Clinical ResearchMichael B. Fessler, M.D.(http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/lrb/host-def/index.cfm)
Principal Investigator Research SummaryHost cells sense and respond to environmental pathogens through germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors, the Toll like Receptors (TLRs). First appreciated for their role in antimicrobial host defense, it has since become clear that the TLRs and the innate immune response they initiate also play a pivotal role in several noninfectious diseases, such as asthma and atherosclerosis. A number of recent reports suggest that innate immunity and host lipid metabolism are integrated. TLR4 responds to both microbial lipids (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and host lipids (fatty acids, ceramide, mmLDL), and is thought to initiate its cascade from cholesterol-enriched microdomains of the plasma membrane, lipid rafts. LPS signaling and rafts have both been shown to be regulated by ATP Binding Cassette transporter A1, a host cholesterol efflux transporter whose activity is sensitive to cellular cholesterol levels. Homology exists between LPS-binding protein and host lipid transport proteins, such as cholesterol ester transport protein, and it has been reported that LPS itself binds to and is regulated by SR-BI (the HDL receptor), and triggers a variety of perturbations in host lipid metabolism, intracellular and extracellular. Taken together, these observations and others derived from the Environmental Innate Immunity Group have led to the focus on two reciprocal areas of investigation: 1) the role of endogenous regulators of cholesterol/membrane trafficking in initiation and regulation of TLR signaling; and 2) the regulatory influence of innate immunity in host cholesterol metabolism. In ongoing and future studies, the Environmental Innate Immunity Group—led by Michael Fessler, M.D.—will translate its hypotheses and experimental observations to human disease through studies in the NIEHS Clinical Research Unit. Major areas of research:
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