<DOC>
[108th Congress House Hearings]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access]
[DOCID: f:87720.wais]
"BACK TO WORK: THE ADMINISTRATION'S
PLAN FOR ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND THE
WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACT"
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
HEARING
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND
THE WORKFORCE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
________
HEARING HELD IN WASHINGTON, DC, FEBRUARY 12, 2003
________
Serial No. 108-1
________
Printed for the use of the Committee on Education
and the Workforce
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COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE
JOHN A. BOEHNER, Ohio, Chairman
THOMAS E. PETRI, Wisconsin GEORGE MILLER, California
CASS BALLENGER, North Carolina DALE E. KILDEE, Michigan
PETER HOEKSTRA, Michigan MAJOR R. OWENS, New York
HOWARD P. "BUCK" McKEON, California DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey
MICHAEL N. CASTLE, Delaware ROBERT E. ANDREWS, New Jersey
SAM JOHNSON, Texas LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California
JAMES C. GREENWOOD, Pennsylvania RUBE?N HINOJOSA, Texas
CHARLIE NORWOOD, Georgia CAROLYN McCARTHY, New York
FRED UPTON, Michigan JOHN F. TIERNEY, Massachusetts
VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan RON KIND, Wisconsin
JIM DeMINT, South Carolina DENNIS J. KUCINICH, Ohio
JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia DAVID WU, Oregon
JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois RUSH D. HOLT, New Jersey
TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania SUSAN A. DAVIS, California
PATRICK J. TIBERI, Ohio BETTY McCOLLUM, Minnesota
RIC KELLER, Florida DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois
TOM OSBORNE, Nebraska ED CASE, Hawaii
JOE WILSON, South Carolina RAU?L M. GRIJALVA, Arizona
TOM COLE, Oklahoma DENISE L. MAJETTE, Georgia
JON C. PORTER, Nevada CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland
JOHN KLINE, Minnesota TIMOTHY J. RYAN, Ohio
JOHN R. CARTER, Texas
MARILYN N. MUSGRAVE, Colorado
MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee
PHIL GINGREY, Georgia
MAX BURNS, Georgia
Paula Nowakowski, Chief of Staff
John Lawrence, Minority Staff Director
Table of Contents
OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN JOHN BOEHNER, COMMITTEE ON
EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE 2
OPENING STATEMENT OF RANKING MEMBER GEORGE MILLER, COMMITTEE ON
EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE 4
STATEMENT OF ELAINE L. CHAO, SECRETARY OF LABOR, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
LABOR, WASHINGTON, D.C. 6
STATEMENT OF KENNETH MAYFIELD, PRESIDENT, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
COUNTIES, WASHINGTON, D.C. 34
STATEMENT OF DR. LAWRENCE MISHEL, PRESIDENT, ECONOMIC POLICY
INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 36
APPENDIX A - WRITTEN OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN JOHN BOEHNER,
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE 49
APPENDIX B - STATEMENT OF ELAINE L. CHAO, SECRETARY OF LABOR, U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WASHINGTON, D.C. 53
APPENDIX C - STATEMENT OF KENNETH MAYFIELD, PRESIDENT, NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES, WASHINGTON, D.C. 67
APPENDIX D - STATEMENT OF DR. LAWRENCE MISHEL, PRESIDENT, ECONOMIC
POLICY INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 79
APPENDIX E - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF CONGRESSMAN
DENNIS KUCINICH, COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE 107
APPENDIX F - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF CONGRESSWOMAN
DENISE MAJETTE, 4TH DISTRICT OF GEORGIA, U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
111
APPENDIX G - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF JOSEPH R. LARSON,
CHAIRMAN, RESTORING AMERICA, LLC, IBERIA, MO 115
APPENDIX H - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF MINNESOTA STATE
SENATOR, MICHELE BACHMAN, DISTRICT 52, ST. PAUL, MN 123
APPENDIX I - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF KIMBLE AINSLIE,
ON BEHALF OF THE MACKINAC CENTER FOR PUBLIC POLICY, MIDLAND, MI 129
APPENDIX J - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF MAPLE RIVER
EDUCATION COALITION, MICHAEL J. CHAPMAN, BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ST.
PAUL, MN 135
Table of Indexes 144
HEARING ON "BACK TO WORK: THE ADMINISTRATION'S PLAN
FOR ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND THE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACT"
____________________
Wednesday, February 12, 2003
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee on Education and the Workforce
Washington, D.C.
The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:30 a.m., in Room 2175, Rayburn House
Office Building, Hon. John Boehner, Chairman of the Committee, presiding.
Present: Representatives Boehner, Ballenger, Hoekstra, McKeon, Johnson, Ehlers, DeMint,
Isakson, Platts, Osborne, Wilson, Porter, Kline, Musgrave, Gingrey, Miller, Kildee, Owens, Payne,
Andrews, Woolsey, Tierney, Sanchez, Kucinich, Holt, Davis, Case, Grijalva, Majette, Van Hollen,
and Ryan.
Staff present: Stephanie Milburn, Professional Staff Member; Travis McCoy, Legislative
Assistant; Sally Lovejoy, Director of Education and Human Resources Policy; Krisann Pearce,
Deputy Director of Education and Human Resources Policy; Whitney Rhoades, Professional Staff
Member; Ed Gilroy, Director of Workforce Policy; Molly Salmi, Deputy Director of Workforce
Policy; Christine Roth, Workforce Policy Counsel; Jo-Marie St. Martin, General Counsel; Kevin
Frank, Professional Staff Member; Dave Schnittger, Communications Director; Kevin Smith,
Senior Communications Counselor; Brady Newby, Communications Specialist; Deborah L.
Samantar, Committee Clerk/Intern Coordinator.
John Lawrence, Minority Staff Director; Mark Zuckerman, Minority General Counsel; Cheryl
Johnson, Minority Counsel; Michele Varnhagen, Minority Labor Counsel/Coordinator; Peter
Rutledge, Minority Senior Legislative Associate/Labor; Maria Cuprill, Minority Legislative
Associate/Labor; Alex Nock, Minority Legislative Associate/Education; Dan Rawlins, Minority
Staff Assistant/Labor; Daniel Weiss, Special Assistant to the Ranking Member.
Chairman Boehner. The Committee on Education and the Workforce will come to order.
We're meeting today to hear testimony on "Back to Work: the Administration's Plan for
Economic Recovery and the Workforce Investment Act." Under Committee rule 12(b), opening
statements are limited to the Chairman or Ranking Minority Member of the Committee. Therefore,
if other Members have statements, they will be included in the hearing record.
And with that, I ask unanimous consent for the hearing record to remain open for 14 days to
allow Members' statements and other extraneous material referenced during the hearing to be
submitted for the official record. Without objection, so ordered.
OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN JOHN BOEHNER, COMMITTEE
ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE
Let me start this morning by welcoming our distinguished guest today, the Secretary of
Labor, Elaine Chao, and I also would like to welcome my counterpart, the gentleman from
California, Mr. Miller, and the other Members of our Committee.
During his State of the Union address, President Bush laid out a comprehensive plan to
speed our economic recovery and promote long-term job growth and investment. His plan also
provides specific assistance, in the form of personal re-employment accounts, to help unemployed
Americans who are struggling to return to work.
At a time when the economy is struggling but also improving, it is important that we focus
on giving the unemployed more flexibility and choices in their employment search. And even
though the most recent Labor Department statistics reveal that unemployment is down to 5.7
percent this month, we still need to examine new ways to help working families across this country
during the time when they need it most.
On January 29th, Congressmen Jon Porter, Buck McKeon, Todd Tiahrt, and others
introduced the Back to Work Incentive Act, which reflects the President's plan to create these
accounts, and aid unemployed workers who need the most help in getting back to work. I am
pleased to be a co-sponsor of this important measure.
The Back to Work Incentive Act represents a new and innovative approach to helping the
unemployed get back on their feet. As President Bush has said, one worker out of work is one too
many, and his plan will help working families in times when they need it most.
Now, workers can use the Back to Work accounts for a variety of services to help them find
a good job, including job training, child care, transportation, housing assistance, and other expenses
in helping find a new job. Recipients will be able to keep the balance of their $3,000 back to work
account as a cash re-employment bonus if they become re-employed within 13 weeks, creating an
important incentive to return to work quickly. The more quickly a job is obtained, the larger the re-
employment bonus will be.
States such as Iowa, Pennsylvania, and Washington have experimented with personal re-
employment accounts, and the results have been very positive.
One of the exciting aspects of the new Back to Work accounts is that they empower
individual recipients to make choices appropriate for their own circumstances. Recipients will be
able to create re-employment plans that help them navigate all the options available -- such as
career counseling or training for a new profession in which they can be employed. By providing
choice and flexibility, we can get people back into a steady, good-paying job as quickly as possible.
This new benefit supplements and enhances the services that are already available for those
who are most likely to face obstacles in finding and keeping new employment. These Back to
Work accounts will not only provide the unemployed with another important benefit in helping
them find a new job, but will be efficiently administered through the easily accessible One Stop
Career Center system, established through the Federal Workforce Investment Act (WIA).
The Workforce Investment Act (WIA) and the one-stop delivery system it created represent
the nation's primary investment in workforce development. WIA assistance is vital to helping
workers find new or better jobs in this time of economic recovery. Through the one-stop delivery
system, job seekers have access to labor market information, job counseling, and job training to
help them get back on their feet. In addition, they have access to numerous other federal programs
that provide services to job seekers. These Back to Work accounts will be an important new
benefit that will be offered seamlessly and efficiently through the WIA delivery system.
The 21st Century Competitiveness Subcommittee, chaired by Congressman Buck McKeon,
will lead this Committee's efforts to reauthorize the Workforce Investment Act this year, and will
focus on improving the system to help achieve the original vision of the law when it was enacted in
1998, which was to create a seamless workforce development system for workers and employers.
While we expect to move the Back to Work Incentive Act as a stand-alone bill, we also
expect to address the President's proposal as part of our efforts to reauthorize WIA. Particularly
during a sluggish economy, WIA programs can play a role in helping Americans get back to work,
or retain for new jobs.
I look forward to working with President Bush, Subcommittee Chairman McKeon,
Congressman Porter, Secretary Chao, and my friends on the Democrat side of the aisle to move this
proposal quickly and make this innovative plan a reality for working families who need the help the
most, and certainly they need it quickly.
I now yield to my friend and Ranking Member of the Committee, George Miller.
WRITTEN OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN JOHN BOEHNER,
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE - SEE APPENDIX A
OPENING STATEMENT OF RANKING MEMBER GEORGE MILLER,
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Madame Secretary, welcome back to the Committee. We look
forward to hearing your comments today regarding the President's proposal for personal re-
employment accounts. The question we will have, obviously, is whether or not this proposal meets
the demands that are being placed on unemployed workers today in our current economy.
This proposal comes at a time when working families are facing a weak economy, wracked
by job insecurity, unemployment, corporate malfeasance, and battered retirement savings. By
almost any measure you can think of, for wages, job security, retirement security, middle-class
Americans are worse off today than they were two years ago, or at any time in the past decade.
It's not a question of whether we have one unemployed worker in this country, which would
be too many for the President; we have 8 million unemployed workers in this country. And
minority and women workers have been particularly hard hit. More than 1 million workers, 1
million individuals, many heads of households, have exhausted their federal unemployment
benefits and cannot find work. The number of workers unemployed for more than 15 weeks has
increased almost 140 percent in the two years since you took office.
The paycheck for America's most vulnerable workers, those making the minimum wage,
will soon be at its lowest value since the Eisenhower administration a half a century ago. And yet
we have seen absolutely no leadership from the majority in this Congress or from the Bush
Administration to provide these men and women with a decent increase in their earnings.
For some reason, this Administration and the Republican Congress can see fit to give $2
trillion in tax breaks to the wealthiest Americans during this recession, and during a time of
impending war, but we can't give 75 cents an hour to the poorest workers in this nation this year.
The precipitous drop in the stock market over the past two years has cost employees over
$175 billion in 401(k) investments and assets. Thousands of these employees who lost hundreds of
millions of dollars of irreplaceable life savings and retirement benefits due to corporate fraud and
abuse, are still awaiting help from the Department of Labor to recoup their losses more than a year
later.
Corporate pension plans' under-funding have reached a staggering level of $300 billion.
