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A sentinel health event (occupational) associated with rubber and dye workers who were exposed to benzidine, alpha- and beta-naphthylamine, magenta, auramine, 4-aminobiphenyl, and 4-nitrophenyl; [Mullan] Beta-naphthylamine, benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl were discontinued from industrial production and use. Suspected bladder carcinogens still in use include benzidine-based dyes, o-toluidine, 4-chloro-o-toluidine, and MBOCA. [Ward, p. 127] Other occupational exposures associated with bladder cancer include PAHs (aluminum production, coal gasification, coal-tar pitches, benzo[a]pyrene, and diesel exhaust), and hair dyes (hairdresser or barber). Diesel exhaust had a positive association in many case-control studies, but was negative in cohort studies of transportation workers. "An open question is whether occupational exposures in industries identified in the past as high risk can still be linked to an excess risk of bladder cancer." [Adami, p. 456-8] Occupational exposures with strong evidence of causing bladder cancer include 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, and 2-naphthylamine, aluminum production, coal gasification, magenta manufacture, and the rubber industry. [Siemiatycki, p. 334] |
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