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Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases
Active Bacterial Core Surveillance

Publications — Streptococcus pneumoniae

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 2006 to present:

Brueggemann AB, Pai R, Crook DW, Beall B. Vaccine escape recombinants after pneumococcal vaccination in the United States. PLoS Pathog 2007;3(11):e168.

Hicks LA. Harrison LH. Flannery B. Hadler JL. Schaffner W. Craig AS. Jackson D. Thomas A. Beall B. Lynfield R. Reingold A. Farley MM. Whitney CG. ABCs/EIP. Incidence of Pneumococcal Disease Due to Non-Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) Serotypes in the United States during the Era of Widespread PCV7 Vaccination, 1998-2004. J Infect Dis 2007;196(9):1346-54.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2006 - Provisional. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu06.pdf

Barzilay EJ, O'Brien KL, Kwok YS, Hoekstra RM, Zell ER, Reid R, Santosham M, Whitney CG, Feikin DR. Could a single dose of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children be effective? Modeling the optimal age of vaccination. Vaccine 2006;24(7):904-13.

Beall B, McEllistrem MC, Gertz RE, Wedel S, Boxrud S, Gonzalez A, Medina M, Pai R, Thompson T, Harrison LH, McGee L, Whitney CG, and the Active Bacterial Core surveillance team. Pre and post vaccine (1999, 2001, 2002) clonal compositions of invasive pneumococcal serotypes in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2006 In Press .

Flannery B, Heffernan RT, Harrison LH, Ray SM, Reingold AL, Hadler J, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Thomas AR, Li J, Campsmith M, Whitney CG, Schuchat A. Changes in invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults living in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunization. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:1-9.

Greene CM, Kyaw MH, Ray SM, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Barrett NL, Long C, Gershamn K, Pilishvili, Roberson A, Zell ER, Whitney CG, Bennett NM for the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Program of the Emerging Infections Program Network. Preventability of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Assessment of Current Polysaccharide Vaccine Recommendations for Adults: United States, 2001-2003. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006;43:141-50.

Kyaw MH, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Halder J, Reingold A, Thomas AR, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Farley MM, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Besser J, Zell ER, Schuchat A, Whitney CG; Active Baterial Core Surveillance Program of the Emerging Infections Program Network. Effect of Introduction of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Eng J Med 2006; 354(14):1455-63.

Mahon BE, Hsu K, Karumuri S, Kaplan SL, Mason EO, Pelton SI. Effectiveness of abbreviated and delayed 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing regimens. Vaccine 2006;24:2514-20.

Pai R, Gertz RE, Beall B. Sequential Multiplex PCR approach for determining capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(1):124-31.

Pletz M, Shergill A, McGee L, Beall B, Whitney CG, Klugman KP. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Prevalence of first-step mutants among levofloxacin-susceptible invasive isolates on Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States . Antimicrob Agents Chemother; 2006; 50:1561-3.

Poehling KA, Talbot TR, Griffin MR, Craig AS, Whitney CG, Zell E, Lexau CA, Thomas AR, Harrison LH, Reingold AL, Hadler JL, Farley MM, Anderson BJ, Schaffner W. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among Infants Before and After Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. JAMA 2006;295(14):1668-74.

Ray GT, Whitney CG, Fireman BH, Ciruryla V, Black SB. Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: evidence from the frist 5 years of use in the United States incorporating herd effects. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(6):494-501.

Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Lynfield R, Nyquist AC, Gershman KA, Vazquez M, Bennett NM, Reingold A, Thomas A, Glode MP, Zell ER, Jorgensen JH, Beall B, Schuchat A. Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case-control study. Lancet. 2006;368(9546):1495-502.

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2000-2005:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2005 -- Provisional. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu05prelim.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Direct and indirect effects of routine vaccination of children with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, United States, 1998-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54(36): 893-897.

Feikin DR , Klugman KP , Facklam RR , Zell ER , Schuchat A , Whitney CG , ABCs/EIP . Increased prevalence of pediatric pneumococcal serotypes in elderly adults. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41(4):481-7.

