Overview
Questions and Answers About Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment
Changes to This Summary (10/05/2005)

Overview

• Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine (see Question 1 ¹).



• It is important that the same scientific evaluation that is used to assess conventional approaches be used to evaluate CAM therapies (see Question 3 ²).



• The National Cancer Institute and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine are sponsoring or cosponsoring various clinical trials (research studies with people) to study CAM therapies for cancer (see Question 5 ³).



• It is important that patients inform all of their health care providers about any therapies they are currently using or considering. This is to help ensure a safe and coordinated course of care (see Question 7 ⁴).

Questions and Answers About Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment

1. What is complementary and alternative medicine?

   Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), as defined by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine. Complementary medicine is used together with conventional medicine. Alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. Conventional medicine is medicine as practiced by holders of M.D. (medical doctor) or D.O. (doctor of osteopathy) degrees and by their allied health professionals, including physical therapists, psychologists, and registered nurses. Other terms for conventional medicine include allopathy; Western, mainstream, orthodox, and regular medicine; and biomedicine. Some conventional medical practitioners are also practitioners of CAM.[1]

   This summary answers some frequently asked questions about the use of CAM therapies among the general public and about how CAM approaches are evaluated, and suggests sources for further information.

2. Are complementary and alternative therapies widely used?

   The results of studies of CAM use have been inconsistent. One large-scale study published in the November 11, 1998, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association [2] found that CAM use among the general public increased from 33.8% in 1990 to 42.1% in 1997. An analysis of data from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey, however, indicated that only 28.9% of U.S. adults (aged 18 and older) had used at least one CAM therapy in the past year. These results were published in the journal Medical Care in 2002.[3]

   Several surveys of CAM use by cancer patients have been conducted with small numbers of patients. One study published in the February 2000 issue of the journal Cancer [4] reported that 37% of 46 patients with prostate cancer used one or more CAM therapies as part of their cancer treatment. These therapies included herbal remedies, vitamins, and special diets.

   A larger study of CAM use in patients with different types of cancer was published in the July 2000 issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology.[5] This study found that 69% of 453 cancer patients had used at least one CAM therapy as part of their cancer treatment. Additional information about CAM use among cancer patients can be found in a review article published in Seminars in Oncology in December 2002.[6]

3. How are CAM approaches evaluated?

   It is important that the same rigorous scientific evaluation used to assess conventional approaches be used to evaluate CAM therapies. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and NCCAM are sponsoring a number of clinical trials (research studies) at medical centers to evaluate CAM therapies for cancer.

   Conventional approaches to cancer treatment have generally been studied for safety and effectiveness through a rigorous scientific process that includes clinical trials with large numbers of patients. Less is known about the safety and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods. Some CAM therapies have undergone rigorous evaluation. A small number of CAM therapies originally considered to be purely alternative approaches are finding a place in cancer treatment—not as cures, but as complementary therapies that may help patients feel better and recover faster. One example is acupuncture. According to a panel of experts at a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference in November 1997,[7] acupuncture has been found to be effective in the management of chemotherapy -associated nausea and vomiting and in controlling pain associated with surgery. In contrast, some approaches, such as the use of laetrile, have been studied and found ineffective or potentially harmful.

4. What is the Best Case Series Program?

   The NCI Best Case Series Program ⁵, which was started in 1991, is one way CAM approaches that are being used in practice are being investigated. The program is overseen by NCI’s Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM). Health care professionals who offer alternative cancer therapies submit their patients’ medical records and related materials to OCCAM. OCCAM conducts a critical review of the materials and develops follow-up research strategies for approaches that warrant NCI-initiated research.

5. Are NCI and NCCAM sponsoring clinical trials in complementary and alternative medicine?

   NCI and NCCAM are currently sponsoring or cosponsoring various clinical trials to study complementary and alternative treatments for cancer. Some of these trials study the effects of complementary approaches used in addition to conventional treatments, while others compare alternative therapies with conventional treatments. Current trials include the following:

   • Acupuncture to reduce the symptoms of advanced colorectal cancer.
   
   
   
   • Combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy with or without shark cartilage in the treatment of patients who have non-small cell lung cancer that cannot be removed by surgery.
   
   
   
   • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy with laryngectomy patients (people who have had an operation to remove all or part of the larynx [voice box]).
   
   
   
   • Massage therapy for cancer-related fatigue.
   
   
   
   • Chemotherapy compared with pancreatic enzyme therapy plus specialized diet for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
   
   
   
   • Mistletoe extract and chemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors.
   
   
   

   Patients who are interested in taking part in these or any clinical trials should talk with their doctor.

