The regulation requires a permit for noncommercial group uses of National Forest System lands. Under the regulation, a group use is an activity that involves a group of 75 or more people, either as participants or spectators. Noncommercial is any use or activity where an entry or participation fee is not charged, and the primary purpose is not the sale of a goods or service. Some examples of noncommercial group uses are weddings, church services, endurance rides, regattas, camping trips, hikes, music festivals, rallies, graduations, and races.

As a steward of the National Forests, the Forest Service has a duty to minimize resource impacts on National Forest System lands. Large group gatherings in the National Forests have significant adverse impacts on Forest resources, public health and safety, and the agency s ability to allocate space in the face of increasing constraints on the use of National Forest System land. A permit system allows the agency to address these problems more expeditiously, more effectively, and more equitably. These adverse impacts include:

• The spread of disease;
• Pollution from inadequate site clean-up;
• Soil compaction from inadequate site restoration;
• Damage to archaeological sites; and
• Traffic congestion.

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Originally, the regulation proposed that a permit be required for 25 or more people. Based on public comment and the Forest Service s experience with all types of noncommercial group uses on National Forest System lands, particularly with respect to resource impacts associated with these uses, it was determined that a 25-person threshold is too low and that 75 people is a more appropriate threshold for applicability of the regulation.

While any numerical threshold is arbitrary in that 25 people could have more impact than 75, depending on the type of activity and the characteristics of the site, a numerical threshold is the fairest and most objective standard for applicability of the rule. In addition, groups with 75 or more people tend to have a greater impact on National Forest System lands than smaller groups.

No. The Supreme Court has held that the government may enforce reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions on First Amendment activities as long as the restrictions are justified without regard to the content of the regulated speech, they are narrowly tailored to further a significant government interest, and they leave open ample alternative channels for communication of information.

Permits are constitutional restrictions of time, place, and manner where narrow, objective standards guide the licensing authority. This rule ensures that authorization procedures for noncommercial group uses comply with First Amendment requirements of freedom of speech, assembly, and religion. The regulation does not single out expressive conduct or treat it differently from other types of activity. The regulation established a single category, noncommercial group uses, and applies the same evaluation criteria to all applications for noncommercial group uses regardless of whether they involve the expression of views. The evaluation criteria are specific and content-neutral and regulate the time, place, and manner for the proposed activities.

This regulation does not single out expressive conduct or treat it differently from other types of activity. The evaluation criteria in this regulation do not give an authorized officer discretion to deny an application based on the content of speech. Specifically, this rule:

• Establishes a single category called noncommercial group uses.
• Restricts the content of an application for noncommercial group uses to information concerning time, place, and manner.
• Applies the same evaluation criteria to all applications for noncommercial group uses, regardless of whether they involve the expression of views.
• Establishes specific, content-neutral evaluation criteria.
• Provides that applications for noncommercial group uses will be granted or denied within a short, specific timeframe.
• Provides that if an application is denied and an alternative time, place, or manner will allow the applicant to meet all the evaluation criteria, the authorized officer will offer that alternative.
• Requires an authorized officer to explain in writing the reason for denial of an application for a noncommercial group use.
• Provides that a denial of an application for a noncommercial group use is immediately subject to judicial review.

Under the rule, anyone seeking to conduct a noncommercial group activity on National Forest System lands would have to apply for and receive a permit. The rule creates a presumption in favor of granting a permit for noncommercial group uses. An application has to be granted if eight evaluation criteria are met. These criteria are narrow and unrelated to the content of speech. They merely regulate the tune, place, and manner for noncommercial group uses. These features of the rule are necessary to ensure compliance with First Amendment requirements of freedom of speech, assembly, and religion.

Authorized officers will grant an application for a noncommercial group use if they determine that:

• Authorization of the proposed activity. is not prohibited by the rules at 36 CFR Part 261, Subpart A, by an order issued under the regulations at 36 CFR Part 261, Subpart B, or by federal, state, or local law unrelated to the content of the expressive activity;
• Authorization of the proposed activity is consistent or can be made consistent with standards and guidelines in the applicable forest land and resource management plan required under the National Forest Management Act and 36 CFR, Part 219;
• The proposed activity does not materially impact the characteristics or functions of the environmentally sensitive resources or lands identified in Forest Service Handbook 1909.15, chapter 30;
• The proposed activity will not delay, halt, or prevent administrative use of an area by the Forest Service or other scheduled or existing uses or activities on National Forest System lands;
• The proposed activity does not violate state any local public health laws and regulations as applied to the proposed site. Issues addressed by state and local public health laws and regulations as applied to the proposed site include but are not limited to:
  
  
  • The sufficiency of sanitation facilities;
  • The sufficiency of waste-disposal facilities;
  • The availability of sufficient potable drinking water;
  • The risk of disease from the physical characteristics of the proposed site or natural conditions associated with the proposed site; and
  • The risk of contamination of the water supply.
    
    
• The proposed activity will not pose a substantial danger to public safety. Considerations of public safety do not include concerns about possible reaction to the users identity or beliefs from non-members of the group applying for a permit and are limited to the following:
  
  
• • The potential for physical injury to other forest users from the proposed activity;
  • The potential for physical injury to users from the physical characteristics of the proposed site or natural conditions associated with the proposed site;
  • The potential for physical injury to users from scheduled or existing uses or activities on National Forest System land; and The adequacy of ingress and egress in case of an emergency;
    
    
• The proposed activity does not involve military or paramilitary training or exercises by private organizations or individuals, unless such training or exercises are federally funded; and
• A person or persons 21 years of age or older have been designated to sign and do sign a permit on behalf of the applicant.
  