Heffernan RT, Barrett NL, Gallagher KM, Hadler JL, Harrison LH, Reingold AL, Khoshnoon K, Holford TR, Schuchat A. Declining incidence of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among persons with AIDS in an era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1995-2000. J Infect Dis 2005;191(12):2038-45.

Kyaw MH, Rose CE Jr, Fry AM, Singleton JA, Moore Z, Zell ER, Whitney CG ; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Program of the Emerging Infections Program Network. The influence of chronic illnesses on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in adults. J Infect Dis 2005;192(3):377-386.

Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R, Pilishvili T, Facklam R, Farley MM, Harrison LH, Schaffner W, Reingold A, Bennett NM, Hadler J, Cieslak PR, Whitney CG, for the ABCs Team. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA 2005;294(16):2043-2051.

Lipsitch, M, Whitney CG, Zell E, Kaijalainen T, Dagan R, Malley R. Are anticapsular antibodies the primary mechanism of protection against invasive pneumococcal disease? PLoS Med 2005; 2(1): e15.

McEllistrem MC, Adams JM, Shutt K, Sanza LT, Facklam RR, Whitney CG, Jorgensen JH, Harrison LH. Erythromycin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in children, 1999-2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11(6):969-972.

Pai R, Gertz RE, Whitney CG, Beall B. Clonal association between Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23A, circulating within the United States, and an internationally dispersed clone of serotype 23F. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43(11):5440-5444.

Pai R, Limor J, Beall B. Use of pyrosequencing to differentiate Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6A and 6B. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43(9):4820-4822.

Pai R, Moore MR, Pilishvili T, Gertz RE, Whitney CG, Beall B, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Postvaccine genetic structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A from children in the United States. J Infect Dis 2005;192(11):1988-1995.

Pettigrew MM, Fennie KP. Genomic subtraction followed by dot blot screening of Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical and carriage isolates identifies genetic differences associated with strains that cause otitis media. Infect Immun 2005;73:2805-11.

Pletz MW, McGee L, Beall B, Whitney CG, Klugman KP. Interspecies recombination in type II topoisomerase genes is not a major cause of fluoroquinolone resistance in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49(2):779-780.

Stephens DS, Zughaier SM, Whitney CG, Baughman WS, Barker L, Gay K, Jackson D, Orenstein WA, Arnold K, Schuchat A, Farley MM and the Georgia Emerging Infections Program. Incidence of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: population-based assessment. Lancet 2005;365:855-863.

Talbot TR, Hartert TV, Mitchel E, Halasa NB, Arbogast PG, Poehling KA, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Griffin MR. Asthma is an independent risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2082-2090.

Wolter N, Smith AM, Farrell DJ, Schaffner W, Moore M, Whitney CG, Jorgensen JH, Klugman KP. Novel mechanism of resistance to oxazolidinones, macrolides, and chloramphenicol in ribosomal protein L4 of the pneumococcus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49(8): 3554-3557.

Yu J, Lin J, Benjamin WH Jr, Waites KB, Lee CH, Nahm MH. Rapid multiplex assay for serotyping pneumococci with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:156-62.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2004. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu04.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. E ffect of New Susceptibility Breakpoints on Reporting of Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae --- United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53(07):152-154.

Flannery B, Schrag S, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Harrison LH, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Hadler J, Farley MM, Facklam RR, Zell ER, Whitney CG. ABCs/EIP Impact of childhood vaccination on racial disparities in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. JAMA 2004;291(18):2197-203.

Jorgensen JH, Crawford SA, McElmeel ML, Whitney CG. Comparative activities of Cethromycin and Telithromycin against recent North American isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:605-7.

Jorgensen JH, Crawford SA, McElmeel ML, Whitney CG. Detection of resistance to Gatifloxacin and Moxifloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae with the VITEK 2 instrument. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:5928-30.

Klugman KP. Vaccination: A Novel Approach to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance. Editorial Commentary. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(5):649.

Mavroidi A, Godoy D, Aanensen DM, Robinsom DA, Hollingshead SK, Spratt BG. Evolutionary genetics of the capsular locus of serogroup 6 pneumococci. J Bacteriol 2004; 186(24):8181-92 .