   NCI, NCCAM, and OCCAM clinical trials databases offer patients, family members, and health professionals information about research studies that use CAM. Clinical trials can be found by searching the following:

   • NCI’s PDQ Clinical Trials Database ⁶, which can be searched by using criteria such as cancer type, type of trial, geographic region, trial sponsorship, and/or drug name. This information is also available by calling the NCI’s Cancer Information Service (1–800–4–CANCER [1–800–422–6237]; TTY: 1–800–332–8615).
   
   
   
   • The NCCAM Clinical Trials Web page ⁷, which can be searched by the type of treatment or disease.
   
   
   
   • The OCCAM Clinical Trials Web page ⁸, which provides links to NCI’s PDQ Clinical Trials Database.
   
   
   
6. What should patients do when using or considering complementary and alternative therapies?

   Cancer patients using or considering complementary or alternative therapy should discuss this decision with their doctor or nurse, as they would any therapeutic approach. Some complementary and alternative therapies may interfere with standard treatment or may be harmful when used with conventional treatment. It is also a good idea to become informed about the therapy, including whether the results of scientific studies support the claims that are made for it. Some resources for this information are provided in Question 8 ⁹.

7. When considering complementary and alternative therapies, what questions should patients ask their health care providers?
   • What benefits can be expected from this therapy?
   • What are the risks associated with this therapy?
   • Do the known benefits outweigh the risks?
   • What side effects can be expected?
   • Will the therapy interfere with conventional treatment?
   • Is this therapy part of a clinical trial? If so, who is sponsoring the trial?
   • Will the therapy be covered by health insurance?

   Further information on evaluating CAM therapies and practitioners is available from NCCAM ¹⁰.

8. What federal agencies can provide more information about CAM therapies?

   Patients, their families, and their health care providers can learn about CAM therapies from the following government agencies and resources:

   NCCAM

   • NCCAM is the federal government’s lead agency for scientific research on CAM. NCCAM is dedicated to exploring complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science, training CAM researchers, and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals.
   
   
   
   • The NCCAM Clearinghouse provides information on NCCAM and on CAM, including fact sheets, other publications, and searches of federal databases of scientific and medical literature. Publications include the following:
     • Are You Considering Using Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)? ¹¹
     • Selecting a Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Practitioner ¹²
     • Consumer Financial Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine ¹³
   
   
   
   • The Clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners.

     NCCAM Clearinghouse

     Post Office Box 7923

     Gaithersburg, MD 20898–7923

     Toll-free in the United States: 1–888–644–6226

     International: 301–519–3153

     Callers with TTY equipment: 1–866–464–3615

     Fax-on-Demand service: 1–888–644–6226

     E-mail: info@nccam.nih.gov

     Web site: http://nccam.nih.gov

   
   
   

   OCCAM

   NCI's OCCAM coordinates the activities of NCI in the area of complementary and alternative medicine. OCCAM supports CAM cancer research and provides information about cancer-related CAM to health providers and the general public via the NCI Web site ¹⁴.

   NCI Cancer Information Service

   U.S. residents may call the NCI Cancer Information Service toll free at 1–800–4–CANCER (1–800–422–6237) Monday through Friday from 9:00 am to 4:30 pm. Deaf and hearing-impaired callers with TTY equipment may call 1–800–332–8615. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.

   PDQ (Physician Data Query)

   NCI’s PDQ ¹⁵, a comprehensive cancer information database, contains peer-reviewed summaries of the latest information about the use of CAM in the treatment of cancer. Each summary contains background information about the specific treatment, a brief history of its development, information about relevant research studies, and a glossary of scientific and medical terms. CAM summaries can be accessed via NCI's Web site ¹⁶.

   U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

   The FDA regulates drugs and medical devices to ensure that they are safe and effective. This agency provides a number of publications for consumers, including information about dietary supplements.

   U.S. Food and Drug Administration

   5600 Fishers Lane

   Rockville, MD 20857

   Telephone: 1–888–463–6332 (toll free)

   Web site: http://www.fda.gov

   FDA’s Dietary Supplements Web page: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/supplmnt.html

   Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

   The FTC enforces consumer protection laws and offers publications to guide consumers. The FTC also collects information about fraudulent claims.

   Consumer Response Center

   Federal Trade Commission

   CRC–240

   Washington, DC 20580

   Telephone: 1–877–FTC–HELP (1–877–382–4357) (toll free)

   Callers with TTY equipment: 202–326–2502

   Web site: http://www.ftc.gov

   CAM on PubMed

   CAM on PubMed ¹⁷, a database accessible via the Internet, was developed jointly by NCCAM and the NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM). It contains bibliographic citations (from 1966 to the present) to articles on CAM published in scientifically based, peer-reviewed journals. These citations are a subset of NLM's PubMed system, which contains more than 11 million journal citations from the MEDLINE database and additional life science journals important to health researchers, practitioners, and consumers. CAM on PubMed also displays links to many publisher Web sites, which may offer the full text of articles.