This requires that the Department of Labor immediately address the serious problem that threatens
the retirement security of tens of millions of Americans. The public Pension Benefit Guaranty
Corporation, the agency that 44 million Americans rely on to pay their pensions if their companies
are bankrupt, has record deficits close to $10 billion when accounting for future liabilities, and
huge corporations are lining up to dump their pension burdens into this corporation every month as
part of their bankruptcy bail-out plans. Most recently we see Bethlehem National, and the question
is how soon will the airlines off-load their employees' pensions into the Pension Benefit Guaranty
Corporation? This threat to the employees' pensions does not even take into consideration the threat
to their health insurance benefits that are also under attack.
Not only is the federal treasury facing $300 billion in red ink next year and $2 trillion over
the next decade as a result of the administration's irresponsible fiscal policies, but now state and
local governments are confronting $85 billion in deficits, forcing cuts in health care, child care,
education, and training, and tomorrow this Congress will add $11 billion to the burden of those
states with the passage of the Welfare Reform Bill.
The American public is starting to understand that this Administration and this Congress
have turned a deaf ear to the worsening economic security of millions of Americans worried about
their jobs, their families, and their retirement security. There is no additional help for more than 1
million workers who have exhausted their federal unemployment benefits and can't find work.
There is no support for a modest increase in the minimum wage. There is vigorous opposition to
the rights of working people to join unions, as demonstrated in the cases of the Department of
Homeland Security and the baggage handlers and others at our airports.
Failures by the Department of Labor over the last 15 months, since the beginning of the
investigation of Enron, to try and recover hundreds of millions of dollars in retirement investments
lost due to corporate fraud and abuse, the promotion of unsound and unfair pension changes, like
the cash balance conversions that could impoverish millions of middle-aged and older employees,
and the investment advice proposal that former SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt says violates the one
bedrock principle of investing.
Given this record, I am at a loss to see how the Bush Administration's proposal for re-
employment accounts speaks to the deep underlying problems facing working men and women in
this dreadful economy. How will these accounts help the 1 million workers who have already
exhausted their federal extended benefits? How will they help workers find jobs in communities
where no work is available? And how will this Department respond to the report by the previous
Bush Administration that concluded that these accounts do very little for workers who are living in
areas of moderate or high unemployment, of which there are now millions of Americans that share
that burden.
I am eager to hear your testimony today, Madame Secretary, but I must say that I am very
concerned about this Administration's lack of attention to the welfare and the well-being of millions
of middle-class working families who still see their livelihoods and their retirements threatened by
this economy and by the inability of this Administration to respond to their needs. Simply cutting
off people's benefits and not giving them additional work is not going to provide the kind of
economic recovery that this nation needs and this nation's families want so dearly. Thank you very
much.
Chairman Boehner. Before I introduce the Secretary, let me take a moment to welcome the
newest member of our Committee, Phil Gingrey, of Georgia.
Dr. Gingrey was elected to our Committee last night. He is an OB/GYN, a former Marietta
school board member, and most recently served in the Georgia State Senate from 1998 until he was
elected to Congress this November. He will serve on the Subcommittee on Select Education and
the Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness. I want to welcome Dr. Gingrey to the
Committee.
It's now my pleasure to introduce the Secretary of Labor, Elaine Chao. Secretary Chao is
the nation's 24th Secretary of Labor, and is a champion of the nation's contemporary workforce.
She has worked to focus the Labor Department on the modern realities of workers' lives.
Prior to assuming the position of Secretary, she was a director of the Peace Corps, and later
President and Chief Executive Officer of United Way of America. Secretary Chao's previous
government experience includes Deputy Secretary at the U.S. Department of Transportation.
In addition, her business experience includes positions at Bank of America, Capital Markets
Group, and Citicorp. And prior to her nomination as Secretary, she was a distinguished Fellow at
the Heritage Foundation. Secretary Chao received her MBA from the Harvard Business School and
her undergraduate degree in economics from Mount Holyoke College.
Before the Secretary begins her testimony, I want to remind all the Members that we will
impose a five-minute limit on questions. The Secretary is only with us for a short time today, and
she must excuse herself at noon. So I would ask Members to be mindful of the clock.
And with that, Madame Secretary, welcome and you may begin.
STATEMENT OF ELAINE L. CHAO, SECRETARY OF LABOR, U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WASHINGTON, D.C.
Good morning, Mr. Chairman, Congressman Miller, and Members of the Committee.
Thank you for the opportunity to testify on the provisions of the President's economic growth and
jobs package that will help workers with immediate benefits and long-term opportunities.
I want to commend you and the Members of this Committee for your leadership in
introducing the Back to Work Incentive Act, H.R. 444, which would establish personal re-
employment accounts for an estimated 1.2 million workers.
I would also like to describe some of the innovative changes we proposed to the workforce
investment system through reauthorization of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. I will
summarize my statement, Mr. Chairman, but ask that my prepared statement be included for the
record.
Last month, President Bush announced a comprehensive growth and jobs package to
stimulate spending, promote investment, create jobs, and deliver critical help to unemployed
workers. If enacted, his plan will help create 1.4 million jobs by the end of 2004.
I think we all agree that current unemployment rates, while low by historical standards, are
still too high. Our goal is to preserve the hard-won gains the economy has made, to speed up
growth and create more jobs in both the short term and the long term.
One of the unique features of the President's economic recovery plan is its new approach to
addressing current unemployment through personal re-employment accounts. These are worker-
managed accounts of up to $3,000, and they can be used to purchase a variety of re-employment
services, including training, counseling, childcare, and transportation.
Re-employment accounts will empower individuals by giving them more flexibility,
personal choice, and control over their job search. These accounts also have a re-employment
bonus. Workers who find a new job within 13 weeks will be able to keep the cash balance in their
personal re-employment accounts to assist them in transitioning back to work.
These personal re-employment accounts will be administered by the states through the local
One-Stop Career Centers. And the President's proposal would provide $3.6 billion in additional
resources to the states to fund these personal re-employment accounts over two years so that there
will be no duplicative infrastructure that will be needed.
As we entered the 21st century, our nation's workforce faced three major challenges:
globalization, technological advances, and demographic changes. So we need long-term strategies,
as well, to prepare workers for good-paying jobs in the labor market.
This Committee has already recognized the importance of these challenges through its hard
work on the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. Our goal is to continue to develop the One-Stop
Career Center delivery system into a cohesive workforce investment system that responds quickly
and effectively to the changing needs of our population and our economy.
The Administration's proposal for the Workforce Investment Act reauthorization would be
based on five key principles. We want to one, strengthen the governing structure of the workforce
investment system by streamlining the membership and mission of state and local workforce
investment boards. Two, we want to support a more comprehensive operation with available
services through the One-Stop Career Centers. Three, we want to improve adult services by
consolidating adult dislocated workers and employment services funding streams into one network.
This will increase customer accessibility, as well as state flexibility in responding to local
economic conditions. Fourth, we want to better serve at-risk youths by targeting resources to out-
of-school youths in both urban and rural areas. And fifth, we want to ensure greater accountability
by focusing on the most important outcomes, and eliminating burdensome and duplicative
requirements at the state and the local levels. All federal job-training programs will be measured
by the same performance standards.
The President's proposals recognize that investments in the workforce are a key part of
economic growth. I believe that these proposals are key to ensuring that our nation's workforce
remains the most highly skilled and competitive in the world. I look forward to working with you,
Mr. Chairman, and this Committee as we move forward.
STATEMENT OF ELAINE L. CHAO, SECRETARY OF LABOR, U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WASHINGTON, D.C. - SEE APPENDIX B
Chairman Boehner. Madame Secretary, thank you for your testimony, and thank you for your
willingness to come and speak with all of us today.
Some are saying that the re-employment bonus that we're talking about in the Back to Work
accounts encourages individuals to take the first available job, instead of waiting for the best job.
In your testimony that you submitted, you refute this argument by citing evidence from pilot
programs showing individuals generally found comparable jobs. Plus someone who chooses to
take the job bonus funds obviously has that money and can use it for their own family needs.
Is it true that for some individuals labor market attachment can help them advance,
suggesting that it's important to become re-employed quickly?
Secretary Chao. We believe so. Now, let me just refer to the pilot programs that you mention.
Indeed, our results from the pilot program show that they are helpful in getting people back to
work. We had five pilot programs in four states, and they worked out very well.
On the bonus issue, it's not as if a person can get a bonus right away. Basically, they will
receive 60 percent of the bonus upon getting a job, then 40 percent if they stay on the job for six
months.
We don't believe that workers would just take the first job that they find, and that's what the
whole beauty of the personal re-employment account is. It will give them more choice to select the
kind of training that is currently not available within the One-Stop Career Centers. So there is a
great deal of investment by the individual in the kind of training they want in order to get the job
that they want. So we feel that the re-employment account is actually an incentive to get better
training.
Chairman Boehner. How would the states and the local One-Stops choose which employees
would be eligible for these Back to Work accounts?
Secretary Chao. We want to help those who are most at-risk and who have been the harder to
place. There will be an ongoing effort with the states to come up with certain criteria that will
target at-risk and hard-to-place workers, those who are about to exhaust their extended
unemployment benefits, and also those who are working in industries that are obviously impacted
by trade, or have a difficult time.
Chairman Boehner. We have heard from businesses that incumbent or current worker training is
critical for both lay-off aversion and for businesses to remain competitive. However, many small
businesses do not have the capability to train their employees, or to retrain them.
Will the Administration's WIA reauthorization proposal increase opportunities to provide
incumbent worker training?
Secretary Chao. We have a wonderful workforce investment system that the American taxpayers
have invested approximately $12 billion a year in. It offers counseling, job placement services,
skills assessment, resume writing, and workshops. For workers who are currently employed and
are thinking about other opportunities, these services are available to them, as well. And for
workers who are currently out of work, or who may have exhausted their unemployment insurance
benefits, they too can avail themselves of core services at these One-Stop Career Centers.
Chairman Boehner. Consolidating the adult dislocated workers and the unemployment services
funds could simplify what is now a complicated administrative structure and allow more flexibility
to address local circumstances. How do you envision this combined funding system? How do you
envision that this will improve services to workers and to businesses?
Secretary Chao. The combined funding is a plus-plus for the state and local entities. Our
department receives a lot of requests for waivers because one stream of funding has expired and the
needs still exist. That is a timely process.
We want the state and local entities to be able to have more discretion and flexibility with
which to tap different funds to meet local conditions in order to help local people in their
communities. This increased flexibility will enable them to do that.
Chairman Boehner. Mr. Miller?
Mr. Miller. Thank you. Madame Secretary, has the money for this program been identified yet in
the budget?
Secretary Chao. Legislation has to be passed first, and then there will be appropriate monies and
funding that will go along with it.
Mr. Miller. So that would be when?
Secretary Chao. Well, as soon as you are able to pass this bill.
Mr. Miller. Do you envision that in this budget year?
Secretary Chao. This will be fully funded. Yes, we certainly hope so, because there are people
waiting for this money.
Mr. Miller. But the President's budget doesn't make any room for this.
Secretary Chao. It will have to be some kind of a supplemental.
Mr. Miller. Okay. So we can envision seeing that $3.6 billion in a supplemental at some point?
Secretary Chao. Yes, it will be discrete and above the $12 billion that we currently fund the
workforce investment system with.
Mr. Miller. As I understand this, we will use the existing profiling system in all states to try and
identify those people who are most likely to exhaust their benefits.
Secretary Chao. Yes.
Mr. Miller. And then they would be selected.
Secretary Chao. We will work in conjunction with the states on defining what these criteria will
be. But the principle and the goal are to target these harder-to-place workers, and to help them.
Mr. Miller. Now, it's my understanding that there is no real correlation between the so-called
profiling score and those individuals at risk for long-term unemployment. It really hasn't delivered
a high level of reliability in terms of the people that it has identified. What actually happens to
those individuals, and certainly not in high unemployment areas? Several evaluations have been
done and it's not a one-to-one correlation.
Secretary Chao. We have a very good idea through the workforce investment system.
Mr. Miller. But that's not what the evaluations say.
Secretary Chao. Well, the evaluations will be looking at workers who are about to exhaust their
unemployment insurance benefits. And again, we need to flesh this out more in conjunction with
the states. It would be looking at workers who are about to exhaust their extended unemployment
insurance benefits, because there have been two extensions of unemployment insurance benefits
already.
