BTS | Table A-2 Downs Data

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BTS Home > Publications > Journal of Transportation and Statistics > Volume 4 Number 1 > Paper 4

Table A-2 Downs Data

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Congestion reducing policies	Effectiveness		Cost		Implementation		Political acceptability
Congestion reducing policies	Extent	Impact	Direct to commuters	To all society	Required institution	Ease of administration	Political acceptability
Supply-side: Coordinating signals, TV monitoring, ramp signals, electronic signs, converting streets to one-way	Narrow	Minor	None	Minor	None	Moderate	Good
Supply-side: Rapidly removing accidents	Variable	Great	None	Minor	None	Easy	Good
Supply-side: Improving highway maintenance	Broad	Moderate	None	Moderate	None	Moderate	Moderate
Supply-side: Upgrading city streets	Variable	Moderate	None	Moderate	None	Easy	Moderate
Supply-side: Increasing public transit usage by improving service, amenities	Narrow	Minor	None	Moderate	None	Hard	Moderate
Supply-side: Building added HOV lanes	Variable	Moderate	None	Great	Cooperative	Hard	Moderate
Supply-side: Building new and expanding existing off-road transit systems	Narrow	Moderate	Minor	Great	Cooperative	Hard	Poor
Supply-side: Building new roads without HOV lanes	Variable	Moderate	None	Great	Cooperative	Moderate	Poor
Demand-side: Adopting local growth limits	Narrow	Minor	None	Minor	None	Easy	Good
Demand-side: Encouraging people to work at home	Broad	Minor	None	None	None	Moderate	Good
Demand-side: Changing federal work laws that discourage working at home	Broad	Minor	None	Minor	None	Moderate	Moderate
Demand-side: Clustering high-density housing near transit station stops	Narrow	Minor	None	Minor	Cooperative	Hard	Moderate
Demand-side: Encouraging formation of TMAs, promoting ride sharing	Narrow	Moderate	None	Minor	Cooperative	Hard	Moderate
Demand-side: Staggered work hours	Variable	Minor	None	None	Cooperative	Moderate	Moderate
Demand-side: Providing income tax deductability for commuting allowances	Variable	Great	None	Minor	None	Easy	Poor
Demand-side: Increasing gasoline taxes	Broad	Moderate	Great	Moderate	None	Easy	Poor
Demand-side: Increasing automobile license fees	Broad	Minor	Moderate	Minor	None	Easy	Poor
Demand-side: Eliminating income tax deductabilitiy of free employee parking	Broad	Great	Great	None	Cooperative	Moderate	Poor
Demand-side: Instituting peak-hour tolls on main roads	Broad	Great	Great	None	Regional	Moderate	Poor
Demand-side: Keeping densities in new growth areas above minimal levels	Broad	Moderate	None	Minor	Regional	Hard	Poor
Demand-side: Improving the job-housing balance	Broad	Minor	None	Moderate	Regional	Hard	Poor
Demand-side: Concentrating jobs in big clusters in areas of new growth	Narrow	Minor	None	Great	Regional	Hard	Poor
Demand-side: Parking tax on peak-hour arrivals	Broad	Great	Great	None	Regional	Hard	Poor

* significant at 0.01 level
** significant at 0.05 level
*** 1.00 < t < 2.00
d.f. = degrees of freedom
HOV = high-occupancy vechicle
NA = not applicable
SOV = single-occupancy vehicle
SRSD = studentized residual
TDM = travel demand management
TMA = transportation management association
TSM = transportation system management
U = data are unavailable
VHT = vehicle hours of travel
VMT = vehicle-miles traveled
* Significant at 95% confidence interval.