References

1. White JD: Complementary, alternative, and unproven methods of cancer treatment. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds.: Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pp 3147-57. 
   
   
2. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, et al.: Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 280 (18): 1569-75, 1998.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
3. Ni H, Simile C, Hardy AM: Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine by United States adults: results from the 1999 national health interview survey. Med Care 40 (4): 353-8, 2002.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
4. Kao GD, Devine P: Use of complementary health practices by prostate carcinoma patients undergoing radiation therapy. Cancer 88 (3): 615-9, 2000.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
5. Richardson MA, Sanders T, Palmer JL, et al.: Complementary/alternative medicine use in a comprehensive cancer center and the implications for oncology. J Clin Oncol 18 (13): 2505-14, 2000.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
6. Richardson MA, Straus SE: Complementary and alternative medicine: opportunities and challenges for cancer management and research. Semin Oncol 29 (6): 531-45, 2002.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
7. NIH Consensus Conference. Acupuncture. JAMA 280 (17): 1518-24, 1998.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   

Changes to This Summary (10/05/2005)

The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

This is a new summary.

Glossary Terms

The technique of inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms. It is a type of complementary and alternative medicine.

Practices used instead of standard treatments. They generally are not recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches. Examples of alternative medicine include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.

A process in which anything complex is separated into simple or less complex parts.

A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

The Cancer Information Service is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237), or by using the LiveHelp instant-messaging service at https://cissecure.nci.nih.gov/livehelp/welcome.asp. Also called CIS.

A tough, flexible tissue that lines joints and gives structure to the nose, ears, larynx, and other parts of the body.

Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells.

A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called clinical study.

Cancer that develops in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and/or the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus).

Treatment using more than one anticancer drug.

Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices generally are not considered standard medical approaches. Standard treatments go through a long and careful research process to prove they are safe and effective, but less is known about most types of CAM. CAM may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. Also called CAM.

Practices often used to enhance or complement standard treatments. They generally are not recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches. Complementary medicine may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.

A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy.

The things a person eats and drinks.

A product that is added to the diet. A dietary supplement is taken by mouth, and usually contains one or more dietary ingredient (such as vitamin, mineral, herb, amino acid, and enzyme). Also called nutritional supplement.

Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.

In medicine, a preparation of a substance obtained from plants, animals, or bacteria and used as a drug or in drugs.

A condition marked by extreme tiredness and inability to function due lack of energy. Fatigue may be acute or chronic.

Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied.

A substance found in the pits of many fruits such as apricots and papayas, and in other foods. It has been tried in some countries as a treatment for cancer, but it has not been shown to work in clinical studies. Laetrile is not approved for use in the United States. Also called amygdalin.

An operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box).

The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking. Also called voice box.

A semiparasitic plant that grows on some types of trees. Mistletoe extracts are being studied as treatments for cancer.

The National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. The National Cancer Institute conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the National Cancer Institute Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called NCI.

A federal agency in the U.S. that conducts biomedical research in its own laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helps in the training of research investigators; and fosters communication of medical information. Access the National Institutes of Health Web site at http://www.nih.gov. Also called NIH.

A feeling of sickness or discomfort in the stomach that may come with an urge to vomit. Nausea is a side effect of some types of cancer therapy.

A group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer.

A health professional trained to care for people who are ill or disabled.

A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the pancreas. Also called exocrine cancer.

A protein secreted by the pancreas that aids in the digestion of food.

PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, complementary and alternative medicine, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information, and more specific information about PDQ, can be found on the NCI's Web site at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq. Also called Physician Data Query.

A health professional who teaches exercises and physical activities that help condition muscles and restore strength and movement.

Cancer that forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.

A specialist who can talk with patients and their families about emotional and personal matters, and can help them make decisions.

The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.

A problem that occurs when treatment affects healthy tissues or organs. Some common side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores.

An abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign (not cancerous), or malignant (cancerous). Different types of solid tumors are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas. Leukemias (cancers of the blood) generally do not form solid tumors.

In medicine, treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Health care providers are obligated to provide patients with standard therapy. Also called best practice and standard of care.

A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.

An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain.

Treatment.

A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Sources of vitamins are plant and animal food products and dietary supplements. Some vitamins are made in the human body from food products. Vitamins are either fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) or water-soluble (can dissolve in water). Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissue, but excess water-soluble vitamins are removed in the urine. Examples are vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E.

To eject some or all of the contents of the stomach through the mouth.