Mr. Miller. I don't understand then. When is the worker selected and identified to take advantage
of this program? They come in, they have lost their job, and they file for unemployment.
Secretary Chao. Right.
Mr. Miller. Are they identified at that stage?
Secretary Chao. No, this will be separate although there is the capability to do that. The U.S.
Department of Labor would work with the state and local boards.
Mr. Miller. No, I understand that, but do I have to be in high likelihood of exhausting my benefits?
Secretary Chao. No, you can use the workforce investment system if you are.
Mr. Miller. I understand that. When does this $3,000 come into play? Is it the end of my term of
unemployment?
Secretary Chao. No, it comes right at the beginning. If you are qualified you will be notified.
Mr. Miller. Pre-screened, profiled?
Secretary Chao. You will be notified. Then you come in and you can get the $3,000.
Mr. Miller. If I take the $3,000, and if I get a job, I can put the rest of the money into my account,
and I can use that for whatever purposes I want, right?
Secretary Chao. There will, of course, be accountability measurements.
Mr. Miller. Right, I understand, I understand. We will assume everybody here is honest for a
minute.
If I exhaust the $3,000, can I come back and take advantage of other unemployment
programs?
Secretary Chao. If you exhaust the $3,000, you can come back and use core services, but not the
intensive services. Core services that are available within the One-Stop Career Centers are for
example; resume writing services, other workshops, or counseling.
Mr. Miller. So if the $3,000 doesn't work out then, I am precluded from the intensive training
programs.
Secretary Chao. Yes, because the rationale there is that you would have bought other services
elsewhere.
Mr. Miller. But if it doesn't work out, and I still don't have a job, and I'm trying to feed my family,
then I'm done.
Secretary Chao. No, you can come back and use the workforce investment systems' core services.
There are still core services available. You can use the counselors, workshops, resume-writing
services, work with the computers, do all that. That is still available.
Mr. Miller. Alongside all the other people who still can't find work.
Secretary Chao. It's interesting, but in this economy, 40 percent of workers find a new job within
six to seven weeks. Our economy is churning constantly.
Mr. Miller. Yes, except the number of people who are unemployed for longer periods of time
continues to expand.
Secretary Chao. And we're concerned about them, which is why we want to offer this re-
employment service.
Mr. Miller. Let me ask you this. Since the profiling really doesn't have that kind of correlation, or
that kind of reliability, why aren't you helping people who we already know have exhausted their
benefits?
Secretary Chao. People who have exhausted their current benefits have had two extensions so far,
so they have had their normal unemployment insurance benefits of 26 weeks, an extension of 13
weeks, and an additional extension up to May.
Mr. Miller. Yes.
Secretary Chao. So that's more than a year of unemployment insurance benefits.
Mr. Miller. So what's your theory, that that's enough for them? Excuse me; these people are
without a job, Madame Secretary. It's not whether they have 26 weeks or 13 weeks of
unemployment.
Secretary Chao. What I'm saying is that we have a workforce investment system that they can
access. There is still help available. And in fact, these services of finding a new job are still there.
They are available to everyone and anyone who wants to find a new job.
Mr. Miller. But let me just finish here, Mr. Chairman. As I understand the presentation of this
program, this is a belief that this option, which sounds in many ways very positive, is best for those
people who are most likely to exhaust their unemployment benefits, and we have a pool of one
million people who have already exhausted their unemployment benefits. Why aren't we offering
this to those people who are desperately in need of what this program offers to try to get them back
on their feet and able to provide for their families?
Secretary Chao. Well, within one of the provisions of this bill, which you are about to consider, it
does go back and pick up people who have exhausted their unemployment insurance within the last
three months, prior to enactment.
Mr. Miller. I understand that. But if this bill becomes law in September, anybody who has
exhausted their benefits before June is out of the pool?
Secretary Chao. They can still access the $12 billion of workforce investment core services.
Mr. Miller. Yes, they have been doing that for 26 weeks, and they haven't found a job. I
understand, you know.
Secretary Chao. Well, it's 26 weeks, plus 13 weeks, plus another five months.
Mr. Miller. Most people are very diligent about trying to get back into the workforce.
Chairman Boehner. The gentleman's time has expired. The Chair recognizes the gentleman from
Texas, Mr. Johnson.
Mr. Johnson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, Secretary Chao. I would like you to
continue to explain what you were just trying to explain when you were cut off; 26 weeks is not the
end of the road. Would you like to comment on that more fully?
Secretary Chao. The President had an economic package in 2002. It was called the Job Security
Program, and among its many provisions was an extension of an additional 13 weeks of
unemployment insurance benefits. And on January 8th of this year, he asked for and received
another extension to May of this year for unemployment insurance. So it's 26 weeks, plus 13
weeks, and then another segment from December 28th of 2002 to May of 2003.
Mr. Johnson. You got it. Nobody is left out in the cold. And in my visits with some of the local
workforce boards, in Texas at least, they're doing a great job.
You state in your testimony that streamlined local boards would be able to focus more on
strategic planning and policy development activities. Could you expand on what the Department's
vision is for local boards, and how that planning will improve the delivery of services?
Secretary Chao. Yes, thank you. Our goal is to make these services easily accessible and usable
by the client. And so we hope to work with the workforce investment boards at both the state and
local levels so that there would be greater clarification of the mission with the aim of streamlining
the governing structure so that the clients will find it easier to use the many services that are
available in the system.
Mr. Johnson. And do you get good cooperation with the local authorities around the country?
Secretary Chao. Some more so than others. But it's a great system, and it offers tremendous
resources.
Mr. Johnson. No complaints from Texas, I hope.
Secretary Chao. No.
Mr. Johnson. You suggest improving upon individual training accounts by making them more
flexible and responsive to individual needs. Could you elaborate on the changes necessary to
accomplish that goal?
Secretary Chao. Right now, the workforce investment system offers an array of training programs
through a list of pre-approved providers. It's kind of like an HMO. If you want training, you have
to go to one of these pre-approved contractors for training. And if they do not offer a training
program that you want, you have to settle for something less than what you had wanted.
The whole goal of the personal re-employment accounts is to allow the individual to find
the training program that he or she wants. Because we find that a number of major entities in
workforce training, for example the community colleges, do not participate in the Workforce
Investment Act system because of overly burdensome requirements. For a whole host of reasons,
the community colleges, and vocational education schools have opted out of the training system
and therefore many training programs are not available.
The personal re-employment accounts empower the individual, and give them a choice so
that if they find a course that they like, even if it's not from a pre-approved provider within the
workforce investment system, they can go and purchase the training that they want with that $3,000
to get the job that they want.
Mr. Johnson. Yes, that's great. You have also proposed creating youth challenge grants that
would be used, I guess, to support activities in a non-school setting that lead to high academic
achievement.
Could you provide examples of such activities, and would the grants be available to address
the needs of in-school youth?
Secretary Chao. Absolutely. We have a great deal of concern with giving young people hope and
inspiration and a view for the future. And so these kinds of programs keep them on the right path,
set them up with good counseling and people that they can consider mentors, and hopefully they
will be on the path to getting better jobs and greater fulfillment.
Mr. Johnson. And become great Americans.
Secretary Chao. Yes.
Mr. Johnson. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman Boehner. Before I introduce the gentleman from Michigan, let me take a moment to
congratulate our colleague from Texas, Sam Johnson, who, 30 years ago today, was released from
prison camp in Vietnam. Sam served our country for 29 years in the Air Force, and it included
some seven years as a prisoner of war. Thank you.
[Applause.]
Mr. Johnson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and all of you. You know, we have the greatest nation in
the world, and I would go back and do it again tomorrow, if I needed to. Thanks again.
Chairman Boehner. Mr. Kildee you are recognized for five minutes.
Mr. Kildee. I yield to Ms. Sanchez.
Chairman Boehner. The gentlelady from California is recognized for five minutes.
Ms. Sanchez. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning, Madame Secretary. Thank you for
coming over and talking to us, in particular, about a new concept with respect to these personal
accounts. I have a question for you.
Mr. Miller was talking about the fact that we don't do a very good job of profiling who is
really going to be on unemployment longer, or out of a job longer than we thought, or maybe
people that we thought were going to be out of a job get it real fast. Do you know what the statistics
are on our ability to really guess ahead of time what the opportunities are for people who are
unemployed?
Secretary Chao. I don't have that information, but I can get it for you.
Ms. Sanchez. Okay. I would like to see that information, please.
Secretary Chao. Basically in the past year alone, we have invested $71 billion in unemployment
insurance.
Ms. Sanchez. Yes. The reason I ask is because I have been here as we have been extending the
unemployment benefits for families, including a very desperate situation many of my families
found themselves in on December 28th, a couple of days after Christmas, when the leadership of
this House failed to get an agreement on passing a new extension.
And so I was happy to see that we worked on that, and hopefully we will get another
extension, because a lot of workers are out of work. And I think they are out of work not
necessarily because they don't have the skills or training, but because we are not creating the jobs in
this economy.
In fact, I was over the other day at my One-Stop, and I ran into a gentleman who has been
unemployed for a year. He used to have a manufacturing job. That factory moved; the production
is now done in China. He told me he has exhausted his unemployment benefits, he is using the
core benefits, but he has no extension of benefits, and he has no financial stability in his family,
because he has not been able to find a job.
Does this Administration plan on putting forward another extension if, in fact, we still have
such high unemployment going on in our country in the next few months?
Secretary Chao. I think it's important to note that while we all want to help people who are having
a hard time out of a job, the best thing for them is to help them find a job.
And you are absolutely right, job creation is important. And that's why this President has
focused a great deal on economic issues and on job creation. That's why we had the economic job
security program of 2002.
The President has fought corporate fraud and abuse by asking for the passage of the
Corporate Accountability Act. The President has also signed off on the Terrorism Assurance Act,
which will create about 360,000 jobs by the Teamsters' own account.
We have asked for passage of the energy bill, which will also provide for increased job
creation. And the President's economic growth package, as announced last month, will spark an
environment through which new jobs can be created, and that includes helping small businesses,
which is the engine of growth in our economy.
Ms. Sanchez. Madame Secretary, just because I only have a limited amount of time, with all due
respect, in 2001+ there were 1.7 million jobs lost in this economy. And just this past January, the
month that we have just passed, we have had announcements from major employers that they plan
to eliminate over 132,000 jobs. Just in this past month that's what we're hearing. So the economic
stimulus package we know now is not working.
But aside from that, we've got people who are out of work. What you are proposing is that,
ahead of time, when people come to unemployment they're going to be profiled, and all of a sudden
it will be decided if they are going to get unemployment and get the special account.
Isn't it true that if we're profiling them to be the hardest to place, are you telling me that
$3,000 is the maximum that we now spend on hard-to-place people, or people who have problems
getting a job, or who need extra training, or who have language barrier skills? Is $3,000 the
maximum we ever spent on somebody who is one of those profiled?
Secretary Chao. No, for TAA, in fact, it's a little bit higher than that.
Ms. Sanchez. So it costs more than that?
Secretary Chao. The $3,000 is on top of everything else that has been already invested in a
worker.
Ms. Sanchez. What happens is some people get out earlier, they find a job faster, et cetera, and so
you use the mean. And therefore, the people who are the hardest to place are actually the ones who
are using more than $3,000 worth.
What you are doing to these people is saying ahead of time, "we don't think we are going to
be able to help you find a job as fast as the mean of the group, or even the forward piece of the bell
curve." And so what would you say about the fact that you're only allowing $3,000 for the people
who are actually the hardest to place?
Secretary Chao. This is $3,000 on top of all the other services that are available to these
individuals. So this is again, if I can emphasize, on top of all the services that are available.
The other thing that is worthwhile to mention is that we want to get these people back to
work as quickly as possible, because the workplace changes. So the goal should be to get these
people back to work, by giving them the training to get back to work.
And going back to your economic issue, again, you're absolutely right. This nation lost 1.7
million jobs in 2001, and it was because of the attacks of September 11th. The stock market
peaked in March of 2000. The manufacturing sector began to decline in August of 2000.
When this Administration entered office, we saw three quarters of negative growth. We
were just coming out of it when the attacks of September 11th occurred, in which approximately
1.7 million jobs were lost. And the average unemployment rate in the last decade was 5.7 percent,
which is the unemployment rate of the last month.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
Mr. DeMint?