  

Yes, but the regulation establishes a presumption in favor of granting a permit for noncommercial group uses. Under the regulation, applications must be granted or denied in. a short, specific timefrarne. Applications must be submitted at least 72 hours in advance of a proposed activity and must be evaluated by the Forest Service within 48 hours of receipt. Otherwise they are deemed granted. A permit can be denied only if it does not meet the eight evaluation criteria.

Equally important, an authorized officer has to explain to the applicant in writing the reasons for the denial. There has to be an adequate factual basis for the denial, and a record has to be developed to support the reasons for the denial. If an. application is denied, and an alternative time, place, or manner will allow the applicant to meet all the evaluation criteria, the authorized officer will offer that alternative.

Yes, applicants for any noncommercial group use have to designate at least one person 21 years of age or older to sign a permit and that person or persons have to sign the permit. This feature is essential for effective permit administration. The agency must have someone to contact on behalf of the group. In addition, the signature gives the permit legal effect A person who signs a permit for a noncommercial group use acts as an agent for the group and subjects the group to the terms and conditions of the permit. A person who signs a permit does not, however, assume personal responsibility for the group's actions.

No. Under the regulations, permits for noncommercial group uses are categorically excluded in the absence of extraordinary circumstances (Forest Service Handbook 1909.15, Chapter 30) from documentation in an environmental assessment or an environmental impact statement. Consideration of extraordinary circumstances is incorporated in the rule as an evaluation criterion. Thus, the processing of applications for noncommercial group uses can be expedited to comply with constitutional requirements for a short, specific timeframe for processing permit applications for expressive activities.

No. Rather than ensuring public health and safety, the rule merely allows an authorized officer to deny a permit based on specific considerations of public health and safety associated with the proposed activity. These criteria must be narrow in order to comply with First Amendment requirements. The Forest Service cannot guarantee public health and safety. However, with the assistance of state and local officials, the agency can and does address health and safety concerns affecting groups and other forest visitors.

No. Noncommercial group uses involve or potentially involve First Amendment activities. Requiring bonding or insurance as a precondition to the issuance of a permit for expressive conduct could be construed as an undue burden on the exercise of First Amendment tights. In other words, requiring an applicant to obtain bonding or insurance before a permit is issued could be seen as putting a price tag on speech in violation of the United States Constitution.

No. Generally, Title VI would not apply to noncommercial group use of National Forest System lands. There is no federal financial assistance as defined under implementing regulations because the use is casual and transient. In addition, Title VI only applies when federal funding is given to a non-federal entity, which in turn provides financial assistance to the ultimate beneficiary. Title VI does not apply to noncommercial group uses because the permit holder is the ultimate beneficiary of the permit.

Yes. A permit is required for all noncommercial groups of 75 or more, including groups of 75 or more Native Americans, who seek to engage in traditional ceremonies and activities on the National Forests. The regulation ensures that authorization procedures for noncommercial group uses, including religious gatherings, comply with First Amendment requirements of freedom of speech, assembly, and religion.

NPS, like the Forest Service, requires permits for noncommercial group uses. NPS has two permitting systems, one for the National Capital Region and one for the rest of the units in the National Park System. The former applies to specific sites and is more narrow in scope than the latter. The Forest Service rule applies to the entire National Forest System.

Yes, they are an appropriate use, but it is important to. minimize impacts on the environment and to ensure the health and safety of all forest visitors. The regulation accommodates these concerns by authorizing noncommercial group uses subject to constitutional time, place, and manner restrictions.

The Forest Service:

• Works with sponsors of the group to ensure adequate protection of the environment and to address health and safety concerns affecting group members and other forest visitors.
• Assembles an incident command team, if it is a particularly large group, consisting of resource managers and representatives from law enforcement, safety and health, and public affairs.
• Keeps the public informed.
• Provides direction on traffic management to minimize the environmental impacts associated with parking large numbers of vehicles.
• Provides guidance to reduce displacement of wildlife, to ensure provision of adequate sanitation, and to maintain stream quality.
• Enforces laws and assists state and local law enforcement officials if criminal violations occur.

The Forest Service estimates that it costs at least $700,000 per year to administer group uses. This figure does not include law enforcement costs.

The Federal government, along with state and local agencies, bear these costs because they are obligated to protect the National Forest environment and are concerned about the health and safety of forest visitors. In addition, shifting law enforcement costs to applicants for noncommercial group events, which involve or potentially involve expressive conduct, could be construed as an undue burden on the exercise of First Amendment rights.

The reaction in local communities is mixed. On one hand, large groups can present small communities with traffic and law enforcement problems. On the other hand, members of large groups often purchase goods and services, such as gas and groceries, providing a boost to the local economy. The Forest Service continues to play a strong role in working with local communities when affected by a sudden influx of national forest visitors.

The Rainbow Family is one of many groups that use National Forest System lands. They are a loosely knit association of persons who organize gatherings in the national forests for their stated purpose to celebrate life, worship, express ideas and values, and associate with others who share their beliefs. The largest of these meetings is the Rainbow Family National Gathering, which is held annually in the summer and has attracted as many as 20,000 people from across the nation.

The regulation does not single out any particular group. Approximately 1800 groups received permits to conduct non-expressive activities on National Forest System lands in 1992. Because of the court rulings, the agency has been unable to regulate activities involving the expression of views. The regulation is needed to treat all groups consistently and fairly.

Since their inception in 1971, the largest Rainbow Family gatherings have been on National Forest System lands. The Rainbow Family has held gatherings on BLM and other private and state public lands.