Reference Citation(s)	Type of Study	Product Tested	Type(s) of Cancer	No. of Patients: Enrolled; Treated; Controlb	Strongest Benefit Reportedc	Concurrent Therapyd	Level of Evidence Scoree
[32]	Randomized trial	PS76A2 (Lektinol)	Breast	272; unknownf; unknowng	Improved quality of lifeh	Yes	Nonei
[45]	Randomized trial	Isorel	Colorectal	64; 50; 14	Improved survival and tolerance to either adjuvant or palliative treatment	Yes	1iiA
[46]	Nonrandomized controlled trial	Isorel	Digestive tract	70; 40; 30	Enhanced cellular immunity and improved quality of life	No	2C
[47]	Nonrandomized controlled trial	Abnoba-viscum Quercus	Metastatic colorectal	25; 25; none	None	Yes	2Diii
[39]	Nonrandomized controlled trial	Viscum fraxini-2	Hepatocellular carcinoma	23; 23; none	None	No	2Dii

No. = number.

aSee text and the NCI Dictionary for additional information and definition of terms.

bNumber of patients treated plus number of patients controlled may not equal number of patients enrolled; number of patients enrolled = number of patients initially recruited/considered by the researchers who conducted a study; number of patients treated = number of enrolled patients who were administered the treatment being studied AND for whom results were reported; historical control subjects are not included in number of patients enrolled.

cStrongest evidence reported that the treatment under study has anticancer activity or otherwise improves the well-being of cancer patients.

dChemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or cytokine therapy administered/allowed at the same time as mistletoe therapy.

eFor information about levels of evidence analysis and an explanation of the level of evidence scores, see Levels of Evidence for Human Studies of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

fPatients were randomly assigned to treatment with one of three doses (high, medium, or low) of an extract standardized on the basis of mistletoe lectin concentration.

gControl patients were treated with an unidentified placebo.

hQuality of life was assessed using the GLQ-8 global quality-of-life scales (eight self-assessment scales) and the Spitzer uniscale.

iResults have been reported in abstract form only; level of evidence scoring is not possible due to limited information.

References

32. Wetzel D, Schäfer M: Results of a randomised placebo-controlled multicentre study with PS76A2 (standardised mistletoe preparation) in patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. [Abstract] Phytomedicine 7 (Suppl 2): A-SL-66, 2000. 
    
    
39. Mabed M, El-Helw L, Shamaa S: Phase II study of viscum fraxini-2 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 90 (1): 65-9, 2004.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
45. Cazacu M, Oniu T, Lungoci C, et al.: The influence of isorel on the advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 18 (1): 27-34, 2003.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
46. Enesel MB, Acalovschi I, Grosu V, et al.: Perioperative application of the Viscum album extract Isorel in digestive tract cancer patients. Anticancer Res 25 (6C): 4583-90, 2005 Nov-Dec.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
47. Bar-Sela G, Haim N: Abnoba-viscum (mistletoe extract) in metastatic colorectal carcinoma resistant to 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin-based chemotherapy. Med Oncol 21 (3): 251-4, 2004.  [PUBMED Abstract]