McEllistrem MC, Noller AC, Visweswaran S, Adams JM, Harrison LH. Serotype 14 variants of the France 9V -3 clone from Baltimore, Maryland, can be differentiated by the cps B gene. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:250-256.

Pletz MW, McGee L, Jorgensen J, Beall B, Facklam RR, Whitney CG, Klugman KP. Levofloxacin-Resistant Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States : Evidence for Clonal Spread and the Impact of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(9):3491-7.

Schrag, SJ, McGee, L, Whitney, CG, Beall, B., Craig, AS, Choate, ME, Jorgensen, JH, Facklam, RR, Klugman, KP and the ABCs Team. Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Very-High-Level Resistance to Penicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3016-3023.

Talbot TR, Poehling KA, Hartert TV, Arbogast PG, Halasa NB, Mitchel E, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Edwards KM, Griffin MR. Reduction in High Rates of Antibiotic-Nonsusceptible Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Tennessee after Introduction of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Clin Infec Dis 2004;39(5):641.

Talbot, TR, Poehling KA, Hartert TV, Arbogast PG, Halasa NB, Mitchel E, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Edwards KH, Griffin MR.  Elimination of racial differences in invasive pneumococcal disease in young children after introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23: 726-731.

Adamkiewicz TV, Sarnaik S, Buchanan GR, Iyer RV, Miller ST, Pegelow CH, Rogers ZR, Vichinsky E, Elliott J, Facklam RR, O'Brien KL, Schwartz B, Van Beneden CA, Cannon MJ, Eckman JR, Keyserling H, Sullivan K, Wong W, Wang W. Invasive pneumococcal infections in children with sickle cell disease in the era of penicillin prophylaxis, antibiotic resistance, and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination. J. Pediatr 2003;143(4):438-444.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2003. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneum03.pdf

Dowell SF, Whitney CG, Wright C, Rose CE, and Schuchat A. Seasonal Patterns of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9(5): 573-579.

Fry AM, Facklam RR, Whitney CG, Plikaytis BD and Schuchat A. Multistate evaluation of invasive pneumococcal diseases in adults with HIV infection: serotype and antimicrobial resistance patterns in the United States. J Infect Dis 2003;188(5):643-52.

Gertz, RE, McEllistrem MC, Boxrud DJ, Li Z, Sakota V, Thompson TA, Facklam RR, Besser JM, Harrison LH, Whitney CG, Beall B. Clonal Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Isolates from Children and Selected Adults in the United States Prior to 7-Valent Conjugate Vaccine Introduction. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(9):4194-4216.

King MD, Whitney CG, Parekh FM,, and Farley MM. Recurrent Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: A Population-Based Assessment. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1029-1036.

Kupronis BA, Richards JC, Whitney CG, Team ABCS: Invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults residing in long-term care facilities and in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51(11):1520-1525.

McCormick AW, Whitney CG, Farley MM, Lynfield R, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Schaffner W, Reingold A, Hadler J, Cieslak P, Samore MH, Lipsitch M. Geographic Diversity and Temporal Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Nat Med 2003;9(4):424-430.

Restrepo MI, Velez JA, Mcelmeel ML, Whitney CG, Jorgensen JH. Activity of daptomycin against recent North American isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47(9): 2974-2977.

Sisk JE, Whang W, Butler JC, Sneller VP, Whitney CG: Cost-effectiveness of vaccination against invasive pneumococcal disease among people 50 through 64 years of age: role of co morbid conditions and race. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138(12): 960-968.

Thomas DM, Ray SM, Morton FJ, Shevlin JD, Offutt G, Whitney C, Jacobson T. Patient education strategies to improve pneumococcal vaccination rates: a randomized trial. J Invest Med 2003;51(3):141-8.

Van Beneden CA, Lexau C, Baughman W, Barnes B, Bennett N, Cassidy PM, et al. Aggregated Antibiograms and Monitoring of Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9(9):1089-1095.

Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Pilishvili T, Jackson D, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Schuchat A, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. New Engl J Med 2003;348(18):1737-46.