Mr. DeMint. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Madame Secretary. I want to thank you, and congratulate the Administration on looking at
this problem in a different way, by maintaining the safety net for unemployed workers, and
recognizing that skill development, wealth creation, and well-directed incentives are what we need
to develop our workforce and help workers in this country. I believe the plan creates more choices
for workers in their training, as you have outlined, and more competition between the services,
which, again, I think will provide better training for workers.
As you see this program being implemented, have you thought through how we're going to
track it at the federal level to determine the success of making sure folks aren't falling through the
cracks? How we will determine, six months out, whether or not this new program is really
working?
Secretary Chao. We have. We have one of the best workforce investment systems in the world,
and we will use the infrastructure of the One-Stop Career Centers to help us track, and also monitor
success.
Our success is defined very simply. Number one, we want to place more people in good-
paying jobs. And number two; we hope that more will be able to get off unemployment insurance,
because they no longer need it, and that they will be able to get new jobs.
Mr. DeMint. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I yield back.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you very much.
Mr. Case?
Mr. Case. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Madame Secretary, I'm happy to hear of your alma mater, having spent a fair bit of time
there, although probably before your time there.
I'm just trying to understand the math here. You have three figures basically, $3.6 billion
proposed. You had a maximum of $3,000 intended to serve at least 1.2 million unemployed
workers. The $3.6 billion, I think it says here, is in one year but intended to be spread over two
years. Right?
Secretary Chao. Right.
Mr. Case. Okay. And I assume that since the states are, as I understand it, under no restrictions
with the $3,000, they're going to max out, if they can. So the $3,000 is a given. Is that correct?
The states can spend the $3,000?
Secretary Chao. Yes, up to $3,000.
Mr. Case. Right. But why wouldn't they spend the $3,000?
Secretary Chao. We would not imagine that they would not.
Mr. Case. Right, exactly. So is that how you got the math to get the states serving at least 1.2
million people? Because I think that's the math, 1.2 million X $3,000 = $3.6 billion.
Secretary Chao. Right.
Mr. Case. Which came first, the $3.6 billion or the 1.2 million workers, or the $3,000?
Secretary Chao. We were trying to find a number that would seem reasonable, and would offer
some impetus for people to look at this account in an attractive fashion. So it had to be a large
enough number.
And yet we also wanted it to be a responsible number, to be sufficient to respond to the
needs of the individual. So $3,000 is approximately the amount that is spent for workers who
access the workforce investment system, on average. There will be those who will, of course, use
less; there will be others who will use more. But that's about, on average, how that came out.
Mr. Case. So you started with the $3,000.
Secretary Chao. Yes.
Mr. Case. So you say the accounts are targeted at those newly unemployed workers, eligible for at
least 20 weeks of UI. Do you estimate that figure at 1.2 million, or are there more than that amount
that you're trying to serve?
Secretary Chao. I'm less certain about that answer. I think that was a number that we thought
would be, again, a responsive number to try to respond to a more conservative estimate of the
number of people who will be availing themselves of this funding.
Mr. Case. How many unemployed workers in our country right now?
Secretary Chao. We have approximately 4 million.
Mr. Case. Four million? What would be the reason the President wouldn't propose this for all 4
million?
Secretary Chao. I think for a number of reasons, primarily because all of them are currently able
to access a $71 billion safety net program of unemployment insurance plus two extensions, plus the
workforce investment system. So we, as a nation, invest about $71 billion in people who are out of
work with unemployment insurance and with new training opportunities.
These personal re-employment accounts are given to those we think would access this
program. We don't think all of those who are unemployed would necessarily access this program,
because some of them are short-term unemployed. As I mentioned, 40 percent of workers in a very
dynamic economy find new employment within about 6 or 7 weeks and become re-employed.
We had 52 million Americans last year, for example, who left their jobs either voluntarily
or involuntarily. And we had 52 million Americans last year that found new jobs. So our economy
is very vibrant, and it's churning all the time. The goal is to get people back to work at a job that
they would like as quickly as possible, because otherwise, the workforce and the workplace just
changes too rapidly.
Mr. Case. So you feel that the 2.8 million that you don't anticipate being covered by the proposal
are not in need of this same attention, or there are other means to assist them.
Secretary Chao. They will have other resources available to them.
Mr. Case. And what would happen for the people that become unemployed from this point
forward, because we've got 4 million today. You're anticipating that you are going to serve 1.2
million of them through this program and we anticipate, don't we, that other Americans will
become unemployed over the next two years.
Secretary Chao. Yes, but people will be going off the roles, as well. It's very dynamic. It's
changing; it's churning all the time. So there will be people going off, people coming on. And for
people who qualify, this is a two-year program, they will have a year with which to use that money.
Mr. Case. Thank you, Madame Secretary.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
Mr. Osborne?
Mr. Osborne. Thank you for being here today Madame Secretary.
I would just like to react briefly to a previous comment that the economic stimulus package
was not working. As you pointed out, we have had what some have called "the perfect storm" with
9/11, a downturn in the economy, Middle Eastern crisis, corporate scandals, and so on. According
to Alan Greenspan, who I believe is reported to be somewhat unbiased and non-partisan, that had
we not had the previous economic stimulus package, we would probably have a worse situation
than we have today.
Secretary Chao. Yes.
Mr. Osborne. I just thought I would like to comment on that, and I would like to commend you on
the job that you have done to this point under difficult circumstances.
Also, I would like to mention that in the current proposed economic stimulus package that I
believe the personal re-employment accounts are part of, we often hear it characterized as a tax
break for the rich. These accounts, certainly, are not for the wealthy. This $3.6 billion goes
directly to the states for people who most need it, and I think sometimes these types of arguments
are overlooked in the whole process.
I think this is a good idea. It certainly streamlines, as you have mentioned, the delivery
services through the states, there is no redundancy of delivery systems, and I think it provides a
powerful incentive.
I would like to digress briefly and just ask you a quick question. I am not totally familiar
with youth councils. I probably should be, but I am not, and I wondered if you could comment on
what their function is, and how this relates to the overall package.
Secretary Chao. Youth councils are a wonderful concept. When I was president of the United
Way of America, I had worked very hard to elicit more cooperation and participation of young
people in United Way activities. We wanted young people to participate.
But under the Workforce Investment Act, which mandated the youth councils, it has not
worked as well; they have been spotty. In some regions they have worked well, and in others they
have not.
So, as we go forward with the reauthorization of the Workforce Investment Act, we would
like to look at the youth councils and see whether they should be mandatory. If a local community
wants to have a youth council, they certainly should have one. But if in other communities there is
not the same interest, should the Federal Government direct and dictate that these local
communities have youth councils? I think that's a valuable discussion that we want to have.
Mr. Osborne. Thank you. Mr. Chairman, I yield back.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
Mr. Payne?
Mr. Payne. Thank you very much.
Ms. Secretary, it's good to see you. Certainly this is a new concept. I wish I had more of an
opportunity to read it. It kind of came at us suddenly. But I wonder, there was some talk about
profiling the recipients, and I wonder what goes into profiling an individual to assess them, and
what type of assessment?
And secondly, what kind of accountability system do we have to follow whether what is
being prescribed is working? We know that currently there are actually 8-million unemployed. I
think 4 million might have been mentioned, but the number is actually, from my statistics, about 8
million.
As we look at the profile of the accountability, and it's a $3,000 one-shot, it's good to have
new money, but what about places where there is chronic unemployment, or the more difficult to
place person, or an area that is really more economically devastated than another area; the level one
shot, one amount, $3 million period per area. It seems that there is less emphasis on various regions
of the country, and age groups of people, and problems that they may have.
So I just wonder how do we deal with those who will have a more difficult time, or a region
that has a more difficult situation?
Secretary Chao. Well, first of all, I hate to use the word "profiling," but basically when new
claimants come and file for unemployment insurance, they are assigned a counselor. They come
into a One-Stop Career Center, or they call, or they go to the website. It's a very welcoming
environment. It is not intimidating. We work very hard to make sure that that's the case.
They come and with assistance they fill out a kind of a profile of what they do and how
long they have been out of work; we already have that information, but it's an update, as well. And
our initial contact with the various experts in the unemployment insurance system indicate that this
process works well, in terms of giving us a good idea as to who needs what services.
So, there is an extensive process by which people are received into the unemployment
insurance and workforce investment system. And then based on where they're likely to live, where
they are working, whether it's for a particular company that might be impacted by trade, or
whatever, all of this is taken into account.
The issue about harder to place, long-term unemployed is an issue that we are all concerned
about. But that's what the whole system of unemployment insurance benefits and the workforce
investment system address as well.
We will, of course, want to help with transitional assistance, but the larger issue is how do
we train them so that they can get back into the workforce, and then how do we make the economic
conditions such that there will be new job creation.
So I think we are in agreement. We want to help these hard-to-place individuals. And I
have confidence that the workforce investment system in which we have invested so much time
and resources is up to the task of finding these individuals and helping them with their training and
job opportunities. It will give them added flexibility, because right now, the One-Stop Career
Centers may not offer training courses that are available to a long-term displaced person. But if
they are able to purchase the training course that they want, which is not currently available in the
one-stop career center, I believe that's a win-win for the individual, and for us who care about the
person, as well.
Mr. Payne. Thank you very much. The accountability part is something that I am really concerned
about.
Secretary Chao. We're concerned with accountability as well. I liked what Mr. Miller said, in that
I think most people try to be honest, and we will go forward on that. But even so, if that is not the
case, we do have the infrastructure. This is not a new program that is bereft of any infrastructure.
We are distributing and deploying this new funding stream through the workforce investment
system. So there are counselors, there are current and existing performance standards that can be
tapped to watch over the disbursement and usage of funds, as well.
Mr. Payne. Thank you very much.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
Mr. Wilson?
Mr. Wilson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Madame Secretary, I want to thank you for being here today. It's a great honor to be with
you. I appreciate your public sector service and private sector service, particularly as President of
United Way of America, and as a distinguished fellow with the Heritage Foundation. That means a
lot to me, and I appreciate what you have done.
I also want to give you a first-hand report. In my service in Congress, I have had the
opportunity to visit the One-Stop Career Centers in Columbia, South Carolina, which is an urban
area, and also in Hampton County, South Carolina, which is very rural and disadvantaged. And it's
just extraordinary, the opportunities that it provides to citizens. The equipment is just top-notch;
people can come in and prepare resumes, and they can find jobs in their communities.
The directors have done a phenomenal job of recruiting career counselors. And they are
just like cheerleaders. When the people come in, they are not victims. They are wonderfully treated
like sports heroes, welcomed with enthusiasm, and given the respect they deserve. It has really
worked in our state, particularly with welfare reform and has success in helping people get jobs and
employment.
In line with that, in your statement, you suggest that the mandatory One-Stop partners
should have a stronger role on the state boards to ensure their investment in and commitment to the
integrated service delivery system. Could you please elaborate on how to provide the partner
programs with additional incentives to participate in the system?
Secretary Chao. I think it's very important for the WIB boards to really encompass the full array
of stakeholders within their community. And because we want these clients, dislocated workers, to
come in and get new jobs, we have to envelope more participation of employers, many of whom
are businesses.
In the past, there may have been some hesitation in fully addressing relevant training
opportunities. We want people to get relevant training, so they can get real live jobs. That entails
understanding what employers and businesses want in their workforce skills requirements, and
working with them to make sure that when we ask people to invest a year or two years of their time
in new training opportunities, that they will be rewarded with the job that they want. So that means
working with the employers more closely.
Mr. Wilson. Well, that's successfully helped people to have fulfilling lifestyles in our state, and I
appreciate it.
I have one final question. In your testimony, you state that the streamlined local boards
would be able to focus more on strategic planning, and policy development activities. Could you
please expand on the Department's visions for the local boards, and how the strategic planning by
local business-led boards will improve the delivery systems at the local level?
Secretary Chao. Right now, the role of the state boards appears rather ambiguous. They are such
a wonderful resource, and there is more work that can be done. So we need to clarify and work
with the local workforce investment boards, and the state workforce investment boards, so that they
work together and we leverage all of our collective strengths to make sure that the person that
walks through the door in the One-Stop Career Center will get a job.
Mr. Wilson. Well, thank you for making a difference for the American worker. I yield the balance
of my time.
Secretary Chao. Thank you.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
Ms. Woolsey?
Ms. Woolsey. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, and thank you, Madame Secretary. I feel like
this is deja vu, because I remember the last time you were here. I believe the money we were
talking about was for health care for the unemployed, and it felt like we were spending the same
money over and over and over and it was not going to be spread.
