 1935, one of which earned her
an Oscar nomination.
Supporting the Effort
After moving to the United
States, Dietrich claims that she was approached by Nazi
Party representatives to return to Germany. She turned them down.
In 1939, Dietrich became an American citizen.
With the beginning of U.S. involvement in the war in
1941, Dietrich became one of the first celebrities to raise war bonds. She
entertained the troops on the front lines by singing and playing the musical
saw. In response to being asked why she chose to do this, Dietrich replied, “It
was the decent thing to do.”
MUZAK Project: Music
to Make Nazi Propaganda Less Effective
The OSS’ Morale Operations
(MO) Branch began producing “black” radio programs in 1943 that reached listeners
all over Europe and the Mediterranean. The
broadcasts were meant to create friction between the Italians, Fascists, and
Nazis. The stations were jammed by the Axis on several occasions.
In 1944, “black” radio in northwest Europe
had soared to new heights of sophistication. The most popular station was Soldatensender
(Soldiers’ Radio). In order to hold the attention of the enemy audience, the MO
decided that it needed to expand to produce higher quality programming.
The MO began to recruit Hollywood
writers and talent for the MUZAK project. A special MO music department was
established to write “black” lyrics for German and American songs. Famous
performers, such as Marlene Dietrich, Bing Crosby and Dinah Shore
were asked to record these songs especially for Soldatensender. Dietrich’s
“Lili Marlene” was particularly popular.
- Marlene Dietrich, shown at a Belgium hospital in 1944, performed 'black' songs.
The Nazi government issued warnings not to listen to Soldatensender
and banned the broadcast of “Lili Marlene.” After receiving many letters
from Axis soldiers to put the song back on the air, the government reluctantly
gave in. “Lili Marlene” soon became the song played at the end of every
broadcast.
The MO found that the “black” radio programs were
particularly effective with the enemy civilian and military populations. The United
States Strategic Bombing Survey discovered that the programs were just as
devastating to German morale as an air raid. The “black” programs succeeded in
raising the level of skepticism so high, that many people no longer believed
Nazi propaganda.
Dietrich Awarded
Medal of Freedom
In 1945 the U.S.
government awarded Dietrich with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is
one of the highest civilian awards in the United States. Dietrich said that
this was the accomplishment she was most proud of in her life. She died at age
90 on May 6, 1992 in Paris.
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Posted: Oct 23, 2008 12:37 PM
Last Updated: Oct 31, 2008 10:12 AM
Last Reviewed: Oct 23, 2008 12:37 PM