Albanese BA, Roche JC, Pass M, Whitney CG, McEllistrem MC, Harrison LH. Geographic, demographic, and seasonal differences in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Baltimore. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34(1):15-21.

Beall B, McEllistrem MC, Gertz RE Jr, Boxrud DJ, Besser JM, Harrison LH, Jorgenson JH and Whitney CG, for the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance/ Emerging Infections Program Network. Emergence of a novel penicillin resistant clone of serotype 35B Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. J Infect Dis 2002;186:118-122

Braum SE, Crawford SA, McEmeel ML, Whitney CG, Jorgensen JH. Comparative activities of the oxazolidinone AZD2563 and linzolid against selected recent North American isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46(9):3094-3095.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2002. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu02.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessment of Susceptibility Testing Practices for Streptococcus pneumoniae - United States, February 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51(18):392-4.

Fry AM, Zell ER, Schuchat A, Butler JC Whitney CG. Comparing potential benefits of new pneumococcal vaccines with the current polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly. Vaccine 2002;21:303-311.

McEllistrem MC, Mendlelsohn AB, Elliott JA, Whitney CG, Albanese BA, Harrison LH. Distribution of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal clones in the Baltimore metropolitan area and variables associated with drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34(5):704-707

McEllistrem MC, Mendelsohn AB, Pass MA, Elliott JA, Whitney CG, Kolano JA, Harrison LH. Recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 2002;185:1364-1368.

Morita JY, Zell ER, Danila R, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Lefkowitz L, Reingold A, Kupronis BA, Schuchat A, Whitney CG. Association between antimicrobial resistance among pneumococcal isolates and burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in the community. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:420-427.

Schrag SJ, Zell E, Schuchat A, Whitney CG. Evaluation of sentinel surveillance for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Emerg Inf Dis 2002;8(5):496-502.

Shelvin JD. Summers-Bean C. Thomas D. Whitney CG. Todd D. Ray SM. A symptomatic approach for increasing pneumococcal vaccination rates at an inner-city hospital. Am J Prev Med 2002;22(2):92-97.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2001. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu01.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to Fluoroquinolones --- United States, 1995--1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50(37):800-804.

Ehresmann KR, Ramesh A, Como-Sabetti K, Peterson DC, Whitney CG, Moore KA. Factors associated with self-reported pneumococcal immunization among adults 65 years of age or older in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Prev Med 2001;32(5):409-415.

Hyde TB, Gay K, Stephens DS, Vugia DJ, Pass M, Johnson S, Barrett NL, Schaffner W, Cieslak PR, Maupin PS, Zell ER, Jorgensen JH, Facklam RR, Whitney CG. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance/Emerging Infections Program Network. Macrolide resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. JAMA 2001;286(15):1857-1862.

Moroney JF, Fiore AE, Harrison LH, Patterson JE, Farley M, Jorgensen JH, Phelan M, Facklam RR, Cetron MS, Breiman RF, Kolczak M, Schuchat A. Clinical outcomes of invasive pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the era of antibiotic resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:797-805.

Robinson K, Baughman W, Rothrock G, Barrett N, Pass M, Lexau C, Damaske B, Stefonek K, Barnes B, Patterson J, Zell E, Schuchat A, Whitney C. Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the U.S., 1995-1998 - Opportunities for prevention in the conjugate vaccine era. JAMA 2001;285:1729-1735.

Beall B, Gherardi G, Facklam R, and Hollingshead S. Pneumococcal psp A sequence types of prevalent multi-resistant strains in the United States and of internationally disseminated pneumococcal clones. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:3663-3669.

Breiman RF, Keller DW, Phelan M, Sniadack D, Stephens DS, Rimland D, Farley MM, Schuchat A, Reingold A. Evaluation of effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine for HIV-infected patients. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2633-2638.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2000. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu00.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing pneumococcal disease among infants and young children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000:49 (No.RR-9):1-35.

Feikin DR, Schuchat A, Kolczak M, Barrett NL, Harrison LH, Lefkowitz L, McGeer A, Farley MM, Vugia DJ, Lexau C, Stefonek KR, Patterson JE, Jorgensen JH. Mortality from invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance, 1995-1997. Am J Public Health 2000;90:223-229.