Secretary Chao. That's not true.
Ms. Woolsey. Well, that's what I thought was happening. And I feel like the same thing is
happening. We're talking about $3.6 billion that will be spent or be a bonus, and then it will be
available for the people that come after.
I mean, there is going to be a limit to this, and I think we have to be realistic that it's going
to take more than $3.6 billion. I think we have to look at the fact that $3,000 seems like a lot of
money. My profession was human resources training, counseling, interviewing, and the whole nine
yards. Three thousand dollars will not cover an individual who is in an industry where there will
be no rehiring, where the worker has to leave.
For example, an engineer may decide, because there are no more jobs in that industry, to
serve the community and, be better off for all of us, become an educator. Well, $3,000 isn't going
to get that person there. If an autoworker needs to relocate, $3,000 is not going to relocate that
family. And I just want to know if you really think $3,000 is going to go far, even though it's more
than we have now, and it only starts with newly unemployed and we're leaving out those that are
the real hard to employ, or else they would have jobs.
Secretary Chao. I guess it's only in Washington that we look at $3.6 billion as chump change. I
had mentioned before that we have invested $71 billion in our unemployed dislocated workers,
which also includes $12 billion that we have invested in the Workforce Investment Act.
The recently passed Trade Adjustment Assistant Program adds another $17 billion in health
care. And for dislocated workers who are eligible for trade adjustment assistance, health care will
be taken care of as well.
Ms. Woolsey. Well, Madame Secretary, if you could let me ask a question about chump change, a
$2 billion tax break is for the wealthiest of the wealthy when we have all of these people that are
unemployed. That is not chump change.
Secretary Chao. Well, I wanted to disabuse the idea that somehow $3,000 is insufficient. It is on
top of the $71 billion that we already invest in people that we care about who are dislocated, as
well as in the workforce investment system. So it's on top of what's already available, and on top
of almost more than a year of benefits to those who are dislocated.
Ms. Woolsey. Well, let me ask you a question about speaking of "on top of." Will the states be
allowed to supplant their existing programs, or will this be supplementary?
Secretary Chao. No, this will be on top of what the states receive.
Ms. Woolsey. And will we have it written, that they must use this as additional funding, and not
use it for what they were going to do already?
Secretary Chao. I don't think that will be a problem.
Ms. Woolsey. Oh, it will be a problem. It must be clear.
Secretary Chao. Well, this is additional funding for them, and we will work with the states.
Ms. Woolsey. Well, yes, it's additional. But they can then not do what they were going to do
already, and use that funding.
Secretary Chao. Workforce Investment Act monies are already much decentralized. Basically,
they go to the states, and we will certainly work with them on that.
Ms. Woolsey. All right. Thank you very much.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
Mr. Porter, the author of the Personal Re-employment Accounts that we have before us.
Mr. Porter. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank you for the opportunity to be a part of this
legislation. To the Secretary, thank you for being here today.
I come from one of the fastest-growing states, if not the fastest-growing state in the country,
Nevada. And after the 9/11 catastrophe, we experienced probably as large an impact on our
workforce as anyone in the country. At one time we had close to 100,000 men, women and
families out of work, so we are pleased to work with you on this legislation.
Currently in Nevada, we have about 36,000 of our neighbors and friends that have
exhausted their benefits, and of that about 19,000 will soon be losing their extended temporary
benefits. This is a great start. It's a great start; it's a jump-start.
If I could, just for a moment, I'd like to put a real face on this situation. I know we talked a
lot about numbers today, and we talked about billions, and we talked about policy, and it's obvious
that there are some opposed to this bill. But there is a young lady in Las Vegas that's a friend of
mine that is a single mother with two children. She is currently unemployed, and she receives
about $600 a month in unemployment benefits. So if we're to put a real face on this piece of
legislation, this young woman now will have help with child and day care, so that she can get out
and get a job. She will now have help with transportation, to make sure that she can get back to
work.
She wants to get back to work; she cannot survive on $600. It helps but it certainly is not
enough. But this bill is a great jump-start for single moms, and moms and dads that are having
challenges across the country. And yes, we could say it's not enough. Certainly we could always
do more. But what a great start for this young woman in Las Vegas, Nevada, with two little kids
that needs help, and needs it now.
I expect of course, as a freshman, that there is going to be lots of discussion and lots of
debate. But I would encourage my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to think about this single
mom in Las Vegas with two little kids that could use help today. I would encourage fast passage,
because certainly it can be adjusted in the future. But I am excited about this for our communities
and for our state. And thank you for being here and for your presentation.
Secretary Chao. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much. I am really passionate about these Personal
Re-employment Accounts. I think they are a good thing. They give people a lot of flexibility, a lot
of choice. And we expand their array of choices.
So I want to make the offer to Members on both sides of the aisle, if I have not been great at
explaining this, I apologize. I hope that if any of you want to learn more about it, I will be more
than glad to have my staff come over and talk with you and assuage some of the concerns that
people may have. It's a wonderful program. It will give people a great deal more choice and
flexibility.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
Mr. Kildee?
Mr. Kildee. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Will this be new money, or will it be money that will be
reprogrammed?
Secretary Chao. No, it will be new money.
Mr. Kildee. It will be new money.
Secretary Chao. Yes.
Mr. Kildee. Well, if we're going to do this, I want to help you, and help the President to get that
new money. I will start off by helping get that new money by voting against his tax cut, so we will
have some flexibility on that. Because if we give away another $650 billion, it's going to be very
difficult to find new money, there is no question.
Secretary Chao. Well, if it were not for the tax cut, I think the recession would have been even
worse.
Mr. Kildee. Okay. Well, we will see. But I will give him about $650 billion that he can find this
$3.6 billion out of. I voted against the last tax cut, and I feel morally comfortable in that.
Why is there no unemployment insurance extension in the Administration's budget?
Secretary Chao. Unemployment insurance benefits have already been extended twice. The first
extension was for 13 weeks, the second extension occurred on January 8th of this year, and it will
last through May. So there are two extensions on top of the normal 26 weeks of unemployment
insurance.
The issue is not whether we want to extend unemployment insurance. We all want to help
people with transitional assistance. But the issue is how do we get them back to work, because
people want to go back to work, and it's much better for them to receive a paycheck rather than an
unemployment check. That's why we want to talk about the Workforce Investment Act, and find
ways to get people the training that they need to get the job that they want.
Mr. Kildee. Well, I am very much impressed with the Workforce Investment Act; we have a very
good One-Stop Center in Flint, and it works very, very well. I just visited it last week, again.
But under the President's father, we did four extensions of unemployment. And the
extension that we had in January did not provide any additional weeks of benefits to more than one
million workers who had run out of benefits and were still unemployed. Those people are hanging
out there still. And it seems to me that we should have some responsibility, if not concern, for
those people.
Secretary Chao. Well, we do. One concern is we want to get them back to work. I think we all
agree on that.
Mr. Kildee. Yes.
Secretary Chao. So the issue is not so much how many more extensions we can give, but how do
we get these people back to work.
Secondly, we have this wonderful $12 billion workforce investment system, which is
available for people's use, and we want to encourage them to go into the One-Stop Career Centers,
which are re-employment centers, so that they can have other opportunities to get training, or to
find new jobs.
Mr. Kildee. You know, I get the most questions about when we're going to extend unemployment
compensation, particularly for those more than 1 million who had run out in January and were not
reinstated with that extension. When I go out to Genesee Valley Mall, which is the biggest mall in
my district, the entrepreneurs and managers keep asking, "When are you going to get this
extension?" They were asking about it before January, now they're asking about it for those who
did not get the extension. Because they know that the unemployment check, in itself, is a stimulus
to the economy. If the workers of Flint don't have money, the mall can't sell. So that, in itself, is a
great stimulus to the economy.
I like the idea of job training, and WIA does a good job. I like the idea of counseling and
these various things, but in Flint, Michigan, we have almost completed the process of tearing down
the Buick plant that my dad went to work for in 1916. He retired in 1950.
Many of the people who are laid off in Flint are skilled workers. You have millwrights, you
have electricians, machine repair people. These are very skilled people. I was talking to an
electrician the other day, and he is a very skilled electrician.
So you ask yourself what type of job training do you provide for these people who have
gone through apprenticeship programs, and they are still laid off? And these are the type of people,
in many parts of the country, that are laid off. How will the job training particularly help them?
They might get, I don't want to have to use McDonald's the entire time, some lesser-skilled
job. How will it help them?
Secretary Chao. Well, this is a tough question. And it's a larger demographic and societal issue,
because it basically speaks to the fact that our workforce and our workplace are changing. We are
in a globalized economy. As much as we would want to hold on to a majority of these jobs, we may
not be able to. Our economy has transformed from a manufacturing into a service industry into an
information-based industry.
So this is of great concern. That's why we do want to place more emphasis on training. We
also have to foster an environment in which job creation will occur, and that's why the President's
economic growth package for helping small businesses could be one solution. All of these factors
need to work together.
Mr. Kildee. Thank you, Madame Secretary. Thank you very much.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
Mrs. Musgrave, no questions?
Mr. Van Hollen.
Mr. Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Madame Secretary, as a new Member, I appreciate
your being here. It's good to be here.
I think we would all agree that the best way to address the job shortage in this country is to
get the economy moving again. We have been talking a lot today as if the issue is a job-retraining
problem, but in fact, the current problem is largely the gap between the lack of demand for jobs,
and the many people who are unemployed. I mean, isn't that right?
Secretary Chao. I think retraining is a large part of that, because there is a skills gap in our
country. And clearly, job creation is important.
Mr. Van Hollen. Right. Maybe you could update these figures for me. I understand that in
November 2002, the Department of Labor statistics showed that there were 2.8 million job
openings in the United States. In other words, 2.8 million employers were looking for 2.8 million
employees. But at the same time, you had about 8 million people looking for work. Are those
figures still approximately true today?
Secretary Chao. Not exactly.
Mr. Van Hollen. Can you give the figures?
Secretary Chao. I will give you the right figures. Basically, our economy is churning all the time.
So any number taken in its static version is not indicative. Fifty two million Americans left their
jobs last year, either voluntarily or involuntarily, and 52 million Americans found new jobs.
There is constant churning going on, and there is a skills gap, because there are employers
today who are looking for workers, and they cannot find the workers with the requisite skills. So
it's both parts, but I do agree with you, job creation is important. And that's why the President's
economic growth program has gone into small businesses, and we have the Terrorism Insurance
Bill.
Mr. Van Hollen. Right. What is the gap today? Do you have the figures for what the gap is today
between the number of employers with jobs to fill, and how many people are looking for jobs?
Secretary Chao. I can get that for you. You might think it's easy to get, but it's not because, our
economy is so vibrant. It's so dynamic; it's churning all the time.
Mr. Van Hollen. Right.
Secretary Chao. But I will certainly try to get those figures.
Mr. Van Hollen. With respect to the economic growth plan that the President has put forward, one
of my colleagues from the other side of the aisle mentioned that Alan Greenspan was considered a
non-partisan, neutral party. Could you respond to his comments yesterday, which indicated I think
to most people, that he did not think that the President's economic plan would, in fact, spur growth
in the short term, and in fact, also concluded that it would drive up interest rates in the long term?
Could you respond to that?
Secretary Chao. Yes.
Mr. Van Hollen. Do you agree with Alan Greenspan?
Secretary Chao. I don't know what he said yesterday. I'm not aware of what he said. But he has
said things in the past about the overall exuberance of the stock market, which led to the over-
capacity that faces our economy now. And business investment is slow, because of over-capacity.
Mr. Van Hollen. Right.
Secretary Chao. And that was obviously a result of the over-indulgence of the stock market in the
last decade.
Mr. Van Hollen. Right. But do you agree with him that the large deficits in the out years would
result in increases in interest rates?
Secretary Chao. I don't know what he said.
Mr. Van Hollen. Do you agree with that statement, that large increases in deficits will increase the
interest rates?
Secretary Chao. No, there is another point of view on that, as you well know.
Mr. Van Hollen. Well, I was just interested in your personal point of view.
Secretary Chao. Well, I don't think that's relevant.
Mr. Van Hollen. Okay. Can I ask you one local question, Secretary Chao?
Secretary Chao. Yes, of course.
