[cost3.txt, dated 12/97]

Economic costs to society of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, United States, 
1983

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                                                                    Costs
Types of Costs                                                   ($ millions)
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Core costs
  Direct
    Treatment[a]                                                   $13,457
    Health support services                                          1,549
  Indirect
    Mortality[b]                                                    18,151
    Reduced productivity                                            65,582
    Lost employment                                                  5,323
Other related costs
  Direct
    Motor vehicle crashes                                            2,697
    Crime                                                            2,631
    Social welfare administration                                       49
    Other                                                            3,673
  Indirect
    Victims of crime                                                   194
    Incarceration                                                    2,979
    Motor vehicle crashes                                              590
                                                                  --------
  Total                                                           $116,875
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SOURCE: SIXTH SPECIAL REPORT TO CONGRESS ON ALCOHOL AND HEALTH FROM THE
        SECRETARY OF HUMAN SERVICES (January 1987), DHHS Publication No.
        ADM 87-1519.  Adapted from Harwood, H.; Napolitano, D.M.;
        Christensen, P.L.; and Collins, J.J.  ECONOMIC COSTS TO SOCIETY OF
        ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE AND MENTAL ILLNESS, 1980.  Report to Alcohol,
        Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration by Research Triangle
        Park, NC:  Research Triangle Institute, 1984.

[a] For alcohol abuse and alcoholism, liver cirrhosis, other illnesses, 
    motor vehicle crashes, and other injuries.
[b] At 6 percent discount rate.