Fiore AE, Moroney JF, Farley MM, Harrison LH, Patterson JE, Jorgensen M, Kolczak MS, Breiman RF, Schuchat A. Clinical outcomes of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the era of antibiotic resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:71-77.

Gay K, Baughman W, Miller Y, Jackson D, Whitney CG, Schuchat A, Farley MM, Tenover F, Stephens DS. The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolide antimicrobial agents: a 6-year population-based assessment. J Infect Dis 2000;182(5):1417-1424.

Gherardi G, Whitney CG, Facklam RR, Beall B. Major related sets of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci in the United States as determined by PFGE and pbp1a-pbp2b-pbp2x-dhf restriction profiles. J Infect Dis 2000;181:216-229.

Harrison LH, Dwyer DM, Billmann L, Kolczak MS, Schuchat A, and the Maryland Emerging Infections Program. Invasive pneumococcal infection in Baltimore : implications for immunization policy. Arch Intern. Med 2000;160 (1):89-94.

Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH, Klugman KP, Mabry LR, Musher DM, Plouffe JF, Rakowsky A, Schuchat A, Whitney CG. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae therapeutic working group. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1399-1408.

Jorgensen JH, Weigel LM, Swenson JM, Whitney CG, Ferraro MJ, Tenover FC. Activities of clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and trovafloxacin against recent clinical isolates of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2962-2968.

McEllistrem MC, Pass M, Elliott JA, Whitney CG, Harrison LH. Clonal groups of penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in Baltimore, Maryland : A population-based, molecular epidemiologic study. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(12):4367-4372.

McEllistrem MC, Stout JE, Harrison LH. Simplified protocol for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:351-353.

Metlay JP, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Fine MJ, Farley MM, Whitney C, Breiman RF. Impact of penicillin susceptibility on medical outcomes for adult patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:520-528.

Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Farley MM, Harrison LH, McGeer A, Kolczak MS, Breiman RF, and the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2000;342:681-689.

Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Gelling L, Kool JL, Reingold AL, Vugia DJ. Epidemiologic relation between HIV and invasive pneumococcal disease in San Francisco County, California. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:182-190.

Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Lexau C, Reingold A, Lefkowitz L, Cieslak PR, Cetron M, Zell ER, Jorgensen JH, Schuchat A. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1917-1924.

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1995-1999:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1999. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu99.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Geographic variation in penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae - Selected Sites, United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:656-661.

Jacobson T, Thomas D, Morton F, Offutt G, Shevlin J and Ray S. Use of a low-literacy patient education tool to enhance pneumococcal vaccination rates: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282:646-50.

Levine OS, Farley M, Harrison LH, Lefkowitz L, McGeer A, Schwartz B for the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in children: a population-based case-control study in North America. Pediatrics 1999;103(3):e28.

Beall B, Facklam RR, Jackson DM, Starling HH. Rapid screening of penicillin-susceptibility in systemic pneumococcal isolates by restriction enzyme profiling of the php 2B gene. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2359-2362.

Butler JC, Dowell SF, Breiman RF. Epidemiology of emerging pneumococcal drug resistance: implications for treatment and prevention. Vaccine 1998;16:1693-1697.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1998. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu98.pdf

Chen FM, Breiman RF, Farley M, Plikaytis B, Deaver K, Cetron MS. Geocoding and linking data from population-based surveillance and the US census to evaluate the impact of median household income on the epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:1212-1218.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1997. Available via the Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/survreports/spneu97.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessment of National Reporting of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae -- United States, 1995-1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996;45:947-959.

Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Farley MM, Baughman WS, Facklam RR, Elliott JA, Deaver KA, Breiman RF. The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 1995;333:481-486.

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1988-1994:

Schuchat A, Broome CV, Hightower AW, Costa S, Parkin W. Use of surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease to estimate the size of the immunosuppressed HIV-infected population. JAMA 1991;265:3275-3279.

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Date: February 5, 2008
Content source: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases / Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases
 
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