Mr. Van Hollen. This relates to the transit subsidy provided by the Federal Government. I think
everyone in the audience knows that we face a severe congestion issue in this region. As someone
who represents an area in suburban Maryland, I wondered if the Department of Labor had
considered increasing the transit subsidy to the $100 a month level that is allowed by the Federal
Government.
Secretary Chao. We have. I'm glad you asked that question, because it's one that I have been
trying to put to certain employees of the Department of Labor.
We, in fact, have increased the transit subsidy to everyone outside the one particular
bargaining unit. And there seems to be the inability to come to any agreement with this very small
bargaining unit. So we have given the transit subsidy to people outside the bargaining unit, and
they have accepted. We have 17,500 employees, and the particular bargaining unit that we're
talking about is less than 1,000 people. We're quite perplexed.
Mr. Van Hollen. Well, that's good to know. Is it $100 now? Have you gone to $100?
Secretary Chao. I believe so, yes, but I can confirm that for you.
Mr. Van Hollen. Okay, thank you.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you. Madame Secretary, I know you need to leave at 12:00. It looks
to me like it's one minute to 12:00.
Mr. Andrews, can you ask questions in 30 seconds?
Mr. Andrews. I'm sure of it.
Madame Secretary, welcome back. It's great to have you here.
Secretary Chao. Thank you.
Mr. Andrews. I hope that you would convey to Senator McConnell our best wishes for his speedy
recovery.
Secretary Chao. Thank you.
Mr. Andrews. I wanted to ask you about the funding available under this new idea, which is up to
$3,000 per person. We have had some discussion this morning as to whether that is adequate. I
think it probably isn't, in a lot of cases, but the point I want to get to is whether the $3,000 is really
there.
This program allocates $3.6 billion for two fiscal years; that's the plan if it makes it into the
budget, which it hasn't yet. In the last two years, in 2001 and 2002, 7.3 million people exhausted
their unemployment benefits. Now, if we had $3.6 billion for those 7.3 million people, each person
would get a benefit of about $500, not $3,000. How much are people really going to get under this
program?
Secretary Chao. I'm sorry, I didn't answer this question in the past, and I think it does lead to some
confusion. Of the 8 million that are unemployed, from experience we only expect there to be about
50 percent who will access unemployment insurance. Not everyone does because, again, these
numbers are very dynamic. So a person can be out of the workforce for a very short period of time.
Mr. Andrews. No, but the number I gave you are people who accessed unemployment benefits and
exhausted their unemployment benefits. So these are people that were in the system.
Secretary Chao. Okay, what was the question? I'm sorry.
Mr. Andrews. There are 7.3 million people who exhausted their benefits in the last two years.
Secretary Chao. But this is not a stagnant pool. It's very dynamic.
Mr. Andrews. You think fewer people will exhaust their benefits in the next two years?
Secretary Chao. We hope so, sure.
Mr. Andrews. Well, if it were half as many, you would have, if my math is right, $1,000 available
per person, not $3,000.
Secretary Chao. And the question is?
Mr. Andrews. My question is why should we conclude that there is $3,000 per person available
when the numbers don't add up? $3.6 billion is wholly insufficient to cover the proposal that you're
making.
Secretary Chao. Well, it's $3.6 billion.
Mr. Andrews. Over two years, right?
Secretary Chao. No, it's every year.
Mr. Andrews. Oh, every year.
Secretary Chao. Yes, yes.
Mr. Andrews. Well, if it were $3.6 billion, it's $7.2 billion over two years. I think that would still
only offer $1,000 per person for people who exhausted their benefits.
Secretary Chao. But not everybody will access it.
Mr. Andrews. But doesn't that mean that to get $3,000, two-thirds of the people who exhausted
their benefits wouldn't get this program at all, right?
Secretary Chao. Some of them may not access it; some of them will have other services that are
available to them. We expect that probably 1.2 million will access the program, and $3,000 is
about average.
Mr. Andrews. I would not question for one moment the intention of the Secretary or the program,
but I think the Administration has its usual "loaves and fishes" problem here. It occurred when you
came in and talked about unemployment benefit extensions and health benefits, and had
insufficient dollars to cover the health benefits, which never really materialized, anyway, for
anyone.
And then it happened again in welfare reform, when the Administration was talking about
childcare money when there were too many recipients and not enough dollars. The Administration,
with all due respect, has a penchant for spending the same money over and over and over again and
making everyone the same promise.
There is no way that even a majority of people who exhaust their unemployment benefits
would ever get anything close to a $3,000 allocation under this program. The money isn't there,
unless I'm missing something.
Secretary Chao. Mr. Andrews, with all due respect, I disagree. We already have, as I mentioned,
a $71 billion program to help dislocated workers.
Mr. Andrews. Which doesn't include this, though? This is above and beyond that, right?
Secretary Chao. You're right. And on top of that, we're adding $3.6 billion.
Mr. Andrews. Right.
Secretary Chao. And on top of that, there is a TAA component that adds another $17 billion.
Mr. Andrews. I appreciate that.
Secretary Chao. There is a wide array of services available.
Mr. Andrews. My concern is that my constituents, when they hear this proposal, are going to
think, "Great. I can get a $3,000 voucher where I can go out", if we're allowed to use that word,
"where I can go out and buy customized job training services, or get help with child care or
transportation." And the reality is the majority of them aren't. It's really a false premise.
The question I'm going to ask you and you can submit it for the record, what would it really
cost to guarantee each person who exhausts his or her unemployment benefits a $3,000 voucher?
What would that cost? And what's the difference between what you propose and what that number
would be?
Secretary Chao. I'm not particularly partial to assigning it any one title. But you do bring up an
important point, and that is there are some training programs that are not available to the One-Stop
Career Centers. And if a person wanted to access some new training programs in a community
college, they can use that $3,000 and access the training program that they want to get the job that
they want.
I'm not quite sure I understand your question, but I will be more than glad to submit it for
the record, as requested.
(NOTE: This item was not submitted prior to the official printing of the hearing transcript.
However, the item will be maintained upon its submission and available for inspection in the
Majority office of the Committee on Education and the Workforce.)
Mr. Andrews. Very succinctly, my question is I don't know how you can do $8 billion worth of
good with $3.6 billion worth of money.
Secretary Chao. It can be done because not everyone will access the funding, according to our
past experience and historical records.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you very much.
Mr. Andrews. Well, I would again say that you have a "loaves and fishes" problem here.
Chairman Boehner. Those 30 seconds became 6 minutes, and I guess that's why we don't have an
opportunity for everybody to ask questions.
But thank you, again, Madame Secretary, we really appreciate you being here, and staying
for a few extra minutes with us.
Secretary Chao. Thank you very much for the opportunity to be with you all. Thank you.
Chairman Boehner. Thank you.
We will ask the second panel to come forward. As soon as they are ready, we will begin
the second panel.
Mr. McKeon. [Presiding]. We are happy to welcome our second panel here today. We have Mr.
Mayfield, a constituent of one of our Members. We would like to have Mr. Johnson introduce you
at this time.
Mr. Johnson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
I want to welcome Ken Mayfield, who has been a County Commissioner in Dallas County,
which is, as you know, the center of the universe of course, being in Texas. He has recently
become the President of the National Association of Counties. And in that prestigious job, I think,
he is a welcome witness for this Committee. We welcome you, Ken, and thank you for being here.
Mr. McKeon. Thank you. Our second witness is Dr. Lawrence Mishel, President of the Economic
Policy Institute. His areas of expertise include income distribution and poverty, labor markets,
wages, unions, and collective bargaining. Dr. Mishel earned his doctorate degree in economics
from the University of Wisconsin.
We appreciate both of you being here. You know the ground rules about five minutes and
how the lights work.
We will hear first from Mr. Mayfield, and then Dr. Mishel. Commissioner?
STATEMENT OF KENNETH MAYFIELD, PRESIDENT, NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES, WASHINGTON, D.C.
Thank you, Mr. McKeon and Mr. Miller, and of course, my good friend Sam Johnson from
Texas, and other distinguished Members of this Committee. My name is Ken Mayfield; I am the
President of the National Association of Counties and a County Commissioner from Dallas County,
Texas.
I am deeply honored to have been asked to testify on H.R. 444 and to offer some comments
on the reauthorization of the Workforce Investment Act. Mr. Chairman, I would ask that my
written testimony, which was provided to you earlier this week, be made part of the record.
As you know, every county in America is involved in a local workforce program. We
believe that these programs, as established under the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 have been
responding to today's workforce crisis effectively and responsively.
NACO shares your concern for the ongoing workforce crisis. Quite simply put, too many
people are unemployed, and we must help these people return to work as quickly as possible. The
decision by this Committee to consider legislation that would enhance the existing workforce
system is a vote of confidence in the system, and a vote of confidence that we share with you.
NACO believes that H.R. 444 is a very important and innovative approach for our
unemployment problems, and will enable workforce programs to address the problems of long-
term and structural unemployment. Therefore, we wish to offer our overall support for this bill,
and we urge you to adopt it with some modification.
We support the efforts to make personal re-employment accounts as part of the workforce
development system, limit substantially the amount of funds that may be used at the state and local
levels for administrative purposes, institute sufficient flexibility so that individuals may step
outside the parameters established through individual training accounts and utilize different types
of services and make these funds directly available to recipients.
However, we believe that some modifications would be helpful, which include, number
one, each individual who receives a personal re-employment account should be required to
establish a personal re-employment plan at the local One-Stop system office to which they are
referred.
Two, as a condition of receiving administrative dollars to operate this program, local
workforce investment areas should be required to amend their plans to reflect the kinds of services
they will provide to individuals receiving personal re-employment accounts.
And three, local workforce investment areas should be permitted to supplement PRA funds
with Workforce Investment Act funds to ensure their participants can purchase the types of training
and employment assistance they need to achieve the outcomes expressed in their personal re-
employment plan.
Four, local One-Stop systems should be permitted to charge for any services that the local
One-Stop provides, other than the personal re-employment plan, the cost of which should be
covered by administrative funds.
Individuals who lose their jobs within the first year of employment, through no fault of their
own, should be permitted to receive Workforce Investment Act intensive and training services.
Funds appropriated for personal re-employment accounts should be in addition to those funds
appropriated for other Workforce Investment Act activities.
The Back to Work Incentive Act of 2003 should not become a vehicle by which to
reauthorize the Workforce Investment Act, except as is necessary to establish this program, or to
reform the Wagner-Peyser Act, the employment service, or the unemployment insurance system.
We also urge you to clarify in your committee report that the term "local area" referenced in
H.R. 444 is, in fact, a local workforce investment area, as designated under section 116 of the
Workforce Investment Act, and that the One-Stop delivery system referenced in H.R. 444 is the
same as the One-Stop delivery systems delineated in section 121 of the Act.
I would also like to take this opportunity to outline for you some of our most significant
concerns regarding reauthorization of the Workforce Investment Act. We believe that the local
public/private partnership, as established under the Workforce Investment Act, should be
maintained. The federal/state/local relationship established by the Workforce Investment Act
should be maintained.
Appointment authority for the local workforce investment boards must remain with chief
local elected officials. Local One-Stop centers should remain under the guidance and jurisdiction
of the local chief elected officials and local workforce investment boards as provided for in current
law, and the percentage of private sector representatives of the local workforce investment boards
should be increased in the number and percentage of public sector representatives, especially the
mandatory partners, should be reduced substantially, or eliminated.
In conclusion, the National Association of Counties believes strongly that workforce
development programs represent an important tool for federal, state, and local governments to
respond to the continuing employment crisis.
While no workforce program can ensure that every American who wishes to work can
work, that can only be ensured by a robust economy with substantial job creation capability, we do
believe that the current system is well positioned to address the needs of America's unemployed
workers and businesses.
We believe that the Back to Work Incentive Act, and the Workforce Investment Act, of
which it will become a part, if enacted into law, represents important steps towards helping all
Americans find work. We therefore welcome this proposal and endorse it, with the modifications
recommended.
STATEMENT OF KENNETH MAYFIELD, PRESIDENT, NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES, WASHINGTON, D.C. - SEE APPENDIX C
Mr. McKeon. Thank you very much.
Dr. Mishel?
STATEMENT OF DR. LAWRENCE MISHEL, PRESIDENT, ECONOMIC
POLICY INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C.
Thank you very much, and I appreciate the Committee inviting me to testify on these very
important issues.
I am going to make three points today. One is that our labor market is troubled. There is,
essentially, a jobs and income crisis, in my view. Two, the plan that President Bush has proposed
will not be very effective at short-term job creation, and will actually destroy jobs in the long run.
Three, personal re-employment accounts are far from the answer that the unemployed workers in
our country need at this point.
Let's turn to the labor market. As you know, the unemployment rate has risen almost two
percentage points over the last two years, and we have lost more than 2 million jobs, 2 million
private sector jobs, since unemployment started rising in October of 2000.
We also know that household incomes fell in 2001, nearly across the board, and that in
2002, when we have the numbers later this year, I'm sure we will see that household incomes have
continued to fall, as I believe they probably are this month, as well.
I wanted to point out two things that you may not know about the current labor market
situation. One is a reference to Graph 1 in the testimony, which shows what is the job loss in this
recession compared to prior recessions, when you're 28 months into a recession. And you will note
that this recession we have lost 1.8 percent of our private sector jobs after being in a recession 28
months. And this is a greater loss of jobs than even we had in the early 1990s, the early/mid-1980s
recession, and the 1970s recession.
A second thing I want to point out about the current labor market troubles is that this does
not only affect those who are unemployed, it also affects those who are employed, because we are
now seeing that wages are falling behind inflation, which we now show on graph two.
Graph 2 has two bars for each type of worker: low wage, middle wage, and high wage
workers. And you will see that in 2001, there is very strong wage growth, faster than inflation,
across the board. But during 2002, we see that wages actually grew less than inflation for nearly
every type of worker.
This is very problematic, in my view, and calls for attention to how to create jobs and lower
unemployment quickly, which brings me to the President's plan, which is labeled a jobs and growth
plan, especially for the long term.
I am also proud to share with you a statement that was signed this week by 10 Nobel Prize
winners, many prominent economists, and 450 economists in total that was released on Monday.
And that statement noted that the tax cut plan proposed by President Bush is not the answer.
However one views the specifics of the plan, there is wide agreement that its purpose is a
permanent change in the tax structure, and not the creation of jobs and growth in the near term.
The permanent dividend tax cut, in particular, is not credible as a short-term stimulus.
But one need not listen to 10 Nobel Prize winners to know that one can actually look at the
actual reports of the current Council of Economic Advisors to know that this is a failed plan. Their
own analysis, which I show in Chart 3, shows that they claim that the plan will create 1.4 million
jobs over the next two years, but that after five years, it only has created 700,000 jobs. That means,
with simple mathematics, that over the last three years of this five-year period 233,000 jobs a year
are lost. That means, in the long run, we're actually losing jobs.
If you look at the projections of a standard forecaster, Mark Zandi of Economy.com, who
the Wall Street Journal just recently referred to as one of the smartest, brightest observers of the
economic scene, he estimates that by the year 2013, we will have 750,000 fewer jobs than if the
Bush plan had never been legislated. There are many other forecasters who would agree.
In the short run, there are some jobs, but it's a lot of money to spend, $674 billion, to create
some jobs in the next year or two, when all we need to do is to spend some money on some
temporary tax and spending measures to create jobs. I might add that all of the plans offered by the
Democrats in both the Senate and the House spend less money overall but spend more money up
front and create a lot more jobs up front.
Let me turn to the PRAs. My fear is that the personal re-employment accounts are more
about a sense that somehow the unemployed are not really looking hard enough for work and that
we need to discipline them by giving them the motivation to get re-employment bonuses. All of
the research that shows that they get re-employed shows that they get re-employed one week
earlier. That's not really a magnificent achievement, in my view. What workers want most are jobs,
then they would like income support if they don't have a job, and they would like training with
income support if they are unemployed.
As I have said, the President's plan does not really create jobs. We have heard today that
there is no offer of extended unemployment insurance benefits, and the training is actually worse
under the personal re-employment accounts, than I think under the Workforce Investment Act.
If I just may conclude, it's my fear that this proposal is really about curtailing costs, because
you're asking people to decide early in their unemployment, are they going to accept this personal
re-employment account so they can get a bonus after 13 weeks. If you accept this, you get $3,000
to spend. But the Secretary earlier said that $3,000 is what, on average, people use. This is a
maximum in this plan. Okay. Then if you accept this, and you fail to find work, you're not eligible
for the intensive services available in the workforce development system. And then if you're
unemployed after 26 weeks, of course, you're not going to get any extended benefits later this year,
so you're just out of luck.
And so I fear that this is not really going to be that useful to the unemployed. And thank
you very much.
STATEMENT OF DR. LAWRENCE MISHEL, PRESIDENT, ECONOMIC
POLICY INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C. - SEE APPENDIX D
Mr. McKeon. Thank you.
Mr. Miller?
Mr. Miller. Thank you very much. If I might, Mr. Mayfield, let me ask you a question. On page
four of your statement, item number three, you say, "When appropriate, local workforce investment
areas should be permitted to add crucial Workforce Investment Act funds to an individual's
personal re-employment account to ensure that they can purchase the types of training assistance
they need to achieve the outcome expressed in their plan."
If I read that correctly, you would augment this plan, maybe, with other services that are
available through the Workforce Investment Act to try to sort of ensure that you get the results you
want with the personal re-employment account. Is that a fair statement of what you're suggesting
there?
Mr. Mayfield. Yes, that's a fair statement. We do think that the bill should be modified in some
cases. If you're not under the PRA, as it is now, they may spend up to $5,000 or $6,000 on
individuals to find them work and be successful.
We think it is reasonable to give the flexibility to the local boards and local individuals who
will implement it, that if that $3,000 has been exhausted, and the individual is participating and
doing everything and getting the training, that there could be other intensive training that would be
available to them under the WIA part that they ought to be able to take advantage of if that board
decides that's correct.
Mr. Miller. Well, from my point of view, that's a very encouraging statement, because I think it
more properly reflects what's really happening with unemployed people, if you try to determine
what is the best avenue to get them back to work, which may even be a new job career ladder in
some other industry or place.
But that kind of flexibility, so you can gather those resources, and try to ensure a positive
outcome, other than being limited by the $3,000, maybe for the want of another $500 in services or
something else, the plan falls apart.
Mr. Mayfield. Yes, we think these will be very limited areas.
Mr. Miller. I understand.
Mr. Mayfield. Let me tell you, we think the $3,000 and the PRA is a great start. It's very
innovative, and I think it's a good use of those additional funds to get targeted individuals, looking
at the industry that they came from, their employment background, et cetera, get them back to work
very quickly. But there will be some situations, I think, that you can anticipate, that there might be
other resources that would be needed after the exhaustion of that $3,000 in that particular case.
Mr. Miller. I think that's an important suggestion for the plan. The other concern I have on that
point is, as I understand it, the current negotiations in the end of the year appropriations bill here,
the Workforce Investment Act is about to take a $600 million hit. And so I just have some
concerns whether or not we are putting up this account at the front end, but at the other end on this
program that got all the accolades today, the Workforce Investment, we're whacking the budget
there fairly substantially at a time of high need.
Mr. Mayfield. Well, obviously, it's still a large increase, $1.2 billion if you subtract that $600
million from this fiscal year, if that, in fact, is done. And obviously, we think there can be some
economies done and tinkering with the local boards, and getting rid of the public sector people and
getting more input from private sector. Because really, the public sector, other than the chief local
elected official, doesn't have much power, and doesn't offer as much as the private sector, who have
been out there creating jobs, who employ people, and who can give real-world ideas to how to get
these individuals back to work.
Mr. Miller. Do you have an opinion or suggestion of what you anticipate when this current
extension runs out in May, is that correct? What's your anticipation of whether or not there should
be another extension for those people who are about to exhaust?
Mr. Mayfield. I'm not prepared to give an opinion on that.
Mr. Miller. Well, let me ask you this. What's the situation you have with people who have run out
of unemployment, versus people who still have the financial underpinnings of unemployment
insurance?
What's the difference in your caseload, and your success ratios? Is there a difference? I
don't know, but is there a difference between people who have exhausted their unemployment
benefits, as opposed to those who can go through the work investment programs while they have
some financial underpinnings?
Mr. Mayfield. Well, those individuals who have exhausted their unemployment benefits can still
take advantage of the training through the local One-Stop. So I don't know if there is what you're
talking about, the experience or correlation on that. I'm not prepared to answer that.
Mr. Miller. Thank you.
Mr. McKeon. Thank you.
Mr. Wilson?
Mr. Wilson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Commissioner Mayfield, it's an honor to have you here
with us. I never had the honor of being a county councilman, commissioner, or municipal official,
but I have always respected the fact that you are on the front line. As an elected official, you are
with the people daily, hourly, by the minute. So I appreciate your statement about real world
experience.
I want to commend the county councils, because it's your jurisdiction for the One-Stop
Career Centers that have been so successful in encouraging people to find employment, by really
being so helpful and enthusiastic.
In particular, I also appreciate the suggestions you have for the modifications for the PRA,
the personal re-employment accounts. And I think that, as you point out, there should be a plan
adopted. I think that makes sense. That's just real world, again. This is not make-believe, it's just
helpful, and I hope that that can be done.
Of course, the flexibility and latitude, I think, is so crucial. Every person, every
community, is different, and we respect that. And that dreaded word "mandates." We don't want
mandates, we want you and then the people you work with to administer the program.
And I also think it works so well with the success of the welfare reform program that we
will be voting on tomorrow. And there was prognostication that that plan would be disastrous, but
it has had the opposite effect. And so I want to thank you for persisting.
In regard to the public/private partnerships, could you review the experience Dallas has had
for us, and in particular, you said to add more on the private side. Could you tell us about that?
Mr. Mayfield. Yes, Dallas has been very successful, and it's because of the energy and the
contributions that the private sector individuals have brought to the table. And that's what we want
to encourage, and make sure that we have more of, because sometimes the public sector members
of the committee want to delay certain things.
The private sector is used to implementing things, seeing things work, demanding
accountability, et cetera, and so that's what we want to keep up. And we think it would be
beneficial if we just reduced the committee by the public sector individuals that are on it, and
perhaps added some more private sector individuals to replace them.
Mr. Wilson. Well, all of us were always impressed by the enthusiasm of Texans, particularly
people from Dallas. And so we appreciate your service.
I have no further questions.
Mr. Mayfield. But let me just say that the National Association of Counties stands ready as a
resource, particularly on how any of these programs play out in the counties across the United
States. And we are very thankful to work with the Department of Labor, and the staff of this
Committee and this Committee to, hopefully, bring you some good insight and some good
recommendations to make a better bill to get a better result in the work place.
Mr. Wilson. Thank you.
Mr. McKeon. Thank you.
Mr. Kildee.
Mr. Kildee. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Dr. Mishel, it's always good to have you before our Committee.
Dr. Mishel. Thank you.
Mr. Kildee. Let me ask you this question. To what extent do you think the Administration
underestimates the stimulus of that unemployment compensation?
Dr. Mishel. Well, apparently, they must underestimate it a lot, because they're not really very
prone to providing much. So it turns out that the projections I mentioned earlier from
Economy.com, a very mainstream forecasting firm, show that the most stimulating aspect of all the
different plans that have been proposed is actually providing extended UI benefits.
And the reason is easy to understand. Money you give to someone in those circumstances,
we know is going to be spent. And so that will help the economy, because the problem we have in
the economy, I think as you understand, is 74 percent of our industrial capacity is used. We're not
using the capacity we have now to produce goods and services. What we need are more customers.
We don't need more supply-side; we need more demand, more customers.
You get more customers only a few ways. You give money to some people who are going
to spend it, or the government actually spends money. The government can spend money in ways
that have been suggested, such as giving fiscal relief to the states, or give money to renovate and
repair schools, infrastructure, or you give money to people who are going to spend it, which means,
necessarily, that you have to have the tax cuts targeted, distributionally, at low and middle-income
families.
Now, of course, that's not what we see with the President's plan, but it is possible to have a
one-time tax cut given to people who are going to spend it. Senator Daschle proposes giving $300
per adult and $300 for the first two children. On the House side, I think some are saying that we
should give a certain percentage of wages earned last year, money that could be given to people in
April.
So it's very possible to give money to people who spend, and I think that's what we really
need to get some jobs created in this calendar year.
Mr. Kildee. When the Secretary was here, I mentioned Genesee Valley Mall, one of the big malls
in my district. I can recall 10 or 12 years ago, when the auto industry was going through a great
transition, for the first time I had had two meetings with the entrepreneurs and managers at
Genesee Valley Mall within about eight months' time.
The individuals at one meeting were begging me to vote against the increase in minimum
wage. We had breakfast, and I told them very politely, that I was going to vote for it. But they
were telling me, "Please, it will hurt our business if you vote for the minimum wage."
About eight months later, they called me out there for another breakfast meeting, saying,
"When are you going to appropriate the money for the TAA or TRA?" Because they knew that the
autoworkers needed that TAA and TRA. And once they got the money, they would be out there
spending the money. And that is a stimulus there is no question.
It's a stimulus that keeps going. Because once their shelves became a little empty, they
place orders at the various companies, and they in turn, keep people employed. So it keeps going
on and on, and I really believe that the White House is, as you say, greatly underestimating, at least
by their actions, the stimulus effect of unemployment compensation.
Dr. Mishel. In fact, it's almost as if they designed a plan that was to be ineffective. I was really
surprised about it. I had a great day on Monday spending time with these Nobel laureates, talking
about the Bush economic plan. And one of the ones from the University of California Berkeley,
Daniel McFadden, said that it was an anti-stimulatory plan. It was like a weapon of mass
destruction aimed at the middle class. Now, that's not the usual kind of language you get from
academics. It's the students at Berkeley who are known to be radicals, not the faculty by the way.
Professor Franco Modigliani, who laid the foundation for modern economics, an 85-year-
old man, flew down against doctor's orders because he said he wanted to protest the Bush tax cut,
and said that the only reason to do this would be if you wanted to enrich the very rich.
I find policy people in Washington don't use language like that. But it's surprising; I have
never seen any statement on economics signed by 10 Nobel laureates in economics. They are
really unified that this is not going to increase investment in jobs in the long run. And Alan
Greenspan, yesterday, agreed with them, saying that if you want to do a dividend tax cut, maybe
that's a good idea, but it's got to be revenue-neutral. It shouldn't lead to chronic deficits far off into
the future.
And so he's echoing, in a sense, what I think these very brilliant economists have already
said. If you wanted to design something that wasn't going to have an effect in the long run, you
would do the dividend tax cut without offsetting revenues. You can't have a long-run effect from
the other part of the tax cut, which is basically advancing personal income tax cuts that are already
scheduled. I mean, how can advancing something that's already scheduled have a big effect 10
years from now?
Thank you very much.
Mr. Kildee. Thank you.
Mr. McKeon. Thank you. I am sure when we get to the President's economic growth plan, we will
have hearings, and we will spend a lot of time discussing it. Today we are talking about the
personal responsibility plan that has been presented.
You know, it's interesting to me listening to this discussion today, I sometimes wonder if
I'm on a different planet. We have unemployed people that need help. The President has proposed
$3.6 billion worth of help, and we're beating it up. Maybe it's not enough. But why don't we move
forward, and then maybe talk about more? Why don't we move forward on the plan to help, and
get it to the people that need it the most?
Commissioner, the Department's budget proposes base re-allotment; we will talk about
WIA now. They talk about this base re-allotment of the WIA funds among states on unexpended
balances. However, we regularly hear from rural areas that these balances do not reflect the actual
level of funds available to states and local areas, as many times these funds are often obligated to
training and other uses. We are trying to figure out how we grapple with that.
One of the reasons they are saying they want to cut is because they haven't spent the money
that we have already given them. And when we talk to them, they say, "Well, we have obligated
the funds, but it's the accounting system." Do you have some suggestions for us as we move
forward on the re-authorization of WIA?
Mr. Mayfield. Well, we would be happy to gather some statistics and information from counties
around the United States regarding that issue, because there is a difference of opinion in looking at
what monies are available, because they are obligated, in most instances. They are obligated to be
spent; they just have not been formally spent yet, and still are on the books. But they are obligated.
So that is a problem, and we feel that our accounting and the amounts of funds that are
available are more accurate than the Department of Labor's accounting.
Mr. McKeon. This is something I think we are really going to have to pull together and work on,
because I think if we had done a better job of pleading our case, we wouldn't have had that $600
million cut. Because every time I talked to them, their rationale for it is that they don't need it,
because the monies out there aren't spent.
We found one other thing. It just seems to me, in talking to people at the One-Stop, they
tell me that it took them some time to get up to speed and get things going. We just passed the Act
in 1998, and then got the regs written and forwarded to the local people to implement, and that's
another reason why they haven't spent those funds.
Mr. Mayfield. Absolutely, absolutely. That is the delay that is unaccounted for in there. Had
everything been up and running, and everybody ready to go the minute the law was passed, you
wouldn't see that there. But because of those delays, you have those balances.
Mr. McKeon. Well, I think those two things are things we have to really work on, because we
shouldn't have had that $600 million cut. And especially now when we do have an unemployment
problem, and we have people out there that need these resources, we really need to be focused in on
that. And that's something we need to look at when we do the re-authorization.
Mr. Mayfield. We would offer to work very closely with you to get some statistics and
information on that, to help in that regard.
Mr. McKeon. I want to thank you both for being here today. Excuse me. Mr. Miller?
Mr. Miller. Thank you. I would like to have a chance to ask some questions of Dr. Mishel.
Mr. McKeon. I was using my time.
Mr. Miller. Oh, I'm sorry; I thought you were getting ready to close the hearing.
Mr. McKeon. I am.
Mr. Miller. I wanted to ask a second round of questions under the rules.
Mr. McKeon. Go ahead.
Mr. Miller. Thank you.
Dr. Mishel, first of all, the program on Monday was spectacular. It was really one of the
best conversations on our economy that I think could have been put forth in front of the American
people, and also incredibly understandable, given that they were all economists speaking there.
Dr. Mishel. I understand. Thank you very much.
Mr. Miller. The reason you're here is that the title of this hearing is "Back to Work: The
Administration's Plan for Economic Recovery And The Workforce Investment Act."
If you go back to your testimony, on page six, talking about the forecasts of Economy.com,
and by microeconomics advisors and others, the question is, will this $3,000 allowance work? Will
this have an impact? Will it make a difference for these workers?
A lot of this, I think, makes sense in terms of making sure that people can pick up the
options that might make sense to them, whether it's at a community college, other access to
training, or what have you. But I go back to "where are the jobs"? I mean, if you read the
combination of economic forecasts, and as you point out, from very mainstream economic
forecasters, including even the President's, Mr. Hubbard, in the short term and the long term, there
is no real job growth here. I mean, at one point you get the President's plan creating over several
years maybe 100,000, 150,000 jobs.
Dr. Mishel. Right.
Mr. Miller. So where do we get this? I mean, you mentioned that it's a lack of the demand. Again,
if you read the business journals, you have the CEO of almost every company saying, "We're
concerned about the demand for our products," whether they're selling automobiles, semi-
conductors, microchips, whatever they're selling, every company has said, "We're concerned about
the softness of demand."
Dr. Mishel. Thank you for your question. In fact, that is exactly what the Business Roundtable
said a few months ago, when they issued a call for a stimulus plan, that they needed customers,
they needed demand.
Well, let's just look at the short run, what we can expect, in terms of jobs and
unemployment. I was a little bit surprised by Secretary Chao saying that 5.7 percent is what the
average was in the 1990s sort of indicating that it was somehow acceptable. It was just two years
ago we had roughly 4 percent unemployment, and I think that needs to be our target.
Chairman Greenspan yesterday suggested that unemployment is going to remain as high as
it is now, or higher, over the next year. If that's the case, we know that it's going to be very hard to
get work. The numbers that were reflected earlier in a question from the JOLTS survey of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics that there are less than 3 million vacancies, but more than 8 million
people looking for work indicates that there are basically three unemployed workers for every job
available.
Now, that doesn't mean that we shouldn't do things on the workforce training side. I think
everybody here agrees that we need to give everybody help. But you know, in economics we
learned that somehow there is a queue, and sometimes these things just jump people in the queue.
What we really need to do is get rid of the number of unemployed. And the only way to do that is
to really focus your money on how to create jobs right now, and stimulate demand. And I think
that's what you're driving at, and I think that would be very important to do.
So a training strategy coupled with a job creation strategy makes sense. A training strategy
that is not coupled with a job creation strategy is not so sensible, in my view.
Mr. Miller. Well, I guess it's just a problem for us. You know, we, the Democrats, put together an
economic stimulus package. The President then said that they shouldn't view his package as
economic stimulus; they should view it as growth. But when the econometrics people look at the
growth, they say the growth isn't there over the long term, and short term, the help in the jobs isn't
there.
I just see that we have a couple of ships; we've got the unemployed going in one direction in
the middle of the night, and we've got the ship of state going in the other direction, and we're going
to pass right by one another. And this is going to be millions of families where there isn't going to
be the help.
When we're constructing these accounts, again, which I'm not hostile to, the question has
got to be at the end of the day, is a person more likely to get a job? Is the person, in fact, going to
get a job? And I don't see that.
And you know, you can even layer over the top of that that we now see more and more
companies moving to Asia, not to sell into the Asian market, but for export. You just saw the
largest semiconductor in Taiwan, which was a low-cost producer decide that they are moving to
China of all things; Taiwanese companies moving to China for export. You see Honda moving to
China for export. You see General Motors moving to Korea for export back to the American
market. That suggests that some of these jobs that we have lost in this recession may not be
coming back.
You know, that's another layer on top of this notion of whether we're creating long-term
growth or short-term stimulus, and it appears that the Administration is creating neither, except
deficit. I mean, you kind of get the deficit, but you don't get the benefit.
Mr. McKeon. Mr. Kildee, did you have a question?
Mr. Miller. I feel I just had the last word that I'm probably going to get here.
Mr. McKeon. I think the rules also say Mr. Kildee may question.
Mr. Kildee. No, I have no further questions.
Mr. McKeon. Thank you very much. We appreciate your being here today.
We have Mr. Kucinich's remarks to enter into the record.
Mr. Kucinich. Thank you.
Mr. McKeon. If there are any other statements, we will keep the record open.
We appreciate your working with us as we go through this process, and your input, as we
go through the Workforce Investment Act.
Thank you very much. This hearing is adjourned.
Whereupon, at 12:45 p.m., the Committee was adjourned
APPENDIX A - WRITTEN OPENING STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN JOHN
BOEHNER, COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE
APPENDIX B - STATEMENT OF ELAINE L. CHAO, SECRETARY OF
LABOR, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WASHINGTON, D.C.
APPENDIX C - STATEMENT OF KENNETH MAYFIELD, PRESIDENT,
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES, WASHINGTON, D.C.
APPENDIX D - STATEMENT OF DR. LAWRENCE MISHEL, PRESIDENT,
ECONOMIC POLICY INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C.
APPENDIX E - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF
CONGRESSMAN DENNIS KUCINICH, COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND
THE WORKFORCE
APPENDIX F - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF
CONGRESSWOMAN DENISE MAJETTE, 4TH DISTRICT OF GEORGIA,
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
APPENDIX G - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF
JOSEPH R. LARSON, CHAIRMAN, RESTORING AMERICA, LLC, IBERIA,
MO
APPENDIX H - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF
MINNESOTA STATE SENATOR, MICHELE BACHMAN, DISTRICT 52, ST.
PAUL, MN
APPENDIX I - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF
KIMBLE AINSLIE, ON BEHALF OF THE MACKINAC CENTER FOR
PUBLIC POLICY, MIDLAND, MI
APPENDIX J - SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD, STATEMENT OF
MAPLE RIVER EDUCATION COALITION, MICHAEL J. CHAPMAN,
BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ST. PAUL, MN
144
Table of Indexes
Chairman Boehner, 2, 5, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47
Mr. Andrews, 30, 31, 32, 33
Mr. Case, 17, 18, 19
Mr. DeMint, 17
Mr. Johnson, 13, 14, 34
Mr. Kildee, 14, 26, 27, 28, 41, 42, 43, 47
Mr. Kucinich, 47
Mr. Mayfield, 39, 40, 41, 44
Mr. McKeon, 34
Mr. Miller, 9, 10, 11, 12, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46
Mr. Mishel, 41, 42, 43, 45
Mr. Osborne, 19, 20
Mr. Payne, 20, 21, 22
Mr. Porter, 25
Mr. Van Hollen, 28, 29, 30
Mr. Wilson, 22, 23, 40, 41
Ms. Sanchez, 15, 16
Ms. Woolsey, 23, 24, 25
Secretary Chao, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33
cxxxvi
135